The formation of Norwegian folk music genre is the result of the joint efforts of many musicians, and its representative is E. Grieg. 18 14. After Norway broke away from Denmark and became a subsidiary country of Sweden, some early patriotic songs were produced under the situation of increasing national movement. R. Norak is the author of the Norwegian national anthem. He also wrote several piano music, songs and accompaniment music. He devoted his life to the collection and research of Norwegian folk music and actively advocated the development of national culture. However, due to his early death, many of his musical ideals were not realized, but were inherited by Grieg and J. Svencen (1840-1911). Norak is a good friend of Grieg, and his artistic view has a profound influence on Grieg. Grieg summed up the development achievements of Norwegian music culture in his creation, and wrote many excellent piano music, vocal music, chamber music and band works, which are world-renowned for their strong national characteristics. Svencen is good at absorbing Norwegian folk tones in his works. His important works include two symphonies, the symphonic poem Sola Haida and four Norwegian rhapsodies. Svencen and Grieg are contemporary Norwegian composers, and O Winter Helm (1837- 193 1) is the author of Norwegian symphonyNo. 1.
At the end of 19, some Norwegian composers were obviously influenced by late romanticism, especially R. Wagner, and they tended to pursue titles in their creation. These composers are J.P. Selmer (1844- 19 10), C. Cindy (1856- 194 1) and G. Sjedrup. In the 20th century, Norwegian composers, on the basis of inheriting the tradition of national music school, devoted themselves to the exploration of combining modern writing skills with Norwegian national style. The famous composer in this field is D.M. Johnson (1888— 1974). He has written four large-scale vocal works, 65,438+0 symphonic poems, 65,438+0 sonatas for violin and piano, and many piano works by cappella Changhe. His oratorio Volupa is quite influential. Savaruud (1897-) is another important modern Norwegian composer. There are mainly large-scale vocal music works, band suites, piano music and so on. During the anti-fascist war, Savirud devoted his own creation to the struggle and wrote patriotic works such as Song of the Revolution and Symphony of Do Rosa. In addition to the above two people, L.I. Zhan Sen (1894- 1969), K. eger (1906-) and V. Warren (1887- 1952). After the war, various schools of modernism had a great influence on young Norwegian composers.
Before the second half of the18th century, Finnish music was basically local folk music. Since ancient times, a kind of poetry called "Calvara" has been popular in Finland, including narrative epic, lyric poetry and religious poetry or incantations. These tunes have a narrow range, usually within five degrees. Another important traditional folk song is Regret for the Past. This is a folk song sung by women. Although it is called sad sound, it not only expresses sad feelings, but also expresses other strong feelings. It is an important part of folk wedding and funeral ceremonies. In addition, there is the sadness of gratitude and remembrance, as well as the sadness of seeing my relatives off to war. Among the modern Finnish folk songs, there is also a lyrical Song of Sleigh. This is a kind of folk song that reflects the social life in rural Finland during the turbulent period of19th century and changes freely when singing. Most of them are minor tunes, which are often sung by the masses for work or entertainment.
Finnish folk instruments include the ancient plucked instrument Canteli, the bowstring instrument Joschko and the wind instrument Tosi Tolvi flute. Since19th century, violin and clarinet have gradually replaced traditional Finnish folk musical instruments. At the beginning of the 20th century, accordion has become a popular folk musical instrument. Folk instrumental music is mainly dance music. The most popular dances in Finland are Polka and Lille.
/kloc-in the second half of the 0/8th century, Finnish intellectuals became interested in folk music. /kloc-in the 0/9th century, the activities of collecting and studying folk music developed further. Le Ehrnrooth (1802- 1884), Crane (1828- 187 1), Feng (J.F.von) and others have all made important contributions to this. 835- 1865), etc. In the 20th century, the important musicians who collected folk music were Yi Crohn (1867- 1960), A Launis (1884- 1959) and A Vesainen (1890-/). They published more than 654.38+500,000 Finnish folk music.
The earliest professional composers in Finland are E Tu Lindbergh (1761-1814) and b·h· Crusell (1775- 1838). /kloc-in the second half of the 9th century, H. Vegelius (1846-1906) and R. Janus (1856-1933) contributed to the development of Finnish music culture. They are all studying music abroad. Vegelius is the founder of Finland 1 Conservatory of Music (1882, Helsinki). He is a representative figure who draws lessons from the experience of professional music education in western Europe and develops professional music education in Finland. His creation was influenced by German romanticism. Ka Janus is a composer and conductor. He is the founder of Finland's first professional symphony orchestra. He used a lot of Finnish folk melodies in his creation, and adopted the themes in folk poems, such as his title symphonic poem Ka Laivaara. Under the influence of Vergalius and janus, J sibelius, the most important composer in Finnish music history, appeared. On the basis of national tradition, he absorbed the outstanding achievements of modern European music culture and created important works with world influence. He left seven symphonies and some symphonic poems, as well as many chamber music, instrumental solo and vocal works. Sibelius's influence on Finnish music culture is enormous, and his masterpiece "Ode to Finland" is recognized as one of the masterpieces in the world. Some later composers grew up under his influence, such as T. Kula (1883- 19 18) and L. Madetoja.
