one
The idea of "respecting teachers and valuing morality" put forward by Xue Qi is valuable and has played a positive role in the history of education in China. Since school education is regarded as an important weapon of "building the country and governing the people", it is bound to give teachers engaged in education a lofty social status. "This is why your place is not a minister's minister. Second, when it is a corpse, it is also a minister; When he was a teacher, he was also a servant. The gift of a college student, although the emperor has no north, respects the teacher. " (Yukime) That is to say, in the sacred ancestor worship ceremony, the status of teachers is as respected as "corpses". Feudal rulers were not polite to their subjects only when they were "corpses" or "teachers". Although the son of heaven is "expensive", the teacher should be exempted from the courtesy of "facing north"
The purpose of "respecting teachers and attaching importance to Taoism" in feudal society is to regard teachers as the representatives of the whole feudal ideological system, in an attempt to respect feudal "Taoism" and maintain feudal rule through "respecting teachers". Because only "respecting teachers and emphasizing education" can "emphasize education". Therefore, Xue Ji said: "where to learn, Yan Shi is in a dilemma." The teacher is strict and then respects the Tao, and the Tao respects the people and respects learning. " This idea of "respecting teachers and attaching importance to Taoism" was used by autocratic rulers as one of the weapons to rule and consolidate their rule for more than two thousand years after Qin and Han Dynasties. However, Xue Ji's proposal to be strict with teachers and call on the society to respect teachers is still worth cherishing today.
two
The main experience of Xueji on the education system and school management is summarized as follows:
The first is to improve the school education system. Xue Ji recorded the school system in ancient China. "The ancient teachers have schools, the party has problems, the techniques are orderly, and the state-owned schools". This shows that in ancient China, schools were also widely established for education. Its system is to set up a "school" for every twenty-five schools to teach the children of all schools in Luxiang; Every 500 households belong to the party, and a "Yao" is set up within the party to teach children who are promoted at school; Twelve thousand five hundred schools have been established and "preface" has been set up to teach children advocated by the Party. In the capital of the emperor or the capital of the vassal, a university is set up to teach the children of the emperor, the vassal and other nobles, as well as the children who are promoted in order. It can be seen that the ancient people set up schools according to administrative divisions, which is very comprehensive, and this is also the embodiment of the close relationship between politics and religion.
The second is a strict examination system. "Xue Ji" said: "Admission in the following year, middle-aged assessment. Different from the classic year; Three-year-old professional music group; Five years teaching experience; Seven years, learn from each other and make friends; Call it a small success. I have known the class very well for nine years and stood firm and did not object. This is a great achievement. Husband is enough to change the customs, and those who are near will persuade him, and those who are far away will be pregnant. The way of this university is also. " Freshmen enter the university every year and take an examination of their academic performance every other year. In the first year, test whether they can analyze classics and chapters. Make clear your wishes and decide the direction of learning. In the third year, we will examine whether they can concentrate on their studies, live in harmony with their classmates and study together. In the fifth year, we will examine their breadth of knowledge and their closeness to teachers. In the seventh year, examine their ability to discuss academic right and wrong and whether they can choose their own good friends; At this learning stage, if they can all meet the standards, they are called "Cheng Xiao". In the ninth year, we should examine whether they can deduce theories and avoid analogies. Although speaking independently, it does not violate the teacher's teaching. If they can reach the standard at this learning stage, it is called "Dacheng". After such study, it will be enough to educate people, change old habits, convince people around them, and people far away will return to China. This is the educational purpose of the university.
The book of study is about the years of study and the inspection system of universities. The nine-year university study is divided into two stages: the first seven years and the last two years. Students' grades are tested once every two years, and each test has a key point, and it is not only academic performance, but also moral performance. This may be the author's idea, because it was impossible to have a school year system, a class teaching system, and a teaching plan from low to high. However, this idea is also valuable.
