Wisdom/compassion/kindness/imagination/…
The talents trained by the school should be energetic, well-connected, strong, unshakable and decent, and firmly believe that they shoulder an important mission in this world.
In my opinion, there are four factors that constitute the ideal quality: vitality/courage/sensitivity/intelligence; I think these four elements are not enough. However, these qualities can lead us to success. Besides, I believe that by giving children physical/emotional/intellectual guidance and care, they can usually acquire the above four qualities. ...
... vitality is not so much a mental quality as a physical quality; As long as you are healthy, you can generally say that your vitality lasts forever ... no matter whether the surrounding environment is particularly exciting or not, as long as your vitality exists, you will feel full of joy. Your vitality can improve your happiness and eliminate your pain. Your vitality can make people interested in everything around you, thus enhancing the objectivity of your understanding. Understanding things objectively is an essential factor of mental health. Humans are often narcissistic. So that they turn a deaf ear to the things around them and turn a blind eye, so they can't really be interested in external phenomena. For human beings, this is a great misfortune, because doing so lightly will bring trouble; Can lead to depression; In addition, except in rare cases, it is still a fatal obstacle to useful practical action. Vitality can enhance people's interest in the outside world; It can also improve people's ability to bear hardships and stand hard work. In other words, vitality can resist jealousy, because it can make people feel happy ... vitality is an extremely important advantage of human beings.
... there are many forms of courage, and each form has its own complexity. Having no fear is one thing, but having the strength to overcome it is another. It is one thing to be fearless when there is reason to be afraid; When there is no reason to be afraid, it is another matter for a person to show fearlessness. There is no irrational fear, which is purely a good thing; Similarly, having the power to overcome fear is also a complete advantage. …
From the psychological and physical point of view, fear and fear are very similar two emotions: angry people actually have no real courage. ... I believe that through education, ordinary men and women can be cultivated into fearless people, so that they can feel at ease and treat life boldly. So far, only a few heroes and sages have such an attitude towards life; While others may learn to treat life like them if they can get inspiration from sages. That kind of unbridled courage must be composed of a series of common ingredients. First of all, for the most obedient people, health and vitality are extremely beneficial factors, although they are not essential factors. In a crisis environment, what is most needed is action and skills. However, when we consider that courage is not in the above two aspects, but in a general sense, we need some more essential factors. What we need is a factor composed of self-esteem and a life outlook without self. Let's talk about self-esteem: some people live in introspection, while others are purely a mirror. Their lives always reflect the feelings and evaluations of people around them. The latter kind of people can never have real courage ―― they can't live without praise from others and are always worried about losing it. Teaching people to learn "humility" is always considered a good thing, but it will produce another kind of humility. "Humility" can suppress self-esteem, but it cannot suppress the desire to ask others to respect themselves; It just turns self-modesty into a means to gain the trust of others. So it will lead to hypocrisy and instinctive fraud. People educate their children to listen to adults, regardless of why, and have the same requirements for the next generation when they grow up; It is said that only those who learn to obey know how to treat others. In my opinion, no one should learn how to obey others, and no one should try to order others. Naturally, I'm not saying that big companies shouldn't have leaders; However, the authority of a leader should be similar to that of a football captain. People tolerate authority in order to achieve a common goal. Our goal should be based on our own will, and should not be imposed on us by external authority; At the same time, we should not impose our goals on others. This is my original intention of saying that "no one should obey others" and "no one should order others".
The highest level of courage needs another quality, that is, what I call "the view of life without self". People who focus all their hopes and fears on themselves find it difficult to face death calmly, because death destroys all their emotional worlds. Here, tradition once again requires us to take simple and cheap ways to suppress ourselves: virtuous people must learn to give up "self", abstain from abstinence and abandon instinctive happiness. Although we can do it, the consequences are very bad. ... and jealousy can make people believe that the purpose of torture is to make people noble and perfect; Therefore, it is reasonable to suffer losses. As a result, the values are completely reversed: good is regarded as evil and evil as good. The root of all disasters is that people get a better life because they obey negative instructions, not because they expand their instinctive desires. There are some factors in human nature that enable us to surpass ourselves effortlessly. One of the most common is love, especially parents' love for their children. To some extent, fatherly love and maternal love are so common that all mankind is no exception. Another factor is knowledge. Another factor is art, but in fact, any kind of interest in things other than yourself may make a person's life selfless to some extent. Therefore, people with extensive and profound interests care less about abandoning their lives than sad hypochondriacs. Because the former's interest makes him get carried away, while the latter's interest is bound by a suspicious mentality. In fact, he just met a small problem. Therefore, people with a wide range of interests have real courage, because although he "perceives" himself, he thinks that he is not just a small part of the world; He doesn't despise himself, but admires things other than himself. Only when you are instinctively free and intellectually active will real courage appear. The combination of unrestrained instinct and active intelligence will produce a broad outlook on life. No matter who is arrogant and extravagant, or an ascetic, he will not understand this outlook on life. In this life, death is just a small matter. Such courage is positive and natural, not negative and depressing. This positive courage is an important part of my excellent quality.
