Hao Jing (1223—1275) was born in Lingchuan, Zezhou (now lingchuan county, Shaanxi Province). A famous Confucian scholar in the late Song Dynasty and early Yuan Dynasty.
Young soldiers are in chaos, and poor families are eager to learn. After the downfall of the Jin Dynasty, he moved to Hebei, where he stayed as commander-in-chief of the garrison, Zhang Ruan and Jia, educated all the scholars and read two books. Learn the Neo-Confucianism of Zhao Fu and Zhu Cheng. At the beginning of the third year of Mongolia (1253), he taught the way of governing the country and reassuring the people, which won Kublai Khan's appreciation and stayed in the palace. In nine years, Kublai Khan attacked Ezhou and suggested making peace with Jia Sidao and going north to fight for the position of Khan. In the first year of Yuan Zhong Tong (1260), he was admitted to the Hanlin Academy as a bachelor and was sent to the Southern Song Dynasty by imperial edict. Jia Sidao was detained in Zhou Zhen 16. In the 11th year of Zhiyuan (1274), Kublai Khan attacked the Song Dynasty to welcome the return of Hao Jing. He fell ill on the way and died in Dadu.
As a politician, Hao Jing opposes the "discrimination between Chinese and foreigners", respects the unity of the four seas and advocates the unification of the world; As a thinker, Hao Jing respected Neo-Confucianism, hoping to influence Mongolians with Confucianism in the process of China's transformation, so that the country would gradually move towards great governance; As a scholar and scholar, he is proficient in calligraphy and painting, and has a lot of works, which are collected in Lingchuan Collection.
Chinese name: Hao Jing.
Nationality: China.
Ethnic group: Han nationality
Place of birth: Lingchuan, Zezhou
Date of birth: 1223
Date of death: 1275
Occupation: politician, scholar
Masterpiece: Lingchuan Collection
Family affiliation: Hao family in Taiyuan
The life of the character
Early experience
Hao Jing (1222- 1275), whose real name was Bochang, moved his ancestor Yi Hao from Taiyuan to Luzhou (now Changzhi City) and his eighth ancestor Hao Zuo to Lingchuan in Zezhou (now Jincheng City). Hao Jing's ancestors have lived together since the eighth ancestor. They are Confucian and incompetent. They teach in the village and belong to a noble family in a county. Hao Jing's grandfather Hao Tianting is famous for his good teaching.
Hao Jing was born in troubled times at the end of Jin Dynasty. Jin Zhengda spent eight years (123 1) taking refuge with his parents in Lushan, Henan. The following year, Mongolian soldiers went south, and Hao Jing went north with his parents and moved to Shuntian (now Beijing). His father mainly relies on teaching students to support a family of six. At that time, Hao Jing 12 years old, began to study in the south hall of Zhong Zhang An monk in Tiefo Temple for five years. He "takes it as his duty to be polite and self-disciplined. I studied the Six Classics, devoted myself to studying Errol, and dabbled in a subset of history. "
With Hao Jing becoming outstanding in knowledge and conduct, Manet spent two years in Zhenguan (1243). He was hired by Mongolian marshals Jia Fu and Zhang Rou to set up a library to teach in their home. Zhang Rou's home is rich in books, and Hao Jing's vision is broad and his vision is greatly increased. When Jia and Zhang were teachers, they met Yuan Haowen, an old man in Jin Dynasty, and Zhao Fu, a master of Neo-Confucianism. Yuan Haowen's theory of poetry creation. Hao Jing praised Yuan Haowen for his profound knowledge and integrity, called him a "great master" and held a ceremony to accept disciples. Hao Jing visited Zhao Fu many times and made friends with him. Zhao Fu admired Hao Jing very much and said, "There are many people studying for Jiang Zuo, but people like my uncle who stand between heaven and earth are fresh."
be an official
In the second year of Yuan Xianzong (1252), Kublai Khan opened a mansion in Jinlianchuan. Hao was recommended, and Kublai Khan sent messengers twice to summon him, and then sent him to the north with letters. In the first month of six years (1256), I met Kublai Khan in Shatuo. Kublai Khan asked Hao Jing how to protect the country and people and what the emperor should do. Hao Jing "led two emperors and three kings to govern Taoism, enjoining their relatives to be kind to the people, loving the people and loving things", and Kublai Khan "was filled with joy".
