Release date: 20 12-05-02
At present, the world economy is changing from an industrial society to a knowledge-based economy society. In order to meet the arrival of the era of knowledge economy, China's colleges and universities continue to expand the enrollment scale, and the number of college students has increased rapidly. According to the Analysis and Suggestion Report on the Employment Situation in the First Quarter of 20 1 1 issued by the Employment and Income Distribution Department of the National Development and Reform Commission, in the second half of 201/kloc-0, the number of college graduates nationwide will reach 6.6 million, nearly 300,000 more than last year, and secondary schools, vocational schools, technical schools and "two generations" will be However, with the gradual formation of the market-oriented employment mechanism of "two-way choice and free employment" and the continuous adjustment of industrial structure in China, the society has put forward higher requirements for the comprehensive quality of workers, resulting in a large number of job vacancies; Under the influence of the above situation, the employment market of college students presents a strange contradiction between supply and demand, which is attributed to the following aspects:
First, some drawbacks in the operation of colleges and universities have affected the benign supply of college students in the job market:
There is a tendency to "exclude the market" in the specialty setting of some colleges and universities. Most colleges and universities in China are characterized by small scale, high dependence on the government, few specialties and slow renewal. With the development of colleges and universities, these aspects show a stable trend, but the wave of market economy has a more and more profound impact on colleges and universities. Influenced by personal rationality, decision makers are unwilling to cancel traditional majors and simply reconstruct some emerging majors on the original basis. In addition, it is difficult for them to do a lot of market research on a regular basis and analyze what kind of majors are competitive, which makes some professional settings misplaced with market demand. The limited teaching staff can't meet the teaching demand, which leads to the knowledge and skills acquired by college students can't meet the market demand. For example, there is a great demand for graduates majoring in electronic information technology, finance and marketing at present, but it is difficult to recruit a large number of students due to the shortage of teachers in colleges and universities, poor hardware conditions and unreasonable professional system. The unpopular majors such as agriculture, forestry, geology and mineral resources are reluctant to recruit less because of the relatively sufficient teachers. The adjustment of professional structure lags behind the adjustment of market structure, which seriously restricts the employment scope and competitiveness of traditional graduates. ①
The characteristics of "weak practicability" and "low practicability" in the design of professional content in colleges and universities. On the one hand, the university is well-known, close to the people, and stops at perfection. Therefore, paying attention to the dissemination and inheritance of theoretical knowledge in the early stage of construction in colleges and universities will inevitably make the teaching content of colleges and universities lack practicality: practical teaching materials are lagging behind, experimental equipment is backward, and practical teaching teachers are insufficient. On the other hand, the one-way "spoon-feeding" traditional education mode between teachers and students in China and the lack of teaching methods combining theory with practice further reduce the practicality of teaching content in colleges and universities. In reality, the teaching process is carried out in the classroom or laboratory, and the time of class and experiment class is also strictly regulated, which increases the difficulty of improving teaching practicality in colleges and universities and reduces teaching practicality.
The imperfect employment service in some colleges and universities has softened the talent supply mechanism to some extent. Although in recent years, most colleges and universities in China have invested special funds to establish "employment service centers for college students", they have not formed a relatively stable and complete employment service system for college students, and the theoretical research and methodology of employment guidance in colleges and universities are not systematic and operability is not strong (emphasizing form and neglecting construction; Pay more attention to theory than practice; Value quantity, light culture). In reality, many related contents and information about employment guidance in colleges and universities are out of date, and some items are mere formality and lack of actual content. Some surveys have also pointed out that the employment guidance of most colleges and universities only pays attention to graduates, ignoring the education and training of freshmen, which also affects the final solution of the employment problem of college students to some extent.
In a word, the mismatch between college students' knowledge education and future employment makes the contradiction between supply and demand in the college students' employment market stand out. With the emergence of new knowledge and technology, the specialty setting in colleges and universities is unreasonable, the employment service is not in place, and the comprehensive employment ability of college students can not meet the market requirements and can not enter the employment market smoothly.
