Yong Zhang
Treating diseases and saving lives has been a very sacred work since ancient times. For those who are engaged in this work, we now call them doctors and doctors. In fact, in ancient times, there were many names for them. When were those names used and how did they come from?
Huangdi Neijing was written in the form of a question and answer between Huangdi and Qi Bo. Later generations used Huang Qi to refer to doctors and their professions, such as Qihuangshu and Qihuangjia. Lantai was a palace library in Han Dynasty. Su Wen's Secretary of Linglan said that the Yellow Emperor hid Qi Bo's words as "the room of Linglan", and later generations referred to doctors and their professions. The titles of Shi Lan's Secret Collection and Lantai Rules all contain this meaning.
Sick doctor is the official name of the Zhou Dynasty. According to Zhou Li Tianguan, there are four branches of medicine in the Zhou Dynasty, namely, food doctors, disease doctors, selected doctors and veterinarians. A sick doctor is equivalent to a doctor of later generations.
"Compendium of Materia Medica" said, "However, in history, hundred schools of thought, but Huang Qi's book is especially loved, because Fei's family is difficult to explore, people who keep in good health can't help but know." "fesr's" is another name for ancient doctors.
Doctors in the Han Dynasty are usually called medical workers.
In ancient times, it was very common to address doctors by their official positions, not because they held positions in hospitals, but because they held positions in government offices. In the past, many intellectuals, including writers and philosophers, knew a lot about pharmacy. Most of these people who were born in the imperial examinations worked in the government. In my spare time, treating people and saving lives is no different from today's doctors, so everyone is commensurate with the official position.
The medical officer of the Qin Dynasty was called Feng Chang. In the middle of the 2nd century BC, Emperor Han Jingdi was renamed Taichang. In the Western Han Dynasty, there were officials of Taichang and Shaofu, who were officials of Taichang and those of Shaofu who treated people in the court. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Cao Wei set up an imperial order, which was renamed the imperial order in Sui and Tang Dynasties. This is the official in charge of medical institutions. The Northern Wei Dynasty set up doctors to teach disciples. Pharmacists (hereinafter referred to as pharmacists) were established in the Tang Dynasty, responsible for purchasing various drugs and preparing preparations. Chunyu Kun, a famous doctor in Han Dynasty, was handed down from generation to generation in the name of "Diagnosis Record", which was used to write medical records of traditional Chinese medicine. Because he is the "Taicang Prefecture" in charge of the granary of Qi State, the world calls him "Cang Gong". This is what Sima Qian called him, and The Biography of Bian Que and Cang Gong describes his deeds with Bian Que. Bing Wang, a doctor in the Tang Dynasty, spent 65,438+02 years supplementing, sorting out and annotating 24 volumes of Su Wen, which became famous all over the world. Because he worked as a servant, people called him "Master Wang". Xu was a representative of typhoid fever school in Song Dynasty. He made great achievements in attacking doctors when he was young. His ninety treatises on febrile diseases and Puji Fang are widely circulated in the medical field. Because he is a bachelor of Jixian College, he is nicknamed "Xu". And Zhu Jun, the author of Nanyang Life, who was also famous at that time. Because Song Huizong was awarded the title of "Feng Ichiro's Doctor of Medicine", all patients regarded him as "Zhu Fengyi". According to The Biography of Fei Changfang in the Later Han Dynasty, Fei Changfang, an alchemist in the Eastern Han Dynasty, saw an old man selling medicine, and there were countless living people, so the spiritual doctor was also called "Gong Hu".
Doctor Tai is said to be a native of Lu, and later he was called "Doctor Lu". Zhang Zhongjing once promoted Lian Xiao to Changsha Prefecture, and the medical profession called him "Zhang Changsha". Liu, one of the four famous doctors in Jin and Yuan Dynasties, became the pioneer of Hejian School because of his exposition on the pathogenesis of fiery heat. Everyone calls him "Liu Hejian". Zhu Zhenheng, a physician in Yuan Dynasty, advocated that "Yang is often surplus and Yin is often insufficient" and was the originator of Yin-Yang School of TCM. Because he often lives in Danxi, Yiwu, Zhejiang, he has the reputation of "Zhu Danxi" or "Danxi Weng". Wang Ji, a famous doctor in Ming Dynasty, was born in Shishan, Qimen, Anhui Province, and was called "Wang Shishan". During the Three Kingdoms period, Dong Feng took refuge in Lushan Mountain in Jiangxi Province and became a doctor in seclusion. Those who only seek treatment plant apricot trees as a thank you. Over the years, he collected 65438+ ten thousand apricots and sold them to help the poor, which was deeply loved by people at that time, so the doctor was also honored as "Xinglin Weng".
