1.( 1) 1. Aquatic terrestrial angiosperm, whose roots, stems and leaves are exposed in water.

2. Nutritive propagation of stem and leaf fruit seeds 3. Photosynthetic transpiration 4. Chloroplast sunlight, carbon dioxide, water, organic matter, oxygen photosynthesis 5. Filaments, anthers, stigmas, ovary, fertilized seeds 7. Quilts 8. Self-pollination and cross-pollination 9. Dried fruits and meat

(2) 1, × 2 ,× 3 ,× 4, √ 5, √ 6, ×

(3) 1, ① alternate, ② opposite, ③ verticillate, ① trifoliate, ② pinnate, ③ palmately compound leaves.

(4) 1. Compare the main characteristics of the four groups of plants.

Main groups, characteristics and examples of common plants

Algae plants are simple in structure, single-celled or multicellular thallus, containing Chlamydomonas and Porphyra.

Bryophytes have no real roots and no vascular bundles. Transition of Pumpkin from Aquatic to Terrestrial

Ferns have real roots and leaves, and vascular ferns appear.

The structure of seed plants is complex, relatively perfect and widely distributed. Divide into nudes

Plants and angiosperms black pine or masson pine, rose

2. Comparison of characteristics between wind-borne flowers and insect-borne flowers.

Comparison project Corolla odor pollen nectary

Insect-borne flowers are bright, often fragrant, with large particles and few quantities.

The flowers blown by the wind are not bright or fragrant, with small particles and a large number.

3. Which group do the following plants belong to?

Plant rice, ginkgo, laver, magnolia, cucurbitaceae, nephropteris, peach tree

Angiosperms gymnosperms algae angiosperms bryophytes ferns angiosperms.

(5) 1, which is caused by the proliferation of algae plants in the water.

2. The hemp house is the peel of the fruit, the red curtain is the seed coat, and the white fat man is the cotyledon (or embryo) of the seed.

(6) connection

A flower has only stamens or pistils, which is a unisexual flower.

A flower has only stamens-male flowers.

Flowers have stamens and pistils-hermaphroditic flowers.

A flower has only pistil-female flower.

Female flowers and male peanuts are on the same plant-monoecious.

Female flowers and male peanuts are on two plants-dioecious.

(7) 1, petals 2, anthers 3, filaments 4, stamens 5, stigmas 6, styles 7, ovaries 8, pistils 9, sepals 10, receptacle 1 1, and flower stalks.

Second, 1. Cross-pollination is the process of transferring pollen from one flower to the pistil of another flower, thus completing pollination. Cross-pollinated offspring have the advantages of two individuals in the previous generation, so they have stronger adaptability to the environment.

2. The palisade tissue is closely arranged under the epidermis of leaves and contains many chloroplasts, so the color is dark. The epidermis on the back of leaves is spongy tissue, which is loosely arranged and contains less chloroplasts, so it is lighter in color.

3. The outer wall of leaf epidermal cells is thickened with wax and fur, which can prevent excessive transpiration of water; There are pores on the epidermis, which are the gateway for plants to exchange gas and transpiration with the outside world during photosynthesis and transpiration.

Section 2 Animals

Refer to the answers in the exercise section.

(1) 1, heterotrophic food 2, spine 3, freshwater fish: silver carp, bighead carp or herring, etc.

Marine fish: yellow croaker, pomfret or hairtail, etc. 4. Ascaris, Schistosoma japonicum, tapeworm, etc. 5. upward provocation 6. Anterior chest

(2) ( 1) A F

invertebrate

1、2、3、4、5、6、7、 13 8、9、 10、 1 1、 12

(4) The sixth division of the fifth division of the judiciary c

(3) 1，C 2，C 3，B

(4) (right table)

(5) 1. Reptiles are covered with scales or bone plates, which can reduce the loss of water in the body; Breathe with the lungs; Exercise with limbs; The outer layer of chorionic eggs is hard shell, which can prevent the water inside from evaporating and protect them from getting sick. There is amniotic fluid in the membrane to ensure a stable water environment for embryo development.

2. The bat's body surface is covered with body hair, not feathers; There are teeth in the mouth; Breathe with the lungs; Viviparous, breast-feeding young. So, it is a mammal.

(6) 1, antenna 2, monocular 3, compound eye 4, mouthparts 5, forefoot 6, middle foot 7, hind foot 8, valve.

9. Wing 10, head 1 1, chest 12, abdomen.

2. Omission

3. Compare the living environment and characteristics of various vertebrates.

Living environment, body surface characteristics, reproductive mode of respiratory organs and motor organs.