The third is to attach importance to the opening ceremony. "The university began to teach, and Pigo offered sacrifices to Lai to show respect for Tao". This shows that the university opening ceremony is very grand. At the beginning of the school year, officials dressed in dresses offered sacrifices to Lai and held ceremonies to show their respect for teachers and morality. "The night is elegant, and the official is also early." Conduct purpose education at the opening ceremony. Let students recite the Book of Songs? Three poems, Xiaoya, Luming Literature, Mu Si and Huang Huangzhehua, show that the monarch and the minister are in harmony with each other. Educating students to study means being an official and managing state affairs. Today, it seems that this goal itself is not desirable, but it is right to attach importance to target education. Because the purpose education at the grand opening ceremony can leave a deep impression on students and achieve good results. This shows that the ancients attached great importance to target education. Our country has inherited this fine tradition.
Fourth, there is strict organizational discipline. "Sun is also a student in this school." Students should press the drum to open books, just like students ring the bell in class today, which shows that the study discipline is strict. The purpose is to make them pay attention to their studies. As for the corporal punishment system of "Xia and Chu, take their power", it is a stick discipline in feudal society, which is incompatible with the conscious discipline we advocate today.
In a word, the discussion on the education system and school management in Xueji is still of positive significance today after two thousand years. Due to the limitations of the times and classes, it is not surprising that some of them are obviously inappropriate today.
three
The teaching theory of Xueji runs through a basic spirit: teachers should be inspired, students should think actively and study consciously, and teaching is a bilateral activity between teachers and students.
Xue Ji analyzes the relationship between teaching and learning as "learning and learning". The first word "learning" should be pronounced "effect", which means teaching; The second word "learning" means learning. "Learning half" means that teaching and learning are two sides of the same thing, and teaching is the unity of two activities. In the process of teaching, teaching is good or bad, on the one hand, teaching, on the other hand, learning from others, on the one hand, relying on others to teach, on the other hand, relying on their own learning. Although teachers give priority to teaching and educating people, they should also strengthen self-study when encountering difficulties. Therefore, teachers are also a combination of teaching and self-study.
Human development is restricted by three basic factors: heredity, environment and education. Which factor plays a leading role in the competition? Educators in history have been arguing endlessly, reflecting the sharp struggle between materialism and idealism. Yukime gave a scientific answer to this question. "Jade is uncut, abrasive; People don't learn and don't know. " The original intention of Xue Ji is to emphasize "learning". Explain that people are "learned" and not "born". This view is undoubtedly correct. More than two thousand years ago, learning records affirmed that education plays a leading role in people's development, which is commendable.
Teaching is a bilateral dialogue between teachers and students. We should not only have the enthusiasm of rescuers, but also mobilize the enthusiasm of students. Students' enthusiasm for learning is mainly to think with their brains. Educators in past dynasties generally attached importance to students' thinking activities and asked students to closely combine "learning" with "thinking". On the relationship between "learning" and "thinking", Xue Ji thinks that learning and thinking are integrated. This idea of paying equal attention to learning and thinking has had a far-reaching impact on later teaching theory and practice. Starting from the guiding ideology of combining inspiration, learning and thinking, Xue Ji put forward a series of beneficial teaching principles and methods. There are the following teaching principles:
(-) the principle of inspiration and induction
The principles of inspiration and induction are now called heuristic principles. It can be said that it is the most basic teaching principle in Xue Ji.
The author of Xue Ji said: "The teaching of a gentleman is also metaphorical." The so-called "metaphor" can be said to mean inspiration and induction here. Yukime thinks that the basic characteristic of teachers' teaching is to be good at inspiring and inducing, and further says: "You can learn metaphor and then you can be a teacher." Only those who are good at inspiring and inducing in many ways can be teachers. It can be seen that the heuristic principle has been promoted to a very high level. Xueji requires teachers to "observe time and express language" and "open language and express language" in the teaching process. In other words, teachers often check and guide students' learning, but they don't indoctrinate them, and they don't do anything to replace them. They fully mobilize students' enthusiasm, stimulate students' positive thinking, and make students master knowledge in an all-round way.