Some famous Chinese medicines are actually names.
Liu Jinu, Shi Junzi and Polygonum Multiflori Radix are well-known Chinese medicines. Actually, these are all names.
Mu Dahuang, a famous doctor in Jin and Yuan Dynasties, was named after his good use of rhubarb. Zhang Jingyue, a physician in the Ming Dynasty, was good at warming up and making good use of Radix Rehmanniae Preparata. Of the 29 "New Eight Arrays" he created, only Shengdi accounted for 22, so people called it "Zhang Shudi". Zhang Xichun, a physician in the Qing Dynasty, tried to explore the different mechanisms of raw gypsum and calcined gypsum with modern pharmacology, and was called "Zhang gypsum" by Yilin. In the early years of the Republic of China, Lu Zhong 'an, a famous Chinese doctor in Beijing, used Astragalus to treat difficult diseases. Hu Shi's so-called "diabetes" was cured with a large dose of Radix Astragali combined with Radix Codonopsis, Rhizoma Dioscoreae, Rhizoma Polygonati and Herba Dendrobii, so everyone respectfully called him "Radix Astragali Lu".
The name of the doctor began in the Tang Dynasty. "Six Classics of Tang Dynasty" contains: "Forty Doctors". Ci Yuan explains: "There were 300 doctors in the later Zhou Dynasty, 120 in the Sui Dynasty and 40 in the Sui Dynasty, so they were called doctors because they studied medicine." The doctor here is a medical student. Later, it evolved into a general term for people engaged in medical work. For example, in Fan Chengda's poem "Books Matter" in the Song Dynasty, "Although there is no rut outside the door, the doctor still comes."
Langzhong was the first official name, which began in the Warring States period. By the Song Dynasty, doctors had the rank of "Lang", and people began to call doctors "Langzhong". For example, in Hong Mai's "Yi Jian Liu Zhi Shi Yi Dao" in the Song Dynasty: "Reach out and feel the pulse ... The woman is nearby, suddenly clapping her hands and laughing: Liu Langzhong carefully observes this disease, and it is incurable." There are "Yang Langzhong" and "Xu Langzhong" in Zhou Mi's "Past Wulin, Geisha Talking about Medicine". Until now, Chinese medicine is still called a licensed physician in Jiangxi, Hunan and Wu dialects. For example, The Book of Changes in Wu Ge: "There is a clever doctor at the crossroads. Watch "Love Slaves" and pull out a pair of golden hairs. " Wu Zuxiang's collection of novels and essays: "I asked the doctor to prescribe many prescriptions, but it was useless." The name "doctor" is more common in the south, and it is called "doctor" in the north. There is a folk saying that "September 9 saved the doctor's hand." Every family eats radish, where does the disease come from? ""doctor "used to be a higher office. During the Spring and Autumn Period, doctors were divided into upper, middle and lower levels. Doctors remonstrated in Qin and Han dynasties and in Tang dynasty. In the Song Dynasty, there were doctors, doctors, doctors, doctors and doctors. In other words, the "doctor" is the highest-ranking medical official, and later the people called the doctor a doctor.
"Sir" refers to his father's history. For example, The Analects of Confucius for Politics: "There is wine and food, sir." Yanhe said to Ma Rong, "Sir, this is called father and brother." It also refers to a teacher or an old and learned person, or a woman who calls herself a husband. Out of respect in dialects, doctors are often referred to as gentlemen. For example, the section "Sir" in A Concise Wu Dialect Dictionary says, "Don't feel uncomfortable, please read it?" In the northern rural areas, doctors are also called Mr.
"Tooth Tui" was originally the official name set by the Tang Dynasty, and it was used to refer to people who practiced medicine and astrology in the Five Dynasties and the Song Dynasty. In the Song Dynasty, it was also used as a city doctor. For example, in the Song Dynasty's Notes on the Old Learning Temple, Volume II, "Poetry says:' This year is new, and He Liya, a man from all over the city, pushed it. "Li Naya's uncle is a doctor, and also ... northerners and city doctors are called Yatui." Also known as "dental mallet", it seems to be a mistake promoted by my official. For example, the Yuan drama Gu Junbao's "Qiu Hu Plays His Wife": "I'm afraid I don't need to ask the doctor too much to see my pulse. What am I doing? The village is full of dental mallets."