Cao Gui Debates Teaching Plans (1)
Teaching assumption
The details of the article notes are well arranged, focused and distinctive. In teaching, pay attention to guiding students to grasp the main meaning of the article as a whole and cultivate students' overall perception ability. Students are also required to pay attention to accumulating keywords and improve their reading comprehension ability in classical Chinese.
Class arrangement
2 class hours
first kind
Teaching content and steps
Introduce a new course
We can directly start with the introduction of Zuo Zhuan, which leads to the battle of Qilu, thus introducing new curriculum teaching.
Introduce the author's works and related background.
1. The first chronological history book in ancient China. According to legend, it was Zuo Qiuming's interpretation of Chunqiu at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period. It records the internal affairs, diplomacy and military activities of various countries during the Spring and Autumn Period. Originally known as Zuo's Spring and Autumn Annals, later known as Zuo's Spring and Autumn Annals, referred to as Zuo's Biography for short. This book is not only a relatively complete historical work, but also a quite wonderful prose work.
2. Relevant background:
Qi Xianggong did some bad things at home. His younger brothers Xiaobai and Gong Zijiu left Qi for fear of being implicated to avoid disaster. In 685 BC, Liu Guo was in civil strife and the monarch was killed. Gong Zijiu of Lu and Xiaobai, the son of Ju, rushed back to Qi to be king. Duke Zhuang of Lu sent troops to escort omiya back for a long time, only to know that his son Xiao Bai had rushed back to Qi first and became a monarch, that is, Qi Huangong. Qi Huangong stood up to meet him. At that time, Qi was weak and Lu was defeated. Qi Huangong coerced Duke Zhuang of Lu to kill Gong Zijiu. Since then, the two countries have forged a deep hatred. In the spring of the tenth year of Duke Zhuang of Lu, Qi mobilized troops to attack Lu again and fought with a long spoon.
Third, the mode of teachers reading the text
Let the students pay attention to the pronunciation of words. Guide students to solve the pronunciation problems of words after reading.
The words that need attention are listed as follows:
Hey (g? I) room (Ji? N) (bi？ N) silk (b? )
Fu (f? )(zh？ )(mǐ)
Fourth, students can read the text freely and then read the text together.
After all the students have finished reading, the teacher pays attention to the advantages and disadvantages of students' reading in time, especially the problems existing in sentence reading.
Verb (abbreviation for verb) Learn the first paragraph of the text.
1. Name the students and read the whole paragraph.
2. Students use notes to understand the meaning of sentences and mark the words they don't understand.
3. In the form of students' free questions, students ask teachers words and sentences they don't understand.
Teachers pay attention to remind students to pay attention to key words, such as:
(1) Cao Gui, please see: Cao Gui asked to meet.
(2) The contempt of carnivores: officials are short-sighted.
(3) Sacrifice jade and silk, those who dare to add it will believe it: the sacrificial jade and silk used for sacrifice must not be exaggerated and must be truly reflected.
(4) Small credit is not enough: Small credit cannot convince ghosts and gods.
(5) The supervisors, big and small, though not observing, must treat them with affection: litigation cases, big and small, though not observing in detail, must be handled according to the facts.
(6) loyalty also belongs. You can go to war. Please follow in the war: this is loyalty and trying to do things for the people. You can fight a war with this. Please let me fight with you.
4. Think in turn as follows:
( 1)? Ten years of spring? What year is this year? Explain this sentence as? Crusades? Is it okay?
(2) What is the status of Cao Gui at this time? Why did he visit Duke Zhuang of Lu?
(3) Cao Gui think? Can we fight? What are the conditions?
After discussion, students are clearly required to learn to filter information. As long as they find the relevant sentences correctly, these two questions are easy to answer.
5. Question: What kind of person is Cao Gui in this article?
Clear: love the motherland and be far-sighted.
Learn the second paragraph of the text.
1. Let students read the second paragraph.
2. Students translate this paragraph by themselves with their notes.
3. Name the paragraph translated by the students.
After students translate, the teacher pays attention to guiding students to pay attention to translation errors and reminding them to pay attention to the key words in this paragraph.
If you're impressed.
The words that need attention are listed as follows:
Spoon: In the northeast of Laiwu City, Shandong Province today.
Chi Zhi: First, syllable auxiliary words have no practical significance; Chasing by car
Track: the track of a wheel.
S: The crossbar in front of the car.