(B) the principle of mutual learning
There is no end to learning and no end to teaching. Teachers should adhere to the principle of learning from each other. The author of Xue Ji said: "Learn and then know the deficiency, and teach and then know the difficulty. You can introspect if you don't know enough, and you can be self-reliant if you are sleepy. Therefore, it is good to teach and learn. " It can be seen that Xue Ji not only put forward the principle of learning from each other's strengths, but also brilliantly expounded this principle from two aspects of teaching and learning:
First of all, from the teacher's point of view: "It is difficult to know after teaching." Know the difficulties before you can stand on your own feet. "The process of teaching is also a process of learning. Teaching and learning learn from each other, promote each other and constantly improve the teaching level. Teachers find difficulties through teaching, find their own lack of knowledge, and urge themselves to study harder and improve. Almost all comrades who have been engaged in teaching have this experience. At first, I thought I was almost done, and there was nothing wrong with teaching, but when I got to class, I felt that some places were unclear and I couldn't impart knowledge vividly with simple words. Is it awkward to pay the bill? Hey? Difficult? Huh? What if you disappear? What if you slow down? А! Bo dad? ааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааааа 107 BR & gt； Secondly, as far as students are concerned, students get knowledge from the teacher's teaching, but they need to study hard, study hard and improve constantly, and can't be limited to the teacher's words. Learning is a practical activity, and only through learning practice can we realize the benefits and difficulties of learning. The more you learn, the broader your horizons and the worse you feel, so that you can "introspect" and make progress. Therefore, it is said: "Although there is a supreme way, you can learn it, but you don't know its goodness"; Learn and then know the deficiency ","know the deficiency and then react. " "
According to the above understanding, we can see that in the teaching process, both teachers and students need to keep learning. Besides studying books, teachers and students should also learn from each other, especially teachers should pay attention to learning from their own educational objects and improve together. "Therefore, teaching and learning are also beneficial." The idea of "learning to be an excellent official" put forward in Xue Ji is also a high generalization of the idea of "teaching and learning learn from each other"
The principle of "learning from each other's strengths to make up for each other" put forward by Xue Ji has dialectical ideological factors. It gives full play to Confucius' thought of "never tire of learning and never tire of teaching" and reveals the objective laws in teaching work.
(3) the principle of gradual progress
Compared with what we usually call the systematic principle, the discussion of "step by step" in Xue Ji has a broader meaning and more contents. It includes the contents and requirements of systematic principle, ability principle and teaching students in accordance with their aptitude. On how to implement the principle of gradual progress, Yukime put forward two requirements:
First of all, "learning is not equal" and teaching should be systematic, which is determined by the characteristics of scientific knowledge itself. Any scientific knowledge has a strict logical system, and teaching materials have a certain coherent order. Students' learning is to learn new knowledge, introduce the old and introduce the new step by step. /kloc-ushinski, a Russian bourgeois-democratic educator in the 9th century, once said when demonstrating systematicness: "Of course, only when we have a reasonable knowledge system of things themselves can we have full possibility of mastering knowledge. If a person's mind is full of a lot of fragmentary and unrelated knowledge, it will be like a warehouse where all kinds of things are piled up in disorder, where even the owner of the warehouse can't find anything. As for the mind of a person who has only a system but no knowledge, it is like a shop. Every cupboard in it is stuck with something, but the cupboard is empty. " (Quoted from On Teaching edited by danilov and Ye Xibov of the Soviet Union, page 197) This passage of ushinski vividly shows that if teaching is not carried out step by step and systematically, it will be "miscellaneous without grandchildren, bad without repair" and will fall into a chaotic situation. Only by mastering the concept and judgment of addition can we master the concepts of subtraction and multiplication and the corresponding judgment and reasoning process in turn; Only by mastering the concept of force can we understand gravity and pressure in turn. Any practice that disturbs the systematization and coherence of knowledge and exceeds the students' ability to accept it is against the teaching law.