"In the next few days, I paid great attention to the right thing and was ordered to play the speaker." Hao Jing has more than 30 articles on the scale of its founding. Kublai Khan asked about the "urgent task", and Hao Jing "hit the nail on the head by listing 1 1 people who are particularly harmful to politics in the world", and Kublai Khan "all thought it was good". Although some of Hao Jing's suggestions could not be implemented immediately, later, after the establishment of the Yuan Dynasty, Hao Jing's suggestion "about 16 or 17" was adopted as the "system to change everything".
Since the destruction of gold, the Mongolian army began to go south, trying to annex the Southern Song Dynasty as soon as possible. Hao Jing has a negative attitude towards this. He told Kublai Khan about the historical experience of "one of the masters of the world in ancient times, relying on virtue but not strength", and through the analysis of the situation in Mongolia and Song Dynasty, he thought that Mongolia was "the princes looked on from the inside, and the people languished at the bottom", while in the Southern Song Dynasty, it was "the harmony between the monarch and the minister, the progress of political affairs, and nothing to take advantage of" (The Story of Yuan Shihao). Therefore, it is advocated that we should not immediately cut down the Song Dynasty, but focus on eliminating bad politics, following Chinese laws, selecting talents and appointing people, creating laws and regulations, reducing taxes, reclaiming land, consolidating internal affairs, and making the world look brand-new.
In the eighth year of Xianzong (1258), when Mongolian Khan ordered Kublai Khan to divide his troops and invade Ezhou on a large scale, Hao Jing wrote to Kublai Khan many times, saying not to go south. Kublai Khan first rejected Hao Jing's suggestion, saying that he had agreed that Mongolian Khan would jointly attack the Song Dynasty and could not stop. However, when Mongo Khan died in Hechuan Fishing Mountain and Ali Bouguer attempted to usurp the throne, which threatened Kublai Khan's right to inherit the throne, Kublai Khan began to adopt Hao Jing's suggestion. In the Southern Song Dynasty, traitor Jia Sidao sent envoys to pay tribute, and Kublai Khan moved his troops northward, which was a great event. Here, Hao Jing was appointed as the deputy envoy of Fu Xuan in Jianghuai, Jinghu and Hunan North Road.
The life of a prisoner
In the first year of the Yuan Dynasty (1260), Kublai Khan awarded Hao Jing imperial academy a bachelor's degree as Khan in Kaiping, making him the special envoy of the Southern Song Dynasty. He Yuan, Wei Liu, a delegation, Gao _ as the assistant, Gou Zongdao as the library assistant, Ma Depin, Kong Jin and dozens of others. This trip aroused the jealousy of some Han people in Mongolia, and Pingzhang privately instructed the general Li _ to invade the Song territory in an attempt to destroy Song Yihe in the name of the Southern Song Dynasty. Jia Sidao, a traitor in the Southern Song Dynasty, was also very afraid of the arrival of Hao Jing and his party. I was afraid that Ezhou (now Wuhan, Hubei Province), which had made great contributions in the past, would be exposed by the enemy's misdeeds, and strongly opposed Hao Jing's entry into the Song Dynasty.
Originally planned to enter the Song Dynasty through Lianzhou, but Li suggested that they return, on the grounds that he told two people sent to the Southern Song Dynasty that they had been killed by the appeasement policy of Song Chuzhou. Hao Jing, unmoved, turned to Suzhou Wuhe camp, which lasted nearly five months before he entered the Song Dynasty in the late autumn of that year. However, as soon as he entered the Song Dynasty, Jia Sidao took Li Invasion as an excuse and ordered Huaidong Division to detain his party in Yizheng, Jiangsu Province, where he was imprisoned for 16 years. During this period, Hao Jing wrote many letters to the Southern Song Dynasty monarch and minister, but all of them were wasted under the prevention of Jia Sidao. In order to resist Hao Jing, Jia Sidao lied that the Yuan court was chaotic, and sent people to seduce him several times, which was denounced by Hao Jing. He also sent people to pretend to be bullied by robbers who broke into the prison at night and cut off the supply of life, which failed to shake Hao Jing's will.
