First, the problem of juvenile delinquency with low academic qualifications and younger age is prominent.
In recent years, the phenomenon of "low education" and "younger age" of juvenile delinquency has increasingly become a social problem that everyone has to pay attention to. According to the statistics of the public security department in a certain area, from June 20, 2009 to the first half of10, 8.5% of all kinds of criminal suspects were under the age of 18. In terms of education, 93.8% graduated from junior high school and primary school, unable to read. Among the suspects involved in the "person-to-person crime" homicide cases uncovered since 2009,1minors under the age of 8 account for 15. 1%, and 45.9% are under the age of 25; Education below junior high school accounts for 93.9%, of which primary school education and illiteracy account for 44.8%. According to the statistics of the Higher People's Court of a province, from June 1 2009 to the end of August/20 10, 33.2% of the criminals were under the age of 25, 9.2% were minors, and 95.8% of them had a junior high school education. Because minors are generally not detained and given a lighter or mitigated punishment for committing crimes, the actual number of "two low" illegal crimes is more than the number of people detained and sentenced. Through the contact of the public security department, the author went directly to a prison in the province for on-the-spot investigation. Among the prisoners in this prison, 538 are under the age of 25, accounting for 29.9% of the total number, including 5 10 in rural areas, accounting for 94.8%, and 28 in urban areas, accounting for 5.2%. There are 335 junior high school students, accounting for 62.27%, primary school students 148, accounting for 27.5%, senior high school students and technical secondary school students, accounting for 9. 1%, 8 illiterate students, accounting for 1.49%, and the university education level is zero. It can be seen that the "low education" and "young age" of juvenile delinquency have become a common phenomenon, which deserves our deep consideration.
Second, the main causes of juvenile delinquency
From the investigation and statistics, we can easily see that juvenile delinquency is closely related to community environment, education level, living conditions and family education.
(A) the impact of the community environment. According to the survey, among 538 people under the age of 25, there are 5 10 rural residents, accounting for 94.8%, which fully shows that the influence of community environment on teenagers is extremely important. The community environment is divided into hard environment (that is, the living conditions of the community, the surrounding environment and some necessary facilities) and soft environment (that is, the cultural atmosphere of the community and whether to organize some activities conducive to the mental health of teenagers). In terms of community hard environment, rural facilities are generally incomplete, the surrounding environment is noisy and chaotic, and there are no special places for teenagers' health and entertainment. In some places, many places that are not conducive to teenagers' involvement are set up, which will inevitably lead teenagers astray and affect their mental health. From the soft environment, if the community does not have a certain healthy cultural atmosphere and ignores the existence and needs of teenagers, it will make teenagers lack a sense of belonging and spiritual support psychologically, which is not conducive to their mental health. As we all know, vulgar culture will infringe and corrode people's souls. At present, in the cultural market, audio-visual products of books and newspapers are full of unhealthy contents such as feudal superstition, murder violence, obscenity and pornography, which has caused serious pollution to social culture. Among them, "yellow pollution" is the most serious corrosion to teenagers. China's Law on the Protection of Minors (Article 23) clearly stipulates: "Relevant competent departments and operators shall take measures to prevent minors from entering commercial dance halls and other places unsuitable for minors' activities. "However, some game halls, dance halls, video halls and Internet cafes covet immediate interests, which leads some teenagers to indulge in this, suffer from mental poisoning, have no intention to study, often play truant in Internet cafes and game halls, and their ideals are seriously distorted. In order to satisfy their advanced consumption and sensory stimulation, they gradually went to crime.
(2) The influence of education level. In our daily life, we will find such a rule: in cases of theft, robbery, drug abuse, fighting and other illegal crimes, young people with low education often account for the majority. Because of their low education level and young age, they are simple-minded, unstable, impulsive and easily deceived by "thieves" Once these children are cheated by "thieves", it is even harder to make them repent. On the other hand, due to low education and no employment, they can only go out to work as coolies, and their income is low, so they often make ends meet and can't stand the temptation of money. So they thought about some crooked ways, tried their best with luck, and finally went to the abyss of crime.