After World War II, Finnish composers paid more attention to the exploration of modern composition techniques. Among them, the famous composers are O. Merikante (1893- 1958), Y. Kilpinen (1892- 1959) and E. Engelland (191959).
Helsinki is the largest music center in Finland. Since 1950, the "sibelius Music Festival" (now renamed "Helsinki Music Festival") has been held in Helsinki every June, when many internationally renowned musicians come to participate in the activities.
music of denmark
Denmark lies between the Baltic Sea and the North Sea. It was a powerful country in 14 15 century, and began to decline after 16 century. Denmark has a long history and culture. There are not many historical materials of his early music culture handed down from generation to generation. In the archaeological work in Denmark, the 800-year-old brass musical instrument Ruhr was discovered. However, the earliest existing historical materials of Danish national music are more than 2,000 years later than Ruhr. In such a long history, the development of Danish music has more historical materials.
The historical data of Danish music that people have now is a folk ballad in the late Middle Ages (1300 or so). It is a national vocal music work based on religious mode, with multiple lyrics and overlapping songs. In terms of content, it involves almost all aspects of social life, such as folklore, heroic deeds, love stories and singing the praises of emperors and nobles. /kloc-At the beginning of the 9th century, under the influence of romanticism, these folk songs began to attract people's attention and were collected, sorted out and published by scholars. Since16th century, a new lyric song has appeared in Danish folk songs. The content of such songs is often related to social customs, such as love songs, historical songs, religious songs, songs advocating morality, songs describing natural scenery and so on. Danish folk instrumental music is mainly in the hands of folk wandering artists. They performed at various festival ceremonies and accompanied the dance with bowstring instruments, flutes and drums. Since16th century, the popular dances in Denmark mainly include polka, minuet, Mazzuca and three-beat polka.
The professional music culture in Denmark in the Middle Ages was mainly developed in the church, the court and the aristocratic class. Gregorian hymns have a great influence on Danish churches. /kloc-In the 6th century, the Danish church was reorganized according to the teaching of Martin Luther, and the church music changed from Gregorian hymn to Protestant hymn. In secular music, more attention is paid to absorbing the artistic experience of advanced European countries. Dutch musicians often come to the Danish king's court to perform, and they bring the artistic achievements of Dutch revival music to Denmark. During the reign of Christian IV, Danish youth were also sent abroad to study music. For example, M. Pedersen (about 1580- 1623) went to Italy to study under the then famous Venetian musician G. buchs Hood. Later, Peterson also studied in England. After returning to China, he became an important court composer and wrote some mass, hymns and classic songs.
The composer and organist Buch Hood made great contributions to Danish Baroque music in the17th century. He lived in Germany for most of his life and made great artistic achievements in Europe. It was under his influence that some composers and organists in Copenhagen developed Danish organ music to a style close to that of North Germany. Organizer J Lorenz also held a weekly organ concert in Copenhagen. This is the earliest public concert in Denmark.
/kloc-in the 0/8th century, influenced by secular music, Danish religious music gradually surpassed church services and went deep into people's daily lives. Religious music can be heard in birthday celebrations, weddings and funerals. At the same time, Danish opera art has become more and more active. At that time, French and Italian musicians mainly engaged in drama and music activities in Denmark, but failed to create successful Danish national operas.
19th century is an important period for the all-round development of Danish music. Some influential composers and works have been produced in romance, oratorio, symphony, chamber music, opera and light music. Weiser (1774— 1842) was the first composer who played an important role in vocal music. He is known as the founder of Danish romanticism in the history of Danish music. Although his creation was on the rise of romanticism at the beginning of19th century, his song style was closer to that of W.A. Mozart. The lyrics of Weser's Romance are mostly selected from the works of Danish poets in the same period. The music is subtle, elegant and soft, which embodies the national temperament of Denmark. Weiser also wrote large-scale religious oratorios and operas. After Wei Ze, the important romantic writers are P. Heather (1830- 1879) and P. E. Langer-Miller (1850- 1926). In the aspect of symphonic music, the original representative figure was n. gard. His budding work is the prelude to Echo of Ossian. Later, he wrote the first symphony. This song is praised by people for its distinctive national style. Another contemporary composer, J.P.E Hartman (1805— 1900), also contributed to the Danish symphony.
The development of Danish music in the 20th century tends to be complicated, and all kinds of music schools have influenced Danish music. The Danish music tradition has undergone great changes under the new historical conditions. Before World War II, the most famous composer in Denmark was C. Nelson. He wrote six symphonies, two operas and many other works. He is a musician with great influence in the history of modern Danish music. Besides Nelson, other important composers are E. Hamerich (1898- 195 1), P. Skibeck (1888- 1949) and J. bengtsson (/kloc-0). Most of them have written symphonies, among which Hammerich's five symphonies with fixed songs are particularly famous. The most famous composers after World War II are H.D. koppel (1908-), V. Holmbo (1909-) and N.V. bengtsson (19 19-). Since the 1950s, many Danish composers have gradually divorced from the Nordic tradition and are obviously influenced by the modern avant-garde.