Be rescued to the north
In June of the 11th year of Zhiyuan (1274), Kublai Khan ordered Prime Minister Bo Yan to lead an army to attack the Southern Song Dynasty, and ordered Shangshu, Zhong Du Haige and Hao Jing's younger brother to accompany Hao Yong to the Song Dynasty, demanding that the emissary be detained without reason. In the Southern Song Dynasty, the imperial court reasoned poorly, and the Yuan army was invincible, so it had to send the general Duan You to send Hao Jing and his party back to the north with gifts. Kublai Khan of Yuan Shizu also sent Privy Council officials and ministers to meet him from a distance.
In the summer of the twelfth year (1275), Hao Jing and his party returned to Dadu, which had been away for sixteen years. Kublai Khan gave a banquet in honor of the imperial court, rewarded them and asked Hao Jing about political affairs. It was autumn and he died of illness. Shi Wenzhong.
List of works
He is the author of hundreds of monographs, including Continued Han History, Chunqiu Biography, Zhouyi Biography, Taiji Performance, Original Ancient Records, Yuheng Guan Zhen, Tongjian Calligraphy, Sanzi Zhuan, A King of Ya, Pedestrian Record and Lingchuan Collection. The extant editions are Continued Han Shu and Lingchuan Ji.
Continued Han Shu was published in Yan Yuan, and was welcomed by Yongle Grand Ceremony in Ming Dynasty and Sikuquanshu in Qing Dynasty. At that time, Emperor Qianlong's "Imperial Title Hao Jing (Continued Four Poems of the Later Han Dynasty)" sang: "Being detained as an envoy, the two countries coincided with the construction of a plan; I am willing to pay for writing a book with Lu Lian's unfulfilled ambition. " Later, the Commercial Press published 1937 in Shanghai, with a total of three volumes, the first, middle and second volumes, with the title "Basic Series of Chinese Studies". Subsequently, the Commercial Press printed it for the second time in Beijing on 1958, Zhonghua Book Company printed it for the third time in Beijing on 1988, and the Taiwan Province Commercial Press published it under the title of "Taibei Edition". Lingchuan Collection contains 423 poems by Hao Jing, totaling more than 670 poems. Fu 15 articles; There are more than 65,438+090 articles about arguments, excuses, books, biographies, inscriptions, prefaces, notes, epitaphs, eulogies and recitations. After the publication of the Yuan Dynasty, it spread among the people in the Ming Dynasty. Fortunately, Li Shuyuan of Qinshui County in Zezhou was an official in Ezhou (now Wuchang, Hubei Province) and occasionally came across several Lingchuan Collection. He believes that "Gong Hao is also a sage in his hometown, and he especially praises his collection, which requires more than 20 years to complete." It was published in the second year of Zheng De in Ming Dynasty (AD 1507).
Anecdotal allusions
Risk your life to write a letter.
19 1 1 in the spring of (125 1), 29-year-old taught in Jia Jia Jia, deputy marshal of Shuntianfu (now Baoding, Hebei). A Taoist priest in Lingchuan went to the rock bucket to offer incense and worship. When passing by Baoding, he cried to Hao Jing about the tragic scene that the people in his hometown were oppressed and displaced by Mongolian bureaucrats. Hao Jing listened to the bitter complaint of the Taoist priest in his hometown. He was not only in tears, but also very angry. He angrily wrote "Hedong sin words" and wrote a letter to the Mongolian ruling group at the risk of an accident. Surprisingly, instead of blaming Hao Jing, Kublai Khan called Hao Jing to the palace. He deeply felt the bloody weight of this "people's book", "the people are not living, and the country is not living"!
1March 260, Kublai Khan ascended the throne, and immediately issued a decree, abolishing the right of Mongolian kings to directly levy taxes on farmers, greatly reducing the burden on northerners.
Goose signal
Hao Jing was sent to the Song Dynasty and placed under house arrest in Zhou Zhen by Jia Sidao. The prisoner was 16 years. During this period, Yuan Ting didn't know whether he was alive or dead.
After being imprisoned for several years, Hao Jing picked out a strong and flying goose from the live geese fed by the Song people on 1274, tied a wax book on the goose's foot and released it. "Fifteen years of return" is actually "five years of Shengyuan". Hao Jing was detained in the Song Dynasty and didn't know the changes in the Yuan Dynasty, so he decided to call it "fifteen years of reunifying China".