Fish's body is spindle-shaped in water, covered with scales, and gill fins lay eggs.

In the water of amphibian larvae, the adult skin on land is bare and sticky. Larvae breathe with gills, adults breathe with lungs, larvae breathe with fins, and adults lay eggs with limbs.

Reptiles lay eggs and sheep eggs on land covered with horny scales or deck lungs.

Birds lay eggs on land and air covered with feathers, lungs and limbs, lay eggs, hatch eggs and raise young.

Mammals are viviparous, suckle on land, and have hairy lungs and limbs.

2. 1, (1) Prepare two bottles with narrow necks, the inner diameter is slightly larger and the height is higher than the length of locusts;

(2) Make two round bottle caps with foam plastic plates, and dig a hole slightly thicker than the locust body;

(3) Take two locusts with similar size and vitality or other slightly larger insects, such as locusts;

(4) Fill two bottles with water;

(5) Dip the head of one locust and the abdomen of another locust into two bottles of water respectively, and fix the two locusts with cotton;

(6) After a period of time, see which locust is still alive and which locust is drowned by water, so as to judge the position of its respiratory organs.

2.( 1) will flow into mussels.

(2) it will flow out from the body; Flowing from the tip.

(3) Mytilus obtains oxygen and food from the water flow, and discharges the carbon dioxide generated by breathing into the water.

Section III Microbes

Refer to the answers in the exercise section.

1.( 1) 1, fungal bacterial virus 2, parasitic cell nucleic acid protein 3, living animal and plant carcasses 4, and yeast perform anaerobic respiration to generate carbon dioxide, and the carbon dioxide gas expands when heated to form sponge mushroom fungus 5, lactic acid bacteria, methanogens, Escherichia coli, rhizobia, Bacillus thuringiensis, etc. 6, fungal bacterial pathogens.

(2) 1，CCC，CBA，AA，AA

(3) 1，B 2，B 3，A 4，C. 5，c。

(4) Point out the usual reproduction modes of the following microorganisms.

yeast

blue mould

escherichia coli

lactobacillus

wood ear

nodule bacteria

aflatoxin

spore reproduction

Germination propagation

divide

(5) 1. List and compare the structural similarities and differences between bacteria and molds.

Similarities and differences of bacteria

There are cell walls, cell membranes and cytoplasm.

Generally, there is no chlorophyll in the body, so you can only live a heterotrophic life. 1 is a single-celled organism.

Mold 2. An unformed nucleus.

1,. is a multicellular organism.

2. There is a formed nucleus.

2. Saprophytic microorganisms can decompose animal and plant remains in nature into inorganic substances, return to nature, and be used by plant life activities. So that the substances needed for biological life activities can be recycled. Otherwise, the remains of animals and plants on the earth will accumulate more and more. In this case, the earth will be completely occupied by the remains of animals and plants in many years, which means there will be no living space for animals, plants and humans.

2.( 1) The function of refrigerator is to preserve food at low temperature. At low temperature, pathogenic microorganisms in the air and on the surface of food only decrease in activity and will not die. Therefore, the refrigerator is not a "safe", and the food (leftovers) placed in the refrigerator must be heated and boiled before being taken out for consumption.

(2) English-Chinese translation

4.6 Penicillium and Yeast Culture and Observation Experiment and Practice

Results 1, the orange peel was warm and moist 2, slightly 3, and the mycelium was broom-like turquoise spores.

4, single cell wall cell membrane cytoplasm 5, omitted

discuss

Penicillium is a mycelium composed of mycelium. Mycelium has a diaphragm, so it is a multicellular organism. There is no chlorophyll in the cells. Penicillium filaments have spores at the top. Mature spores are blue-green.

Yeast is a single-celled organism. There is no chlorophyll in the cells. Mature yeast cells often grow into small individuals of different sizes, which is its budding and reproduction. Under good living conditions, yeast reproduces new individuals by budding.

Yeast mainly carries out bud propagation and Penicillium carries out spore propagation.

Looking for activity reports of microorganisms

result

1, black filiform

2, green filiform

discuss

Microorganisms not only live on moldy bread and orange peel, but also distribute in many places, such as clothes, grains, food and other surfaces that have been placed for a long time. Microorganisms exist in soil, water and air. It can be said that microorganisms are everywhere. Even microorganisms exist on the surface of human body, such as tinea on human skin. It's just that microbes are too small for us to see with the naked eye. Only when many microorganisms gather together to form a "microbial mass" can we see them with the naked eye. Therefore, microorganisms are the general name of a kind of individual micro-organisms.