The third factor we are talking about is sensitivity. ... learning the knowledge that can be mastered and the ability to use knowledge are the essential contents that people hope to obtain. People's cognitive ability comes from a wise mind; In essence, people's keen feeling belongs to passion. The pure theoretical definition of sensitivity can be expressed as: when many stimulating factors make people have inner passion, this person will become sensitive. However, in such a broad sense, sensitivity is no longer a good quality. If sensitivity is a good quality, then emotional response must be a "just right release" in a sense. At this time, what is needed is no longer just the intensity of passion. This quality I am talking about is a happy or nervous mood; Many things, including some legitimate things, will cause such emotional reactions. ... so naturally, the passion to encourage people to do good and the restraint to prevent people from doing bad things are valuable things. …
Next, what needs to be cultivated is another form of sensitivity, namely compassion. There is a pure physiological sympathy between human beings: when a brother cries, the baby will cry with him. We should expand sympathy from two aspects: first, when the unfortunate person is not the object of our special concern, it will arouse our sympathy; Secondly, when we only know that misfortune is happening and we are not at the scene, we will also have a hidden heart. The latter extended form of compassion mainly depends on our cognitive ability. Only when misfortune comes to life, as described in excellent novels, will people have this kind of sympathy. On the other hand, sometimes in the face of statistics, this kind of sympathy can also make people emotional. The emotional phenomenon under this abstract condition is extremely rare, so it is more important. ... you don't mind this, because you haven't seen child labor with your own eyes, and abstract stimuli don't work for you. This is one of the basic reasons why big industry is so cruel, and it can also explain why the oppressed people can stand it. Through the role of education, people can also make a sensitive response to abstract stimuli, which can make the above phenomenon no longer appear.
Cognitive sensitivity also belongs to the same category. In practice, it has something in common with the habit of observing things, and it is naturally regarded as an ability associated with intelligence. I don't want to talk about a series of problems brought by aesthetic sensitivity here.
... the last of the four qualities, namely intelligence.
One of the biggest defects of traditional morality is that it has always underestimated the role of intelligence. ... when I say smart, I mean real knowledge and knowledge. In fact, these two aspects are closely related. Ignorant adults can be described as unbearable to teach; For example, on issues such as health and nutrition, they simply can't understand scientific explanations. As long as a person is not instilled with dogmatic beliefs, the more things he learns, the easier it is to learn more knowledge. People never force ignorant people to change their psychological habits, so they always insist on the attitude of never changing. They are always credulous when they should arouse suspicion; But when they should accept knowledge, they doubt it. There is no doubt that the word "intelligence" is strictly an ability to seek knowledge, not acquired knowledge. But I don't think this ability can be acquired without practice. The acquisition of intelligence is no more difficult than the ability of pianists and acrobats. Of course, you can pass on information without training your intelligence; This is not only possible, but also very simple, and people often do it. But I think it is impossible to train intelligence without transmitting information, and even it is impossible to form the knowledge that people seek in any case. Without intelligence, our complex contemporary world cannot continue, let alone develop further. So I think cultivating intelligence is an important purpose of education. ... trying to instill seemingly correct ideas into people, making educators indifferent to the problem of cultivating intelligence. In order to explain this problem, it is necessary to make a more detailed definition of intelligence, and then reveal what psychological habits intelligence needs. For this reason, I just want to discuss how to acquire the ability of knowledge, not the actual knowledge that should be included in the definition of intelligence.
Curiosity is an instinct, which is of great significance in spiritual life ... Intelligence needs alert curiosity, but this curiosity should have a certain level. ... the sincere love of knowledge encourages the real curiosity. ... children's thirst for knowledge is enough to shame smart adults. With the growth of age, the impulse to seek knowledge will decay, until one day, anything strange will make people feel disgusted and can't stimulate the desire to explore at all. At this time, people will say "the country has fallen" and "it is not as good as before". Things have changed many years ago, which enables the speaker to find all the topics. However, it is not difficult to imagine that with the disappearance of curiosity, active intelligence will disappear together.