During the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, Su Wu, the minister of the Han Dynasty, was ordered to be an ambassador to the Xiongnu and was detained in Beihai (now Lake Baikal). Huns bullied the weak and feared the hard, seduced Su Wu, and tried their best, but this loyal minister of the Han Dynasty held Jeff in his hand and vowed to be unyielding. Until Emperor Zhao of Han Dynasty succeeded to the throne, he sent someone to personally expedition the Huns and demanded that Su Wu be returned to Han. The Huns were indefensible and lied that Su Wu had already died of illness. When Han Mi reported that Su Wu was still alive, he lied that the son of heaven was shooting geese in Shanglinyuan. One of the geese was written by Su Wu himself in silk, indicating that he was still trapped in the swamp in the north. This move really worked, and the Huns who believed that Machamp was in chaos panicked and sent someone to find Su Wu and returned him to the Han Dynasty. The power of literature and history is really great. On this basis, Hao Jing performed a "reality show" to translate the "story" compiled by the former China Ambassador into reality.
Historical evaluation
Bi Yuan: "Being honest is useful for academic affairs." (History as a Mirror, Volume 183)
Liu: "If you learn to be excellent, you will be an official. If you respect the letter, you will use it. If you learn, you will think about it." (Ji Fu Tong Zhi, Volume 130)
history
The History of Yuan Dynasty Volume 157 Biography 44 has been handed down to this day.
Deeds are recorded in "Continuing the History as a Mirror Volume 183" and "Jifu Tongzhi Volume 130".
personal influence
People's Daily (5th edition, 1983, 1 1.7) published an article entitled "An Introduction to Academic Discussions of the Mongolian Historical Society of China" and made the following comments:
In the early days of song and yuan war, the main purpose of the Mongolian War was to plunder wealth and satisfy economic greed. By Kublai Khan, the nature of song and yuan war had changed. Hao Jing put forward the "Chinese law" earlier, and advocated moving the capital to Yanjing, making peace with the Southern Song Dynasty, and stopping the soldiers to help the people, which was accepted by Kublai Khan. He repeatedly ordered the prohibition of atrocities, so that the Mongolian army basically stopped looting and killing. Kublai Khan can conform to the historical trend and finally unify China.
Advocate literature and calligraphy
Neo-Confucianism
Hao Jing opposed "the distinction between Chinese and foreigners", but advocated "one country in four seas", advocated unifying the world and ending the state of division since the late Tang Dynasty, but opposed the hierarchical concept among different nationalities. Hao Jing also advocated that you don't have to learn from the ancients in everything, and put forward that "you don't have to ask others for the law as the law", arguing that "the Three Kingdoms and the Six Dynasties were unknown, and the pre-Qin and Han Dynasties were afraid to do it themselves; In the five seasons and today, no celebrities take the Tang and Song Dynasties as the law and dare not do it on their own. " They stressed that scholars should "depend on themselves" when writing articles. It embodies Wen Zi's strong knowledge consciousness, free thought and innovative spirit.
His two articles, Internal Travel and Theory of Cultivation, give full play to Mencius' argument that I am good at cultivating my noble spirit, emphasize the self-cultivation of the subject spirit, and put forward that "the reason why saints are sacred, the reason why sages are virtuous and the reason why they are great are all cultivated" (Theory of Cultivation). Moreover, for article writing, he also emphasized that "everything is self-made" and "it is not necessary to seek other people's methods as the law". "The nameless people in the Three Kingdoms and Six Dynasties took the pre-Qin and Han Dynasties as the law and did not dare to make their own; In the five seasons and today, the unknown family took the Tang and Song Dynasties as the law and dared not do it on their own "("Answering Friends' Essays "). There is a strong sense of confidence and innovation here.
calligraphy
Hao attached great importance to the inner cultivation of the creative subject of calligraphy art, and limited the scope of enriching knowledge and cultivation to Neo-Confucianism. When talking about the object and process of calligraphy learning, he put forward a completely rational order.
He thinks: "To make a book today, we must first read the Six Classics and know where the Tao is. Shang Yang's knowledge, ambition, meaning, and fierce achievements in ancient learning are all there. Then Han Li and Qin Zhuan, playing with the big seal script and ancient prose, sought the emperor's original intention, and made laws by writing, eliminating vulgarity. Then I became familiar with the two books of Wang Guan, and I was surprised by the right, coming and going between the two kings. In the palace of Han Liqin, calligraphy began to be prepared. " (Zhu Sheng's calligraphy)