4. Students think and discuss:
(1) In the battle, when was the opportunity for the Lu army to counterattack?
(2) How did Cao Gui help Duke Zhuang of Lu choose the opportunity for this counterattack?
After discussion, the students made it clear: choose in? I'm exhausted. I'm profitable? At that time. At the beginning of the battle, Duke Zhuang was eager to go to war before the Qi army was tired. The public will make noise? ; ? Drum? , nouns as verbs, drumming); When LuJun just won, ZhuangGong chase (? Will the public rush? )。 Cao Gui stopped Zhuang Gong's hasty action. He knows that both attack and pursuit must seize the favorable opportunity and make correct judgments according to the changes in morale and strength of both sides. Two in Cao Gui? Is it possible? , make the war appear? Kistler lost? And then what? And chase after the division? The situation is good.
5. Students memorize and recite the second paragraph.
Seven. distribute
Second lesson
Teaching content and steps
First, let the students recite the first and second paragraphs of the text and introduce the new lesson.
Second, learn the third paragraph of the text.
1. Let the students read the third paragraph.
2. Students combine notes and dredge the meaning of words by themselves.
3. Emphasis on key words in the form of students' oral examination.
Please pay attention to the following keywords:
Both grams: both, already; After winning the battle.
Husband war: husband, the first word of the sentence has no practical significance.
Force: drum, noun as verb, drum. The soldiers plucked up their courage when they beat the drum for the first time.
Fear of concealment: face, demonstrative pronoun, meaning? There? .
Thinking:
(1) What is the main content of this paragraph? Please summarize it briefly.
(2) What does Cao Gui think is the reason for winning?
After discussion, the students come to the conclusion that this paragraph is written by Cao Gui to discuss the reasons for winning the prize.
5. Students memorize and recite the third paragraph.
Third, students read the full text silently. think
1. What kind of person do you think Cao Gui is from this article?
After the discussion, the students named several students to speak first, and then concluded: Through this article, we can see that Cao Gui can be regarded as an ancient military talent. He has excellent military knowledge and superb operational command ability. This is manifested in two aspects: first, he attaches great importance to reliable political preparation before the war. He thought, people follow? Getting the support and support of the people is an important guarantee for winning the war. People follow? With this condition,? Can we fight? Otherwise, you can't fight. ? Carnivores despise and don't make long-term plans? These people are ignorant, including not considering this. Second, he carefully directed operations and used correct strategies and tactics. He is well aware of the role of army morale in the war. War, courage? ), cautious in the first battle, good at choosing favorable opportunities to launch a counterattack (? I'm exhausted, I have a surplus, and I'm willing to stop? ), know yourself and yourself, not afraid of strong enemies, but also cautious step by step, and finally defeated the Qi army (? I regard it as chaos. Look at its flag, so chase it? )。 Chairman Mao once wrote in "Strategic Issues of Revolutionary War in China": During the Spring and Autumn Period, did Lu and Qi go to war? ,? The situation at that time was that weak countries resisted strong countries? ,? Duke Zhuang of Lu was going to war before the Qi army was exhausted, but was later stopped and taken away? The enemy is tired and I fight? Policy, defeated the qi army, resulting in a famous war example in the history of China war.
2. Summarize the central idea.
After discussion, the students made it clear that the reason discussed in this paper is that to win the war, we must win the trust of the people, use correct strategies and tactics, and master the fighters.
3. What's the topic? Cao Gui debate? Is this a narrative or an argumentative essay?
Clear: this is a narrative, but the full text is in? Open? Center. 1 describes the content of political preparation before the war; The second paragraph describes the battle; Paragraph 3 was adopted? Syria? Coming? Open? The reason for the victory of the war.
4. Summarize the writing characteristics.
After discussion, the students made it clear: What does the article revolve around? Debate? It is necessary to select and sort out materials, which are detailed and appropriate and focused. Although this article describes the war, the process of the war is very short. The center has been detaining and writing the political preparations before the war (para. 1) and the reasons for defeating Qi (para. 3) through dialogue. Focus is prominent, the center is clear and the details are appropriate.
Fourth, homework
1. Recite the full text.
2. Finish the exercises after class.
Cao Gui debate lesson plans (2)
Academic goal
1. Do you know the content words in the text? Teacher, general, light, tough, tired, surplus, arrogant? What do function words mean? What is this? Usage of, etc.