(3) Parents attach importance to their children's education. Family is the basic environment for teenagers to grow up and the first place to receive education in life. Parents' different educational methods will cultivate children's different psychological qualities and personalities. Family is the first place where teenagers' personality, personality education and moral quality are formed. At home, teenagers can learn preliminary social life knowledge and life skills, moral norms, behavior habits and so on. Studies have proved that young people's early life experiences will profoundly affect their lives. Among the family elements, family structure, family education methods and attitudes, parents' cultural and ideological and moral qualities, family life environment and so on all play a great role in the growth of teenagers. If there are problems with these factors, the adverse effects on the healthy growth of teenagers will undoubtedly be far-reaching, and it will easily become an inducement to induce juvenile delinquency. Some families are divorced because their parents are busy with work, business, making money, dancing, gambling, or bad feelings. They are too busy to take care of their children or because of improper educational methods, which leads to the abnormal mentality of loneliness, introversion and hatred of the opposite sex among teenagers, thus embarking on the road of crime; On the other hand, the large number of one-child families has also brought some new problems. Some parents, with better family conditions, are more fond of their children. Some people only pay attention to their intellectual investment and ignore their moral and other aspects of education. Family education is not standardized and selfish, which leads teenagers to take drugs and gamble and embark on the road of crime. On the other hand, some families' bad educational methods directly affect the formation of teenagers' rebellious psychology. For example, parents' simple and rude education methods, such as imperative and arbitrary education methods, as well as high expectations and strict requirements in life and study, all of which invisibly cause psychological pressure on children. When this kind of pressure keeps accumulating and precipitating, teenagers can't find a good solution, so they emotionally resist their parents' series of education and persuasion, resulting in emotional dissatisfaction, which in turn leads to rebellious psychology and even escape from their parents.
(4) Teenagers' psychological characteristics and their own moral quality. In adolescence, due to the maturity of the brain, the brain function is more and more developed, the judgment and analysis of thinking is more and more obvious, and the scope of thinking is more and more extensive and rich. In particular, the way of thinking and the perspective of thinking have gone beyond the simple and single positive thinking in childhood and developed into reverse thinking and divergent thinking. Especially in the process of contacting social culture and education, teenagers gradually learn and master the method of reverse thinking. Faced with teachers' education and parents' advice, they consciously or unconsciously avoid, dislike or even deviate. Teachers' tireless teaching and parents' earnest exhortation have long been dispelled by a strong sense of independence and adulthood.
Although adolescence has made a great leap in physical and psychological development, its physical and psychological development is unbalanced and even contradictory, mainly manifested in physical maturity and psychological immaturity. Due to lack of experience and experience, their understanding is not firm and easy to shake; Although their thinking is independent and critical, their cognition of things and views on problems are greatly deviated, resulting in one-sided, extreme, stubborn and extreme understanding.
The classified query of periodical articles is in the periodical database.
Teachers' correct education often thinks from the opposite side, treating teachers' persuasion, demands and criticism, parents' guidance, reminder and supervision as "management", "card" and "pressure", which is a blow to themselves and a harm to their self-esteem, and then putting themselves on the opposite side of teachers.