Section 4 Biological Classification

Refer to the answers in the exercise section.

First, basic exercises

① 1, generic name, adjective, describing the characteristics of this species.

2. Plant seed plant dicotyledonous plant rose rose rose

3. Animals Chordata Animals Mammals Primates Homo sapiens

(2)， 1，c，2，b

3. 1. Dogs and wolves have the same common name. Dogs, wolves, tigers, frogs and wheat belong to the animal kingdom and the plant kingdom respectively.

2.( 1) Chicken: The egg is chorionic, with no webbed toes and spines on its back;

(2) Duck: The eggs are chorionic eggs with webbed toes and spines on the back;

(3) Fish: The eggs are lint-free eggs with no spines on their backs;

(4) Shrimp: The eggs are non-chorionic eggs with spines on the back.

Second, expansion and thinking

1. Give animals different group names, indicating that animal classification can be carried out at different levels.

2. Biological classification mainly divides organisms into species, genera and other levels according to similarity, and scientifically describes the morphological structure and other characteristics of each group, so as to clarify the genetic relationship and evolutionary relationship between different groups.

Refer to the answers in the exercise section.

First, basic exercises

(1) 1, all living things, environment, producers, consumers, decomposers 2, energy flow, material circulation, information transmission 3, solar energy, decay, unidirectional 4, various elements 5, physical information, chemical information, behavioral information 6, forests, grasslands, deserts, fresh water, oceans.

(2) 1、. d2、C 3、D 4、. d5、B 6、. b7、C 8、A 9、C 10、. D。

(3) 1, (1) grass → rabbit → fox, grass → rabbit → owl, grass → mouse → fox, grass → mouse → snake → owl, grass → insect → bird → owl, grass → insect → spider → bird → owl, grass → snake → owl.

2. Producers, decomposers and consumers

3. (1) producer; Consumer (2) grass; Light energy; Unidirectional flow and gradual decline

(4) (1) The natural ecological types in Shanghai include wetland ecosystem, freshwater ecosystem and marine ecosystem.

(2) Fill in the following table.

Nature reserves in Shanghai area

No. Name of Nature Reserve The main protected object ecosystem type

Jiuduansha Wetland Nature Reserve 1 Birds and the wetland ecosystem of estuaries and sandbanks.

2 Chongming Dongtan Bird Nature Reserve migratory bird habitat and water natural ecological environment wetland ecosystem

3. Yangtze Estuary Juvenile Chinese Sturgeon Nature Reserve

Juvenile ACIPENSER sinensis and ACIPENSER sinensis in nature reserves and their habitat wetland ecosystem.

4 Jinshan Sandao Marine Ecological Nature Reserve

Natural vegetation, trees and natural ecological environment and marine ecosystem in the reserve.

5 Dianshan Lake Water Freshwater Ecosystem in Dianshan Lake Nature Reserve

Second, expansion and thinking

Microbes, as decomposers, decompose animal excreta and the remains of animals and plants, turn various organic substances into simple elements, return to the natural environment, and be reused by plants.

Section III Stability of Ecosystem

Refer to the answers in the exercise section.

First, basic exercises

(1) 1, stage, relative stability, dynamics 2, stability, human activities 3, self-regulation, the whole ecosystem.

(2) 1，D 2，C 3，D 4，A

(3) 1, (1) biological or abiotic (2) self-regulation, biological quarantine, (1) energy, (2) dynamic stability, (3) oxygen, organic matter, (4) carbon dioxide, photosynthesis, organic matter and (5) excreta.

Second, expansion and thinking

( 1) c

(2) (1) Grassland ecosystem, forest ecosystem and wetland ecosystem. (2) Rational utilization of ecosystem resources and protection of ecosystem stability. (3)① Afforestation ② Reasonably determine the grazing amount to prevent overgrazing.

Chapter VI Urban Ecology

1 chapter on urban ecology and urban environmental protection

Refer to the answers in the exercise section.

1.( 1) 1. Artificial ecosystem, urban people, living environment, energy, matter, dependence, simplification, inversion, unstable system.

2. Improve the ecological environment, reduce natural disasters and beautify life.

3. Protect human immune pathogenic microorganisms and toxic chemicals. To prevent people from being stimulated and hurt by polluted air and water, maintain the stability of the ecosystem and protect natural resources.