2. Understand Cao Gui's exposition on winning the war and his wisdom in commanding the war.
Teaching assumption
This article was introduced by Chairman Mao in the book "Strategic Issues of Revolutionary War in China" and made an incisive analysis. This article has something to learn.
This article is a famous article in Zuo Zhuan, which records the battle between Qilu and Changshao in the Spring and Autumn Period, notes Cao Gui's famous exposition on winning and the historical facts of how Cao Gui commanded Lu army to defeat Qi army, and records Cao Gui's military wisdom and operational command ability. Its notes are detailed and short, and the content is focused; Let's talk about the general situation of the fighting process first, and then why it happened in the Ming Dynasty. The main idea of this article is obvious. These characteristics of this article in content and writing should be made clear in teaching.
Explain the text sentence by sentence. Guide students to understand the content and writing characteristics of the article on the basis of understanding the meaning of the sentence. Strengthen reading practice.
Use two class hours.
first kind
Teaching focus
1. Solve pronunciation and read sentences.
2. Train reading ability.
3. Understand Cao Gui's viewpoint about what is the guarantee of war victory.
teaching process
First, introduce new lessons.
Teacher: Students, today we are going to learn a famous article, Debate on Cao Gui, from Zuo Zhuan. This article was introduced by Chairman Mao in his important book "Strategic Issues of China Revolutionary War", and made an incisive analysis. This article is worth learning.
Zuo Zhuan is the first chronological history book in ancient China. Chronology? , that is, chronological chronicle). This is a very precious historical book, which preserves many important historical materials of China in the Spring and Autumn Period. This book is particularly good at describing war. This article describes a war between Qi and Lu in Changsha during the Spring and Autumn Period. In this war, the weak Lu defeated the powerful Qi. What are the reasons and secrets? This article is concise and vivid, and everyone will understand it after learning.
Now invite a classmate? Reading instruction? And pay attention to ① read it again.
Second, the teacher reads the text.
Third, a positive tone.
Hey (Gu? ) (Ji? N) f (f？ ) 愪 (Bi? N) silk (b? ) fu (f? )(zh？ )(sh？ ) exhausted (Ji? )(mǐ)
Students read the text aloud.
Put forward the reading requirements first: 1. Accurate pronunciation. 2. Read the sentences correctly. Ask a classmate to read the first paragraph aloud, then let the whole class read the second and third paragraphs together, and comment as appropriate after reading.
Fifth, explain the text.
the first paragraph
1. All the students read together.
Ask before reading together: Think and answer? What is the first paragraph mainly about? Ask one or two students after reading together to find out their understanding of the article.
2. Words and sentences.
? In the spring of ten years, the army of Qi attacked our country of Lu. Duke Zhuang is going to fight. Please look at Cao Gui, whose hometown said? Carnivores are welcome, not to mention: Carnivores are contemptuous and have no long-term plans. ? Then they went to the court to see the duke. Ten years? : The tenth year of Duke Zhuang of Lu, that is, 684 BC. ? Teacher? : the army. ? Cut? : launch an attack. ? Me? : refers to Lu. According to legend, the author of Zuo Zhuan is Zuo Qiuming, the state of Lu, so his book is recorded by the year number of Lu Jun, and it is called Lu Guo? Me? . ? Public? : Lu Zhuanggong. ? Will. Plan, prepare. ? War? Fight, fight. ? Please see? : Request an audience with Zhuang Gong. ? Its? : His. ? Hometown? : fellow countryman; ? Township? In ancient local administrative units, it is said that the weekly system was based on 12500 households. ? Carnivores? People who eat meat refer to the nobles in power. ? Beg? Plan, consider. ? What? : Take action against the alignment stone. ? Between? (Ji? N): participate. ? Hey? : some words, here. ? Mean? : mean and short-sighted. ? Isn't it? : number? Hyperopia? : far-reaching planning. ? Are you going to see it? So I went to North Korea to visit Zhuang Gong. ? Is it? : so.
3. Content
Question 1: What does the first paragraph mainly say? (Ask to answer in one or two sentences)
Commentary: In the first paragraph, mainly through the dialogue between Cao Gui and Zhuang Gong, Cao Gui's views on what conditions can guarantee the victory of the Anti-Japanese War are written.
Question 2: What is Cao Gui's view on this issue? What did he deny about Duke Zhuang of Lu?