Secondly, "don't give festivals." This sentence was interpreted by Zheng Kangcheng in the Han Dynasty as "lax, which means that those who don't teach their elders are small, and those who save the young are stupid." Kong explained, "If you don't pay attention to festivals, you can say that this year is comparable. If you don't cross the festival, you can teach it alone. The so-called Sun Shunye. " According to their solution, students should be educated according to their age and talents. "Xue Ji" said, "It can be called." This is what Mencius called "the rain is changing". Its significance lies in that "education must be carried out in time. If you lose it too early, it will not be suitable for students' acceptance ability and needs. On the other hand, if it is too late, students' demands may have disappeared and it is not easy for them to accept them. Such untimely education, according to the academic record, is bound to be' hard training and hard training', which cannot achieve the expected effect of teaching. " Therefore, Xue Ji put forward the requirement of "doing things without paying attention to festivals". "Don't ignore festivals" means that teaching should not exceed the actual situation of students, and don't impart too much and too deep knowledge to small and dull students, so that students can't eat; Don't teach too little to big and talented students, so that they don't have enough to eat. The Book of Learning requires that teaching should be within the limits of "frugality", "learning should not be abandoned", and it should be done according to one's ability and step by step. Learning records advocate "teenagers listen and ask questions" in order to "learn without waiting" The reason why the "son of good metallurgy" should learn to make fur, the reason why the "son of good bow" should learn to make dustpan, and the reason why the "first rider" should "do the opposite, the car will be in front of the horse" all mean to step by step within the limits of "festival" rather than "festival". Xue Ji opposes "regardless of the number of students, regardless of safety" (only focusing on progress, regardless of whether students can accept it), because it violates the principle of gradual progress and "ignores" festivals. Comenius once said: the interpretation of teaching materials should pay attention to consistency and continuity. And put forward that "learning first is the way to learn later." Liang Qichao put it more popularly: "Learning is like going upstairs. Without going through elementary school, you want to soar, and there are no people who don't give up halfway. " Kong Yu also commented that "he was promoted from the hall, not into the room". (Advanced) All these words of Chinese and foreign scholars show that teaching and learning should follow objective laws and step by step, and it is impossible to "climb Mount Tai and surpass the North Sea". ("Mencius? At present, some schools engage in surprise attacks, competitions, sea tactics, and one-sided pursuit of enrollment rate, which violates the principle of gradual teaching and will not have any effect. Even if it works occasionally, it will never last. One example is that many students can't keep up with their homework after entering the university by surprise. As everyone knows, "more is confused" and "haste makes waste".
(4) the principle of "Tibet and interest complement each other"
The principle of "Tibet and interest complement each other" is also the principle of combining work and rest in and out of class. "Xue Ji" holds that ordinary classes are taught at the prescribed time of class, and "there must be proper work when teaching"; There should be rest, games and homework after class, and "there should be accommodation at school when you retire". Yukime also believes that regular classes are very important and extracurricular activities are indispensable. Because all kinds of beneficial activities after class can not only be used as a means to assist regular study, but also arouse students' interest in regular study and deepen their understanding of regular study. If you don't learn skills such as "grass cotton" (zaju), "Boyi" (singing) and "miscellaneous clothes" (sweeping the floor) after class, you can't learn "string" (that is, music), "poem" and "ceremony" well in class. Therefore, students must be required to combine in-class and out-of-class, and to combine work and rest. Therefore, Xue Ji pointed out that "if you don't enjoy your art, you can't enjoy learning". Students can't learn the main courses well if they don't advocate extracurricular skills. Therefore, people who are good at learning, when studying, study hard; When you are resting, you can enjoy extracurricular activities. "hide and repair, and swim at rest." In this way, students can "learn and kiss their teachers safely, enjoy their friends and trust their ways."
In the past, schools generally did not attach importance to extracurricular activities. Although this situation changed after the founding of New China, they still paid insufficient attention to extracurricular activities. Xue Ji emphasized the importance of extracurricular activities two thousand years ago, which is really commendable.