4. Garbage collection, garbage transportation, garbage transfer and garbage disposal.

(2) 1，D 2，B 3，C 4，A 5，D

(3) 1，A 2，B 3，A C

(4) The reason why the temperature in the downtown area is higher than that in the suburbs is that there is a "heat island effect" in the downtown area, and the way to improve it is to increase urban greening in the downtown area.

1, pine trees can secrete volatile substances with bactericidal effect, especially young pine trees, so the air in pine forests contains little bacteria.

2. For example, using microorganisms to control environmental pollution, biological purification of sewage, biotechnology to treat garbage and wastes, using fermentation engineering technology to treat pollutants, eliminating white pollution, using genetic engineering to develop bacteria that can swallow toxic wastes, and using microbial engineering to degrade pesticide wastewater. Every case can be reported in detail on the Internet.

Section 2 Urban Indoor Environment

Teaching reference answer

First, basic exercises

(1) 1, chemical, physical, biological, chemical gas, air 2, noise, electromagnetic wave, radioactive material radon radiation 3. Choose green indoor environmental testing that meets national environmental protection standards, and strengthen indoor ventilation.

(2) 1，C 2，C 3，D

4. What kind of pollution may be found in the following materials or articles?

Insecticidal spray

Noise chemical pollution

equipment

mobile phone

coating

Marble physical contamination

floor

cockroach

ceramic tile

bug

Biological pollution of electric blanket

television

(3) Fill in the form (omitted)

Second, expansion and thinking

Smoking can damage lung function, and it is easy to suffer from chronic bronchitis, emphysema and lung cancer. According to statistics, the incidence of chronic bronchitis of smokers is 2-8 times higher than that of non-smokers. 75% patients with emphysema are caused by long-term smoking. The incidence of lung cancer in long-term smokers is higher than that in non-smokers 10 ~ 20 times. Smoking not only damages lung function, but also harms the heart. 25% of people suffering from coronary heart disease are caused by long-term smoking. In addition, long-term smoking can easily induce cancer in oral cavity, stomach, bladder and other organs.

When smoking, 1/3 of the harmful substances in the smoke are absorbed by themselves, and the rest float in the air with the smoke. People who live in this smoky environment will passively smoke and inhale harmful substances. Especially for women, children and frail old people, inhaling smoke may induce many diseases. Smoking in public places is immoral, which harms both yourself and others. Therefore, smoking in public places is forbidden.

4.3 Observation and Anatomy Experiment and Practice of Crucian Carp

result

(1) 1, dark gray spindle-shaped (spindle-shaped) 2, impassable 3, covered (or tiled) 4, scales with small holes 5, 2 3 6, red bow-shaped filiform structure.

(2) 1, gas in esophagus, intestine, anus, liver, pancreas and white sac.

discuss

The morphological and structural characteristics of crucian carp adapted to its aquatic life are as follows: the body is spindle-shaped; The body surface is covered with scales and mucus; Breathe through the gills; Swimming with fins; Lay eggs, and the eggs are fertilized in water.

Experiment and Practice 4.4. 1 Observation and Anatomy of Earthworms

result

1, gray-black round long segmented shallow ring 2, slippery mucus pricks hands.

3. Earthworms move forward one by one (wave motion). 4. The gizzard, stomach and cecum. 5. Two digestive tracts.

discuss

1. First, according to the waist seal, the end near the waist seal is the front end; The second is to look at the direction of movement, the direction of earthworm's progress, which is also the front end; The third is to touch the earthworm with your hands along the longitudinal direction, and the direction of stabbing your hands is opposite to the front and back direction of your body; Fourth, the earthworm's lips can be everted, so it can also be determined before and after.

2. Earthworms' eyes degenerate and rely on sensory cells on the body surface to receive external information. This is the result of earthworms living underground for a long time.

4.4.2 Observation and Anatomy Experiment and Practice of Locust

result

1, (1) leathery, hard (2)2 3 2 1 chewy (3)2 leathery front wing, membranous rear wing, wide.

(4)3 3

2. (1) reticular (2) crop sac, stomach and gastrointestinal blind sac (3) (omitted)

discuss

The external morphology and internal structure characteristics of grasshoppers adapted to their living environment are as follows: the body surface is covered with exoskeleton to prevent evaporation of water in the body; Sensory organs and mouthparts are developed; Body segmentation, flying with wings, jumping with feet, strong athletic ability.

Experiment and Exercise 4.5 Explore the response of Daphnia to light intensity.

Result 1, omitted 2, omitted.

discuss

This is caused by the intensity of light. This reflects that Daphnia has different responses to different light intensities, that is, Daphnia has an optimal light intensity.