Under the background of giving priority to the industrialization of heavy industry, although there is no clear statement, it is actually implemented.
It is the development strategy of large enterprises; After the reform and opening up, under the guidance of the "six key points of textile industry" policy, China
Industrialization began to step on the right track, and the corresponding development strategy of small and medium-sized enterprises was implemented.
At present, China's national economic development has entered the middle stage of industrialization, facing the future of large, medium and small.
How to make a correct decision at the critical moment of enterprise development strategy selection is related to China's future economic growth.
The overall situation of stable, rapid and healthy development.
Although before the reform and opening-up, China's industrialization implemented the development strategy of large enterprises, this does not rule out that it was caused by history.
Experience of the second large-scale development of small and medium-sized enterprises.
In addition, after the reform and opening up, "township enterprises" have blossomed everywhere.
The great development of small and medium-sized enterprises represented by prominence has experienced three periods of great development of small and medium-sized enterprises in China.
on hand
Although there are some good experiences and practices, there are also more profound lessons, especially the first two times, which are worth ten points.
We should conscientiously sum up.
1
Experiences and lessons of the first large-scale development of small and medium-sized enterprises
"
During the Great Leap Forward, the first big development of small and medium-sized enterprises appeared in China.
This great development of small and medium-sized enterprises
Is in the radical "catch-up" strategy (surpassing "Britain" and catching up with "America"
) to further accelerate the development of heavy industry in China.
The industrialization process based on industry, in the case that the development strategy of large enterprises still can not meet the requirements of "catching up", does not
Desperately let small and medium-sized enterprises that are not suitable for the development of heavy industry also participate in the process of heavy industrialization, which
As soon as China embarked on the road of construction, it caused great losses and damages to the national economy, which was a complete failure.
The example of the development of small enterprises, its lessons are extremely profound.
First of all, heavy industry is generally an industry with obvious scale benefits, and it is not easy to take the form of small and medium-sized enterprises, but "big"
The so-called "five small" soils appeared one after another during the "leap forward" period.
, foreign "five small"
(
Refers to small steel, small coal mines, small machinery, small
Cement and small fertilizer, etc. Most of them seriously violate the basic laws of economic and technological development.
Second, small and medium-sized enterprises.
Its main functions and functions in the national economy are to stabilize the economy, activate the market, ensure employment and promote technological progress.
And so on, when people completely ignore or don't have this kind of understanding and concept, small and medium-sized enterprises have become the realization of some kind of government.
A tool to achieve a goal.
Third, this failure has caused the so-called "decentralization" bad reputation to small and medium-sized enterprises and destroyed them.
The reputation of small and medium-sized enterprises has been lost, which leads people to misunderstand them and affects their normal development.
2
Lessons from the Second Great Development of Small and Medium-sized Enterprises
"
During the Cultural Revolution, under the guidance of agricultural mechanization and the idea of serving national defense, China made great efforts again.
The wave of developing local "five small" industries with heavy industry.
Under the requirement of "self-contained system" of local economy,
Each place has its own way and repeated construction, and gradually formed a self-sufficient similar structure of "big and complete, small and complete"
"Closed national economic system.
Although the impact of this great development of small and medium-sized enterprises is not as great as last time,
But the lesson is also profound.
In addition to the same experience and lessons as those of the first great development period of small and medium-sized enterprises, it also has the following points.
New problems that can not be ignored: ① Small and medium-sized enterprises in various places are required to establish independent industrial production systems.
It has the characteristics of heavy chemical industry, repeated construction and similar structure.
"small and complete" and other characteristics,
As a result, the competition for resources between regions has resulted in a great waste of resources.
(2) did not solve the increasingly strict.
The employment problem is serious.
Due to the mistakes in China's family planning work, the employment situation in the city was very severe at that time.
However, the development of small and medium-sized enterprises in heavy industry, because of its high organic composition of capital, absorbs limited employment,
Therefore, it has not played its due role in solving the employment problem.
This led to a rare and special solution in the history of our country.
The way to business problems
- "
Go to the countryside. "
(3) Small and medium-sized enterprises have become typical examples of copying antiques and repeating old technologies.
Contrary to the requirement that small and medium-sized enterprises should play a key role in technological innovation.
three
Lessons from the Third Great Development of Small and Medium-sized Enterprises
After the reform and opening up, China's industrialization began to change from "heavy" to "light" and embarked on the right path.
Road.
Under the guidance of the policy of "six priorities for light industry", agriculture implements the contract system, allowing farmers to run enterprises.
In this process, the pent-up creative spirit of farmers in China was quickly manifested in the form of establishing "township enterprises".