The current pedagogy does not include the teaching principle of combining in-class and out-of-class teaching, which is a problem worthy of study. Extracurricular activities play a very important role in students' learning and growth. If properly arranged, it will be of great benefit to promote students' intellectual development, improve teaching quality and speed up personnel training. Soviet modern educator Su Homlinski attached great importance to the extracurricular activities in his experimental school. In a school with only 600 students, there are more than 120 extracurricular activity groups. Students have enough time to participate in various extracurricular activities every day. This school has trained many outstanding talents for the Soviet Union. This fact fully shows the correctness and importance of the teaching principle of "Tibet and information complement each other", which should be paid enough attention to.
(E) the principle of "looking at each other and being good"
Yukime advocated "observing each other and doing good". People think that students should communicate with each other in order to learn from each other and promote each other. Therefore, when looking at schools, it is necessary to study On Learning to Make Friends. When talking about the function of the principle of "Tibet and information complement each other", he said that it can make people "enjoy friends" and call "teachers" and "assistants" (friends) "friends". Because classmates and friends can learn from each other and learn from each other, everyone has advantages. Confucius said, "In a threesome, there must be a teacher." . As long as you are good at "choosing good and following it", you can make progress. On the contrary, it is "learning alone without friends." A person who meditates without discussing the problem will become a frog in the well over time.
However, Yukime didn't simply think that any communication between schoolmates would be beneficial to each other and get the benefit of "treating each other as guests". On the contrary, it reminds people that if they make fair-weather friends, they will forget their teachers' lessons, forget their studies and ignore their studies. This is "Yan Peng betrayed his teacher and Yan Bi abandoned his studies." So for your own progress, you should pay attention to making good friends, not bad friends. This can be said to be the development of Confucius' thought that "three friends are beneficial and three friends are detrimental". The valuable thing about Xueji is that it first saw the beneficial effect of communication and affirmed and advocated it. Instead of turning a blind eye, because of suffocation. This is another valuable part of Xue Ji.
(6) the principle of saving the lost.
The exposition of the principle of saving the nation by doing good in Xue Ji is positive and dialectical. It believes that because students have different "minds" and "different minds", they show four different types of shortcomings in learning: "Teachers must know when they make four mistakes. People learn too much, or lose too little, or lose too easily, or stop. " The value of Xue Ji is not only that it points out these four deficiencies in students' study in general, but more importantly, it further reveals the reasons for these four deficiencies and puts forward positive and dialectical teaching methods. "Xue Ji" said: "These four have different hearts. Knowing their hearts can save their losses. Those who teach grow well and save those who lose. " This passage illustrates two meanings: on the one hand, because of the differences in students' personalities, the learning situation is different. Teachers should understand students' personality characteristics, "know their hearts" and "do their best" in order to "recover losses". On the other hand, to comprehensively analyze students' shortcomings, we should see both bad aspects and good factors. Although the Book of Learning does not specify what to carry forward, there is such an explanation in the notes of the ancients: "How many people are easy to stop, although each has its own shortcomings, and how many people are easy to learn, how many people are easy to specialize, and how many people are easy to do, how to stop, how good." Just make up for the loss. It means "losing too much", and thirst for knowledge is a bad thing, but it also has its good side, that is, there are factors that lead to erudition; It is a bad thing to learn too narrowly and not be sensible, but it also has its good side, that is, it also contains the possibility of becoming specialized; "Easy to lose", acting rashly and going forward bravely is a bad thing, but it also has its good side, that is, it contains enterprising factors; "Stop if you lose" is a bad thing, but it also has its good side, that is, it is possible to keep your position and guide yourself solidly. To sum up, these incorrect learning attitudes of students are "either too much or too little". As far as "more", "less", "easy" and "stop" are concerned, they are four kinds of "losses". However, as far as the factors they contain are concerned, they are profound, professional, enterprising and solid, and they can be said to be advantages. Good and bad, gain and loss are dialectical unity. Therefore, teachers must look at the problem comprehensively, not only to see the positive side of things, but also to see their negative side, and to have a "two-point theory." "In this way, we can cultivate students' positive factors, overcome negative factors, rely on advantages, overcome shortcomings, foster strengths and avoid weaknesses, and recover losses according to students' learning difficulties and qualifications. This is "teaching, growing well, saving the lost."