Explanation: What does Cao Gui want? People? Only the support of ordinary people can guarantee the victory of the war. After Duke Zhuang of Lu answered for the first time, Cao Gui mentioned it? People? Support? Xiaohui is not embarrassed and obedient? . When Duke Zhuang of Lu said that handling a case must be reasonable, Cao Gui clearly affirmed: Loyal to the family, you can fight the first world war. ? In Cao Gui's view, handling the case is reasonable and conforms to the wishes of the people. If you handle political affairs in this way, you can get the support of the people. With this condition, there is a guarantee of defeating the enemy. Therefore, he clearly asserted that a war could be fought. ? Cao Gui denied Lu Zhuanggong's two views: one was that he could win with the support of his courtiers, and the other was that he could win with the blessing of the gods. It should be noted that Cao Gui's second view of denying Lu Zhuanggong is:? Little faith is not blessed, is God blessed? A little honesty can't make God really trust him, and God won't bless him. It's not that God's blessing is useless, he's not denying God's blessing.
arrange work
1. Recite the text
2. Sort out the meaning of the key substantive words in the first paragraph, function words? With what? Different uses of.
3. Thinking: ① What do you write in the second and third paragraphs? (2) what characteristics does this article write about Cao Gui?
Second lesson
Teaching focus
1. Understand Cao Gui's military intelligence in commanding operations.
2. Summarize content words and function words.
teaching process
First, check the recitation homework.
Second, explain the text.
The second paragraph
1. The whole class read the second paragraph.
Ask before reading: Think and answer? Ask one or two students what to write after reading the second paragraph.
2. Words and sentences.
? Man and (1) depend, fighting in the spoon. The public will advertise it. Hey: No way. ? Wait until Qi Jun hits the drums three times. Hey: Not bad. ? Qi Jun was completely defeated. Xiongzhi (3). Hey: No? . Next, look at it, crawl, look at it and say: It doesn't matter. ? So, the pursuit of Qi Jun was pursued. Public transport? : Duke Zhuang of Lu shared a chariot with him; ①? What? , Cao Gui. ? Yu? : yes. ? Will. : desire, plan. ? Drum? Drumming, ancient fighting, drumming and attacking. ②? What? : auxiliary words. ? Is it okay? : yes. ? Three drums? Three drums, that is, three attacks failed. ? Hey? Modal particles express affirmation. ? Defeated The army was defeated. ? Pool? : Take the initiative. ③④? What? : Dai Qi Branch. ? Its? : Dai Qi Branch. ? What? : the track of the wheel. ? Hey? The rail on the front armrest of the trunk refers to the side of the help stone. ? Hey? : so. ? By who? : chase.
3. Content
Question: What does the second paragraph say? (It is required to summarize the answer in one or two sentences)
Explanation: The second paragraph describes the battle process of the Battle of the Long Spoon and how Cao Gui commanded the army of Lu to defeat the army of Qi.
The third paragraph
1. Ask a classmate to read it.
Ask before reading: Think and answer? What does this paragraph mainly write?
2. Words and sentences.
? Both grams, and ask the reason (1). Right: ① It takes courage to fight. High spirits, then decline, three exhausted. If you are exhausted, I will make a profit, so I will overcome it. (2) Husband is a big country, unpredictable and fearful. I regard it as chaos and look at its flag, so I go away one by one. Both are grams? : after defeating the qi army; ? Both? , already; ? g？ , overcome. ? Its? : A generation defeated the Qi army. ①? So what? : reason, reason. ? War, courage? Fighting depends on courage; ①②? Husband? The modal particle (fǘ) is placed at the beginning of the sentence, indicating that discussion is needed. ? In one go? Drum for the first time to boost morale; ? Work? Rise, here is the causative usage. ? Decline again? : the second drum beat will weaken morale; ? Again? , the second time. ? Exhausted : all, no more. ? I'm exhausted. I'm profitable? The morale of the Qi army has been exhausted, but our army has high morale. ? Peter. , on behalf of the qi army; ? English? , full. ②③? So what? : therefore. ? Testing? : guess. ? v？ : ambush. ? Frustrated? : fall down.
3. content.
Question: What does this paragraph mainly say? (asked to answer in one sentence)
Commentary: This passage is mainly about Cao Gui's reasons for defeating the Qi army this time.