Second, the lack of government work has affected the good employment of college students.
Inadequate government work leads to college students' contact with the "media" of the talent market-poor information channels. In the era of "information explosion", mastering effective and reasonable information plays an extremely important role in solving the employment problem of college students themselves. In April 2008, China launched the "Three-dimensional Platform of Public Service for College Students' Employment". However, there is no perfect employment information system in China's employment service system, which leads to serious "information asymmetry" in reality. In addition, China's employment market is mainly concentrated in tangible markets such as two-way selection meetings and campus special job fairs. The employment market of college graduates is too single to provide effective employment information for graduates in time.
The lack of government work leads to the imbalance of the employment market structure of college students in the east, middle, west and urban and rural areas. According to the resource endowment theory in economics, the eastern region makes full use of the advantages of location, talents, information and technology to make the local economy develop rapidly. In contrast, the development of the central and western regions is relatively slow, which leads to a serious imbalance in the employment market structure of college students. The choice of employment area is too concentrated on the criteria of choosing a job: most of them go to the eastern cities with developed economy and rapid development, preferring to "live above" and "live below" in the "ant field". Moreover, influenced by the dual economic structure, the traditional rural economy develops slowly, resulting in a large surplus of rural labor force, low marginal income of labor force and low rural income, and many college graduates are unwilling to work in the countryside; With the rapid development of urban modern industry, the demand for urban labor force is increasing, and the marginal income and income of labor force are high. With the gradual reduction of China's household registration system restrictions since the reform and opening up, a large number of rural surplus labor began to enter cities, resulting in a serious imbalance in the urban labor market and a more serious unemployment problem for college students.
Third, the problems of college students' comprehensive quality and job choice view lead to the intensification of the contradiction between supply and demand in the job market.
When they first entered the university, there was a general fluky psychology among college students, who thought that they planned their life too early in the freshman stage, slackened their planning and development goals, failed to do a good job planning or had poor quality planning, which hindered college students from giving full play to their advantages in employment to some extent. In addition, in the university that should be filled with a strong atmosphere of study and scientific research, there is a disharmonious landscape-skipping classes. There is a saying circulating on university campuses: Freshmen are "interns", who observe accumulation, seize opportunities and occasionally flee; Sophomore students are "skilled workers", giving priority and avoiding as appropriate; Junior year is an "old slick", so skipping classes is not negotiable. This has seriously affected the cultivation of college students' employability. The weakening of employability further affects the benign supply of college students in the job market.
In addition, college students show a utilitarian tendency when choosing jobs. When choosing a job, they tend to choose economically developed areas and pay more attention to the economic treatment given by the unit to individuals. This utilitarian tendency will also induce some college students to choose careers irrationally, resulting in unreasonable employment expectations of college students. They always expect superior working environment, higher salary and better welfare, but ignore their development space in the unit. This unreasonable concept of job selection also affects the benign supply of college students in the job market.
Under the existing employment model, some universities from economically backward areas are afraid of backwardness and marginalization, and lack the spirit of active participation and competition, confidence and courage in job hunting, which leads to their loss of employment opportunities. On the contrary, other students with superior family conditions have unrealistic expectations for the work unit and disdain the treatment provided by the recruiting unit, which leads to setbacks in the employment process.
Fourth, the development concept of enterprises affects the benign needs of college students in the job market.
For job seekers with low academic qualifications, employers do not need to compensate their academic capital too much, so they have greater employment opportunities. Influenced by the wrong concept of employing people and short-sighted behavior, the employer thinks that the current turnover rate of social workers is high, as long as it can meet the needs of the current post. If the ability and quality of college students can't meet the requirements of enterprises in a short time, enterprises are not willing to hire college students. In short, driven by profit maximization, when the marginal income of human capital is zero or even negative, employers are unwilling to continue to invest in human resources. In addition, some employers exaggerate the immaturity of college students and consider social experience most. When they are recruiting and assessing, they often set some unrealistic conditions, which makes it more difficult for graduates to find jobs.