(5) Affected by the gradual marginalization of rural areas and farmers' enthusiasm for working. At present, China is in a period of vigorously promoting urbanization, especially at the end of 2009, the central economic conference sounded the horn of urbanization, and the national urbanization construction is in full swing. According to the commentator's article of People's Daily on April 5, 20 12, by the end of March this year, China's urbanization rate had reached 50%. On the one hand, urbanization in China has played an active role in promoting economic development, transferring rural surplus labor, expanding consumer demand and promoting modernization. On the other hand, influenced by the idea of "valuing cities over rural areas" and restricted by the dual system of urban and rural areas, it has also brought about negative effects such as extensive land use, widening income gap between urban and rural residents, and insufficient public services in rural areas. In recent years, the upsurge of farmers going out to work has been rising. Undoubtedly, migrant workers have played a positive role in increasing family income, solving the problem of rural surplus labor force and promoting urban economic development. However, from the perspective of children's education, the negative impact brought by farmers going out to work can not be ignored: First, because parents go out to work and children are not with their parents, family education has become a blank. As the saying goes, parents are children's first teachers. Working families are mostly young couples. Generally, there are three phenomena: the husband goes out, the wife goes out or the husband and wife go out together, leaving only one parent or the elderly at home. The first two phenomena lead to children's long-term lack of fatherly love or maternal love, which is not conducive to the establishment of family ties and the cultivation of sound personality. The negative consequence of the latter phenomenon is that although children will live with grandparents and have no worries about food and clothing, the emotional communication between generations is difficult to be harmonious and family education is fragmented. The second is to cause the loss and spread of junior high school students. Farmers who go out to work have seen the outside world and are no longer satisfied with the traditional lifestyle of working at sunrise and resting at sunset. Those farsighted people encourage their children to study hard and earn more money in the future. Some short-sighted parents only seek immediate benefits and simply take their 13-or 14-year-old children out to work together to earn money. It is conceivable that some junior high school students leave without saying goodbye to "gold rush", which often touches a group of junior high school students around them. In addition, some rural schools lack moral education and fail to reduce the burden, which leads to the serious phenomenon of rural junior middle school students dropping out of school, and becomes a new generation of "surplus labor" and "homeless" population to join the huge army of migrant workers. Finally, going out with family is not good for children's growth. For the convenience of life, some farmers all go out for three or four, and adults work to earn money and let their children study on the spot. As we all know, children study in different places and have no student status; In addition, some customs in the mainland are different from those in other places, the language is unreasonable and the learning methods are not suitable; Because children are young, have weak anti-interference ability and poor psychological endurance, and are not adapted to the environment, they will feel inferior to their classmates in the city, which will easily lead to inferiority complex and affect their academic progress.
Second, specific measures to prevent juvenile delinquency
Preventing juvenile delinquency is an active system that integrates various forces, uses various means and takes various measures to prevent and reduce crimes and recidivism. China's basic criminal policy of prevention and treatment by groups and comprehensive management is correct. We should not only pay attention to the prevention before committing a crime, but also ignore the treatment after committing a crime, so as to prevent committing a crime again. Juvenile delinquency is a social problem with many reasons, which can be said to be a social "syndrome". We should rely on the strength of the whole society to carry out comprehensive management.
(A) give full play to the role of the media, enhance the awareness of law and discipline of young people. The propaganda media should take effective measures, closely combine the characteristics of teenagers, adopt various publicity and education activities that teenagers can easily accept, cultivate teenagers' concept of observing laws, regulations and social morality, establish a correct world outlook and outlook on life, as well as self-esteem, self-discipline and self-improvement, enhance their ability to distinguish right from wrong and self-protection, increase their ability to resist the infection of illegal crimes, and consciously resist the temptation and infringement of various bad behaviors, which are the fundamental measures to prevent juvenile delinquency.