The exposition of this principle in Xue Ji contains both the significance of attaching importance to positive education and the idea of teaching students in accordance with their aptitude, which is of great value.
As for the discussion of teaching and learning methods in Xue Ji, it is not very specific. Generally speaking, it is discussed in combination with teaching principles. Now it can be summarized into four methods: explanation method, question and answer method, exercise method and analogy method, which will be mentioned later:
(A) Interpretation method
Teaching is inseparable from explanation, and it is good or bad. In addition to mastering the content correctly, the key lies in teachers' oral expression ability and strict organization of teaching materials. Therefore, learning notes put forward three requirements for teachers.
First, "about and reach". In other words, teachers should be concise, fully express the main meaning, not verbose and unambiguous, and be concise, thorough, few and precise.
Second, "micro and zang". Teachers' explanations should be focused, concise and incisive; We should not only talk about the essence of teaching materials, but also use our strength on average. Would you like to "try one?" Meat, but know the taste of iron pot, the sound of ding. "("Lv Chunqiu ")
Third, "it is difficult to compare." It means that there are not many examples, but they are very telling. Teaching is inseparable from examples, such as "giving examples with similar meanings, assisting the ancient to prove the present". If the case is typical, representative and used properly, it can turn abstraction into image, turn abstruse into simple, enlighten and block, and inspire thinking. "There are not many examples but the essence". "If there are many examples, it will usurp the host's role and drown out the argument, and students will only pay attention to the examples and ignore the theory", which will not play the role of "metaphor".
Some teachers just preach abstractly and don't "extrapolate"; Some teachers give improper examples, and examples can't explain the problem; Some teachers drown their arguments with too many cases; Some teachers give too many examples, which make people see things in a blur. ..... This bad practice can be instructive from the "rare analogy".
(2) Question and answer mode
Xue Ji discusses this problem from two aspects.
First, how to ask questions. The book of learning holds that asking questions should be from easy to difficult, starting with easy questions, solving easy ones and solving difficult ones. It believes that a curious person should, like a craftsman attacking hardwood, "do the easy first, then the program." Of course, it does not rule out that in some cases, it is sometimes necessary to come straight to the point and ask some difficult questions. But in general, it should be the order of "easy first, then difficult, simple first, then complicated".
Secondly, how to answer questions. "Xue Ji" points out that we should pay attention to two points: first, teachers should answer students' questions in an appropriate size. If students ask some small and shallow questions, teachers should not make a mountain out of a molehill. If students ask big and deep questions, teachers should analyze them deeply and give correct answers. Students answer the teacher's questions in the same size. Do "small voice knock, big voice knock." The second is to ask for a calm question and answer. Only by calmly asking questions and calmly answering questions can we make the truth clear. Just like ringing a bell, you can only "make the best sound" if you hit it calmly. Take your time and do your best. This vivid and appropriate example is of far-reaching significance to teaching.
(3) Practice methods
What is the practice method? "Xue Ji" did not make a positive answer and elaboration, but quoted "the son who is good at smelting must learn for autumn; The son of a good bow must learn to be a basket; On the contrary, the first driver was in front of the horse. By observing these three things, he concluded that "a gentleman can be interested in learning." The meaning of this passage is: "The son of an excellent metallurgical craftsman must first learn how to inlay clothes with leather (know how to shape);" A good bow maker must first learn to weave baskets with wicker (understand the "nature" of bamboo and wood); Contrary to our habit, the pony learned to drive. It follows the car. When people understand these three truths, they will know how to learn.
From the above three examples, we can analyze two meanings: First, examples are very important in practice. Yoshino, Good Worker and Malaysia? Do you see it? Δ Cough mirror, neon spasm, squatting 6? Sliding dam rho? Is the right vertebra dizzy? Hey? ∪ 靚 Zheng Shang Hang discount K? Guangdong family? Are you pregnant? How is pregnancy in the spine? Bear? Why don't you look at you? Hey? Are you worried? Sheng? ыы 6? Thin? BR & gt(4) analogy method
Xue Ji also advocates the use of "comparing ugliness with things" in teaching, comparing it with similar things, so that students can draw inferences. This can not only draw inferences from others, consolidate and digest what they have learned, but also enable students to expand their knowledge, hunt for knowledge and develop their abilities.