Fifth, family and other special related factors have affected the supply and demand and employment of college students.
Over the past 30 years of reform and opening up, with the continuous improvement of national living standards, young college students' dependence on their families has gradually increased. Family can completely support the life of the next generation, leading to the emergence of deformed groups: "NEET". To a certain extent, this makes college students who are about to get employed or are about to get employed have no sense of crisis and urgency, which has a certain impact on the current supply of college students' employment market. In fact, the traditional family education makes college students subconsciously form a concept with China characteristics: people think that going to college is the only way out. As long as they go to college, they can turn over, bid farewell to the life facing the loess and get a decent job in the city, which limits the employment scope of college students to some extent. For example, college students rarely take the initiative to work in places with poor conditions such as the west and grassroots.
In addition, China's social security system is not perfect, and many elderly people are not included in the social security system. In addition, China's high housing prices, rapid price growth and rising living costs of residents have made many people of retirement age still occupy a large number of jobs, which has reduced the jobs of young people.
In order to solve this contradiction, colleges and universities should pay close attention to the development of the job market through teaching reform, and design teaching plans, teaching methods and teaching contents that meet the market demand and satisfy students. The government should realize all-round cooperation in employment guidance, employment policy, network construction and information service through the employment service system to create a good employment environment for college students. College students should cultivate themselves into talents that meet the needs of the market through various channels. In a word, it needs the efforts and cooperation of universities, governments and students. It is of great practical significance to alleviate the contradiction between supply and demand in the employment market of college students and realize the full utilization and optimal allocation of human resources, which will build a harmonious socialist society, promote China's economic development and China's higher education reform.
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Hu Angang, a famous economist and professor of Tsinghua University, once pointed out that in the process of high-speed industrialization in China, the continuous adjustment of industrial and economic structure has brought about structural contradictions in the middle and senior labor market, and these factors will not change fundamentally before 2020. As the backbone of the new generation of society, college students should take on the responsibility of building their hometown and motherland while seeking their own survival opportunities. Young people are strong and China is strong. In the process of employment, we should shoulder a more important mission, apply what we have learned, think deeply about our work and put forward constructive suggestions, so as to improve the scientific and rational operation of the whole place and further promote the development of the whole society.
Precautions:
(1) Song: On the Causes and Countermeasures of College Students' Employment Difficulties, China Adult Education, August 2006.
On April 25th, 2008, Minister of Education Zhou Ji delivered a speech at the launching ceremony of "Three-dimensional Platform of Public Service for National College Students Employment".
③ Employability is the characteristic that employers of modern enterprises expect employees to have in the 20th century, and it is the ability of individuals to get and keep a job.
References:
Cynthia Khan, Niu Yonghong. College students should pay attention to the cultivation of ability [J]. Science and Technology and Economy, 2006(4).
[2] You Min. A study on the relationship between college students' career choice behavior and mental health under employment pressure [J]. Journal of Inner Mongolia University for Nationalities, 20 10(0 1).
[3] He Xiaoli. On the cultivation of college students' employability [J]. Vocational and Technical Education, 20 10(04).
[4] Chen Zhilun. The cultivation and construction of college students' scientific concept of career choice under the new situation [J]. Modern Educational Science, 20 10(05).
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What are the ways for college students to understand the market demand?
1 Go to various recruitment websites to browse a recent recruitment trend, which is conducive to understanding the demand direction of market talents.
Go to various industry research report information websites to browse the latest trends and development prospects of various industries, such as foresight.
Thirdly, according to your hobbies and specialties, make a positioning for your employment direction after graduation.
The most important thing is to make a good career plan.
At the job fair, a friend introduced me to submit my resume online and found it myself.