Question: What characteristics does this article describe about Cao Gui? (Ask two or three students)
Commentary: Through this article, we can see that Cao Gui was an ancient military talent. He has excellent military knowledge and superb operational command ability. This is manifested in two aspects: first, he attaches great importance to reliable political preparation before the war. He thought, people follow? Getting the support and support of the people is an important guarantee for winning the war. People follow? With this condition,? Can we fight? Otherwise, you can't fight. ? Carnivores despise and don't make long-term plans? These people are ignorant, including not considering this. Second, he carefully directed operations and used correct strategies and tactics. He is well aware of the role of army morale in the war. War, courage? ), cautious in the first battle, good at choosing favorable opportunities to launch a counterattack (? I'm exhausted, I have a surplus, and I'm willing to stop? ), he knew himself, was not afraid of strong enemies, and was cautious step by step, and finally defeated the Qi army (? I regard it as chaos. Look at its flag, so chase it? )。 Chairman Mao once wrote in "Strategic Issues of Revolutionary War in China": During the Spring and Autumn Period, did Lu and Qi go to war? ,? The situation at that time was that weak countries resisted strong countries? ,? Duke Zhuang of Lu was going to war before the Qi army was exhausted, but was later stopped and taken away? The enemy is tired and I fight? Policy, defeated the qi army, resulting in a famous war example in the history of China war. ?
Summary of notional words (omitted)
Overview of function words
Take: Shit. ? Why fight ②:? We must divide people into groups. ? 3 use:? Be loyal. ? 4 according to. ? Be affectionate. ? 5 rely on. ? You can go to war. ?
(1) pronouns. ? Carnivores are welcome? (alternative); ? Public transport? (generation); ? Therefore, Kezhi (on behalf of the Qi army). ②.？ Large and small prisons. ? 3 auxiliary words, nonsense. ? Zhuang Gongzheng wants to order drums. ?
Ellipsis:? (Cao Gui) Is it a visit to (North Korea) (owner)? (omit the subject and object); ? People from (of) also? (omit the object); ? Must people be divided by (it)? 、? Will this be a war? (Omit the object of the subject-object structure); ? Again (drum) and (gas) decline, three (drum) and (gas) exhausted? (omit predicate and subject)
arrange work
1. Recite the full text.
2. Finish the exercises after class.
[translation]
In the spring of the tenth year of Duke Zhuang of Lu, the Qi army attacked our state of Lu. Duke Zhuang of Lu is ready to fight. Cao Gui requested an audience with Zhuang Gong. People in his hometown said to him: powerful people will plan like this. Why do you participate? Cao Gui replied? People in important positions are humble and can't have foresight. ? Cao Gui then went to visit Zhuang Gong. Cao Gui asked Zhuang Gong:? By what? Zhuang Gong said. I dare not enjoy food and clothing alone, but I must share it with my liegeman. ? Cao Gui should answer: Aren't all these small favors given, and the people won't listen to you? Zhuang Gong said:? I dare not make a false report about the sacrifice, but I must tell God the truth. ? Cao Gui should answer: These small contributions can't make God deeply moved, and God won't bless you. ? Zhuang Gong said:? Although I can't review all cases, I will handle them reasonably. ? Cao Gui should answer: This is the performance of dealing with political affairs wholeheartedly. With this, we can fight the Qi army. If you fight, please allow me to follow you against the enemy. ?
Duke Zhuang of Lu and Cao Gui ride in the same car. Fighting the Qi army in the spoon. At first, Duke Zhuang of Lu wanted to attack with drums. Cao Gui said? No ? The Qi army failed to attack with three drums. Then Cao Gui said? You can play the drums. ? The Qi army was defeated and returned. Duke Zhuang of Lu wants to chase the Qi army by car. Cao Gui said? No ? He got off the chariot, looked at the rut of the Qi army, boarded the chariot, looked at the defeated Qi army from a distance with his poem, and then said, We're ready. ? So he chased the qi army.
After defeating Qi, Duke Zhuang of Lu asked Cao Gui why he wanted to defeat Qi. Cao Gui replied? Fighting depends on courage. The first drum attack, morale is flourishing; The second drum attack will reduce morale; The third drum attack, morale is gone. The Qi army has completely lost its morale, and our army's morale is booming, so our army defeated the Qi army. It's hard to guess the situation of big countries, for fear that they may have an ambush. I saw the rut of the Qi army in the chaos, and I saw the flag of the Qi army fall. (Confirmed that the Qi army was defeated) So we went after the Qi army. ?