The discussion of teaching methods in Xue Ji not only embodies the spirit of the above teaching principles, but also implements the guiding ideology of inspiration and induction everywhere, and opposes the practice of injection and cramming. This is very valuable, and we should be good at absorbing it and putting it into practice.
four
Xue Ji mainly discusses the teaching theory, principles and methods from the front. In addition, combined with the actual situation, the disadvantages and adverse consequences of teaching at that time were criticized from the opposite side, which enhanced the persuasiveness of the positive discussion. Here, I quote a passage from Xue Ji criticizing the disadvantages of teaching at that time, which is very incisive and to the point.
"Today's teacher, groan its account, many words, and its number against regardless of its safety. People can't help being sincere, and teaching people can't make the best use of it. What it does is the opposite, and what it seeks is Buddha. But if you are a husband, you will hide your study and attack your teacher, and you will suffer from it without knowing its benefits. Although it is a matter of ending it, it will go quickly and it will not be punished. What is the truth! "
This passage vividly pointed out the five disadvantages of teaching at that time and their adverse consequences.
One said, "Oh, it's over." The teacher just reads the text aloud without asking the students to understand its meaning.
The second is that "more information" teachers blindly instill, regardless of students' consciousness and enthusiasm.
The third is "and its quantity further ignores its safety." That is, teaching only pays attention to progress, regardless of whether students can accept and digest it.
Fourth, "people can't help being sincere." Teaching does not start from students' interests and does not stimulate students' intrinsic learning motivation.
Fifth, "teach people not to try their best." Without teaching students in accordance with their aptitude, teachers can't develop students' talents and bury talents.
Due to these five disadvantages, the teaching effect is contrary to people's wishes, resulting in adverse consequences. Let students hate learning; Antipathy to teachers; Suffering from learning difficulties, it is "difficult"; If you don't understand the purpose and function of learning, you "don't know its benefits." In this way, even if students graduate, they will soon forget all about it. Learning is equivalent to not learning. "Although they have finished their studies, they will walk very fast." This shows how important teaching methods are!
Xue Ji criticized the unhealthy phenomena in teaching at that time, such as only focusing on reciting, inculcating and catching up with the progress, ignoring inspiration and induction, not mobilizing students' enthusiasm, and not paying attention to teaching students in accordance with their aptitude. "This is also leading in the history of world education." (History of Ancient Education in China, p. 156) Although these profound insights in Xue Ji are aimed at the situation two thousand years ago, they are still worth learning from today's teaching situation. If some teachers always want to teach students more knowledge, they think that "more talk, less talk." In teaching, we often only pay attention to time, catch up with the progress and fill the room, but ignore the inspiration to induce students to think independently and understand the materials. Students don't get more because of the teacher's "talking too much", but they hinder the development of students' thinking. Subjectively, these teachers want to train talents for the four modernizations as soon as possible, but does the objective effect meet the subjective desire? Can't we get enough inspiration from Yukime's discussion to empathize and dispel doubts?
Generally speaking, Xue Ji summed up the valuable experience of ancient educators in China. "It can be called the embryonic form of China's ancient pedagogy." Therefore, scholars in all previous dynasties in China spoke highly of Xue Ji. Chen Li, a scholar in the Qing Dynasty, once pointed out: "If this method is adopted, academics will be prosperous and talents will come forth in large numbers." Contemporary educational historians and educational theorists agree that Xue Ji is not only the earliest and most complete educational document in China, but also the earliest and most complete educational document in the world. Gu Shusen said: "Xueji" is "the first brilliant masterpiece on educational theory and method in the history of education in China and even in the history of education in the world." Educational thoughts in Xue Ji. Especially the teaching theories, many of which conform to the general laws of education and teaching and have simple dialectical materialism views, are still of positive significance and can be called "extremely brilliant heritage in the history of education in China". (Shen China's Ancient Education and Educational Thought, p. 46)