(two) schools should correct the guiding ideology of running schools and conscientiously implement the education policy. As an extension of the family, school plays a vital role in the healthy growth of teenagers and the prevention of juvenile delinquency. If a person can get a good education in adolescence, then he may become a noble-minded person who is beneficial to the country and society; Otherwise, if the school education is bad or unfavorable, he may go astray and even commit crimes. The school's duty is to "preach, teach and dispel doubts". "Preaching" is the first priority. We should pay attention to the education of students' ideology, morality, outlook on life and world outlook, cultivate students' sound personality and good conduct, and be a noble person. Then there is "solving doubts in class", imparting all kinds of knowledge and enhancing the ability to serve the society in the future. It is necessary to avoid the wrong practice of "teaching" instead of "passing on". Paragraph 2 of Article 13 of China's Law on the Protection of Minors clearly stipulates: "Students with shortcomings in conduct and difficulties in learning should be patiently educated and helped without discrimination." Generally speaking, these are only temporary "differences" in some aspects, and do not represent comprehensive and eternal differences. After careful work and education, they are likely to become "high flyers" and become people who are beneficial to society or pillars of the country in the future. At the same time, schools should do a good job in legal education for students. Especially in primary and secondary schools, law courses should be listed as compulsory courses and equipped with specialized law teachers. We should not only do a good job in classroom teaching, but also organize students to participate in a variety of legal education activities in their spare time, so that the vast number of young people can understand their rights and obligations, know what behaviors are advocated by society and allowed by law, what behaviors are prohibited by law and what behaviors are illegal, and know, understand and abide by the law.
(3) Governments at all levels should take effective measures to purify the social environment for the healthy growth of teenagers. It is necessary to mobilize all social forces and strengthen the education and protection of teenagers in order to control and reduce juvenile delinquency. We should take practical and effective measures to prevent the infection and infringement of the "three major pollutions" of "yellow", "gray" and "black" on young people, and resolutely prohibit the proliferation of audio-visual products containing pornographic and violent content; Relevant departments must attach great importance to the control of juvenile delinquents living on the streets, entertainment places and around the campus, effectively purify the environment for the growth of teenagers, and further strengthen community comprehensive management, so that grass-roots comprehensive management units, communities and families can become a solid line of defense to prevent juvenile delinquency.
(4) Increase investment and popularize high school education as soon as possible. Because junior high school students' psychological development is not mature enough, they are impulsive, and their ability to resist temptation and self-control is poor, some people compare the junior high school stage to the "eventful autumn" of life. Therefore, the quick-acting drugs and radical drugs to solve the problem of juvenile delinquency are to create conditions and popularize high school education as soon as possible, so that junior high school students can learn more mature ideas, enrich their knowledge, cultivate their correct outlook on life and world outlook, and let the vast majority of teenagers pass the "dangerous period" smoothly.
(5) Create employment opportunities and expand employment. One of the main reasons why many teenagers become idle teenagers is that it is difficult to find jobs. Governments at all levels should vigorously develop vocational education, establish and improve public vocational skills training institutions, earnestly strengthen employment training and guidance for off-campus teenagers, care for and help social idle teenagers, left-behind children in rural areas and children of prisoners, and help them return to society. It is necessary to regularly hold employment guidance training courses for idle teenagers, provide them with free employment information and employment guidance, and improve their competitiveness in the workplace. Guide them to choose jobs that are in line with their own reality and effectively solve the problem of youth employment.
(6) Parents should pay attention to the education of their children. Family is the cell of society, so we should start with family to curb juvenile delinquency. Family education is the basic form of education and an important part of the whole education system. It is the responsibility and obligation of parents to educate their children. It is parents' dereliction of duty to raise children without teaching, and it is parents' sin to teach children badly. Family environment, parents' educational methods, moral concepts and behavioral norms all directly affect children's growth and play a subtle role in the formation of children's good conduct. Parents' improper educational methods and excessive doting and connivance not only failed to teach children well, but led them astray. Parents should always pay attention to their words and deeds and hobbies and set a good example for their children. Relevant social departments should strengthen the training of parents, improve their literacy and teach them effective ways to educate their children. As parents, we should not only care about children's food, clothing, housing and transportation, but also pay attention to teaching children how to behave. We should always observe and understand what children think, do, care about and make friends. Communicate with them equally, be more considerate and less reprimanded; More love, less indifference; Be more understanding and less bossy. For children who make mistakes, they should be given the warmth of their families, and they should never be abandoned and let themselves go.
In the final analysis, it is a sentence: the youth is prosperous and the country is declining. It is urgent to curb the "two lows" phenomenon of juvenile delinquency!