Planning refers to making an overall plan and a specific action plan for each step on the premise of a large number of facts and investigations. The "planning" link contains three aspects of content and requirements.

(A) found the problem

Action research is based on the need of researchers to solve problems, which requires researchers to start with current situation investigation and problem diagnosis and understand:

First, what is the status quo? Why is this happening?

Second, what is the problem? In what sense is there a problem? The questions asked should be small, not big, specific and not general. Third, what are the key issues? What are the factors that restrict its solution? Fourth, among many constraints, which ones are important but cannot be changed for a while?

What can be changed, but it is not important? What are the important factors that can create conditions for change? Eliminate the problem factors beyond the control ability and scope of the researcher. Fifth, what conditions should be created and what methods should be taken to improve them? Sixth, what kind of idea is the best?

(2) Looking for a plan

The plan includes the general idea and each specific action step, and at least the progress of the first and second action research should be arranged. Researchers can obtain ways to solve problems by consulting peers, consulting relevant literature and participating in relevant training, and use their own experience, knowledge, theories, methods and technical conditions to conceive the plan of action research.

(3) Make a plan

The plan must be fully flexible and open. With the deepening of the understanding of the problem, we should not only consider and accommodate the known constraints, contradictions and conditions, but also accommodate all kinds of unexpected, unknown and discovered situations and factors in the action. The plan is temporary and can be modified.

Second, action.

"Action" refers to the implementation of the plan, that is, the purposeful, responsible and planned action process of the actors. In action, we should make changes in a planned and controlled way. Promote the improvement of work in the process of change, including the improvement of understanding and the improvement of the environment for taking action. We should consider the changes in the actual situation and constantly adjust our actions, including:

(l) Action is a purposeful, responsible and planned practice step after getting the feedback information about the background and the action itself, and after a certain degree of thinking and understanding. This kind of action has the nature of implementing plans and solving problems.

(2) Practitioners and researchers act together. In educational research, parents, people in society and students can all become partners. It is necessary to coordinate the forces of all parties to ensure that they are in place.

(3) Pay attention to the changes in the actual situation, and constantly adjust actions with the gradual deepening of the understanding of actions and backgrounds, as well as the supervision, observation and evaluation suggestions of all participants. It is flexible and dynamic.

Third, observe

"Observation" refers to the investigation of the process, results, background, influencing factors and characteristics of actors. "Observation" is the premise of reflection, modification of plans and next action. "Observation" in action research includes:

(1) Observation can be not only the observation of the actors' own actions through various effective means, but also the observation of others. Multi-angle observation is more conducive to a comprehensive and profound understanding of the action process.

(2) Observation mainly refers to the observation of the process, results, background and characteristics of the actors. Because social activities, especially educational activities, are restricted by many factors in the actual environment, many factors cannot be determined and predicted in advance, let alone completely controlled. Therefore, observation plays a very important role in action research. In action research, observation is the premise of reflection, modification of plan and determination of next action. In order to make observation systematic, comprehensive and objective, action research encourages researchers to use various effective techniques.

Fourth, reflection.

Reflection is the end of a spiral circle and the intermediary of the transition to another spiral circle, with the purpose of finding the actions or practices of teachers.