There are a large number of self-employed people in cities, which ushered in the third great development of small and medium-sized enterprises in China.
The great development of small and medium-sized enterprises this time is completely different from the last two. It adapts to the needs of economic development with a brand-new look.
The processing of agricultural and sideline products and the correct industrial choice of the tertiary industry needed in the exhibition stage have been wandering for a long time.
The national economy has brought vitality, people's lives have been greatly improved, and the employment problem has been greatly alleviated.
Solve, farmers' desire to run industrial and commercial enterprises in the city has also been greatly satisfied.
Since then, small and medium-sized enterprises have existed in our country.
Play its due role in the economy.
To sum up the great development of small and medium-sized enterprises, we should say that we have a lot of experience.
In class.
From the experience: ① it is against the economic law to change the previous two large-scale development of small and medium-sized enterprises, mainly focusing on heavy industry.
Practice has turned small and medium-sized enterprises into light industry (especially agricultural and sideline products processing industry) and tertiary industry.
The correct development path.
Due to the correct industrial choice, the rise of small and medium-sized enterprises has maintained a long-term development trend.
First, the road is getting wider and wider, completely avoiding the previous two ups and downs.
(2) It greatly relieves the pressure of urban employment and avoids the practice of "going to the countryside"; At the same time, it also serves the countryside.
A large number of surplus laborers have found a good way out and promoted the accelerated development of urbanization.
As an important part of small and medium-sized enterprises, township enterprises are the "peripheral priority" reform war of China's economic system.
Slightly remarkable achievements have provided valuable experience and strategic achievements for China's future economic system reform.
China's future economic system reform has provided valuable experience and played an important role in promoting the reform of state-owned enterprises in China.
Function.
The main lessons of the development of small and medium-sized enterprises are as follows: ① Due to the lag of economic system reform, small and medium-sized enterprises in various places
The development of cities inevitably leads to a certain degree of repeated construction, which on the one hand leads to a serious resource war.
On the other hand, it has also led to the prevalence of local protectionism and brought some negative effects to the healthy development of the national economy.
The influence of.
(2) Under the guidance of the idea of "fast water flow", some resource-based industries that are not suitable for the development of small and medium-sized enterprises have emerged.
Such as coal and oil mining, coking, oil refining and other fields, there are too many small and medium-sized enterprises (coal and oil mining
Small and medium-sized enterprises can mine some sporadic mines in the industry, but these small resource mining enterprises are actually
In the later stage of mining, the restrictions on mining scope are seriously violated, and only large enterprises can effectively mine rich ores.
Illegal mining of large mines)
Their over-exploitation not only destroys the environment, but also wastes the already scarce resources of the country.
Precious resources pose a threat to the future sustainable development.
The above is the simple course of the development of small and medium-sized enterprises in China.
At present, China's economic development and reform have reached a critical period, and the economic development strategy is facing new challenges.
choose
On the one hand, as China's industrialization enters the middle stage, the task of heavy chemical industry is once again before us.
Before, large enterprises and enterprise groups have shown obvious development advantages; On the other hand, with the reform of state-owned enterprises
With the deepening of reform, the laid-off workers are getting stronger and stronger, and the employment pressure is getting bigger and bigger. The uniqueness of small and medium-sized enterprises in the national economy is becoming more and more obvious.
The functions and functions of the system have also been fully highlighted.
Therefore, how to choose the next enterprise development strategy is particularly important.
Judging from the relationship between large enterprises and small and medium-sized enterprises, they have many close ties in the national economy.
Department, and has irreplaceable functions and functions.
An image is that the whole national economic cause.
System can be regarded as a tree: large enterprises are the trunk of the tree, and small and medium-sized enterprises are the branches and leaves of the tree.
At present, the present situation of the whole enterprise system in China is that the trunk is not strong and the branches and leaves are not flourishing, both of which need to be developed vigorously.
Development.
Only cultivate the backbone (the so-called key "minority"
)
Let branches and leaves wither; Only develop branches and leaves, no owner.
Well done, even strong support.
The problem is how to give consideration to both and let them give full play to their own.
Advantages, so that the "tree" of the national economic enterprise system will flourish.
The policy of state-owned enterprise reform in China is "grasping the big and letting the small go"
At present,
"Grasp the big" has a clear policy and
Measures, and achieved certain results through efforts.
And how to "make it smaller" remains to be done seriously.
Thinking.
Through the above summary of the experience and lessons of the development of small and medium-sized enterprises in China, we can learn from the development of small and medium-sized enterprises abroad.
On the basis of good policies, combined with China's specific national conditions, we will put forward the following suggestions to promote the development of small and medium-sized enterprises in China.
Countermeasures and suggestions for exhibition.