However, although the intensity and breadth of people's curiosity will gradually weaken in adulthood, its quality can be improved for a long time. Curiosity about various generalized propositions in logic shows a high level of intelligence, and its depth far exceeds curiosity about general facts. Broadly speaking, the deeper the understanding of the laws of the universe, the greater the intelligence needed. However, we can't stick to this rule too much. ) Curiosity unrelated to personal interests embodies a higher level, which is higher than curiosity related to finding food (for example). ... curiosity about the relationship with other interests, which is neither direct nor obvious, is indeed an excellent quality. However, in any case, discovering new knowledge requires a certain level of intelligence. …
In order to satisfy curiosity, we must learn some technical factors to acquire knowledge. This of course includes the habit of observing problems, the firm belief in knowledge, patience and diligence. If a person is born with firm faith, patience and diligence. If a person is born with latent curiosity and has received good intellectual training, then these technical factors can develop themselves. However, because spiritual life is only an integral part of all our behaviors, curiosity will eventually conflict with other emotional factors, so some spiritual virtues become indispensable factors, such as a broad mind is a virtue. From the perspective of habit and desire, we are often indifferent to new truths: we can't believe that what we have believed for many years is not enough; We can't admit that what our elders respect and important enthusiasm are not enough. Therefore, the purpose of education is to cultivate an open-minded quality. So far, the progress made in this regard is extremely limited, …
The most important thing for a sound mind is courage, just as heroic behavior cannot be separated from courage. The real world is more unknowable than we usually think; From the first day of birth, we grope for experience in practice and often confuse our subjective ideas with the laws of nature. Various ideological systems-Christianity, socialism, patriotism, etc. -provide us with a refuge similar to an orphanage and return our minds to a state of slavery. A free spiritual life is not as warm and comfortable as a life restricted by the canon: when the snow is howling outside, only the canon can provide people with a warm hut.
This provides us with a difficult problem: to what extent can we get rid of the shackles of social life and get happiness? I hesitate to use the word "social instinct" because its accuracy is controversial. But in any case, the phenomenon described by this word is universal. As for the groups that we think should cooperate-our families, neighbors, colleagues, political parties and countries-we are always willing to stand by them. This is natural, because without cooperation, we can't live a happy life. Furthermore, emotions can be contagious, especially when many people are simultaneously attacked by emotional contagion. Few people can keep calm in an impassioned meeting ... However, for most people, such resistance can only be made when they can win the trust of different groups and get ideological support. This is why religious organizations can make persecuted pagans feel warm. Should we acquiesce in this hope of cooperation with groups, or should our education system try to weaken this hope? Both views will find supporters, and the correct answer should be a reasonable combination of these two views. Any practice that only protects one point of view cannot provide the correct answer.
I think the desire for happiness and cooperation should be strengthened and normalized. But on some important occasions, we should be able to restrain this desire and give priority to other wishes. As I said, the desire to seek happiness is related to sensitivity. Without this desire, we will feel that life is boring; All social groups, from families to social organizations, will also be impossible to appear. It will be very difficult to educate children if they stop seeking praise from their parents. Emotional appeal plays a great role when smart people influence stupid people. However, in times of extreme panic and anger, emotional appeal plays a completely opposite role. Therefore, accepting emotional contagion is by no means that simple. Even in the purely spiritual field, this problem has not been clarified. Great inventors often stand on the opposite side of most people, and even cause hatred among the masses because of their own opinions. However, if ordinary people only consider their own interests, they will get a more stupid argument: at least on scientific issues, it is beneficial for people with average intelligence to respect authority.
In my opinion, for people with average situation and ability, they will be dominated by "conformity instinct" to a great extent, and only in a small range will this vague instinct not interfere with the actions of ordinary people. ... a person should be independent as long as he has special abilities. But no one should turn himself into a hedgehog, and erect a mane to keep people at a respectful distance. Many of our daily activities inevitably need to cooperate with others, and the desire for cooperation must be a basic human nature. However, in any case, we must learn to make independent judgments about things we are particularly familiar with. At the same time, as long as we find that our opinions are important, we must summon up courage and boldly express our unpopular opinions. …
High-quality talents trained through education are energetic, courageous, sensitive and intelligent. The society composed of these men and women is completely different from the present society. At present, the main causes of misfortune: disease, poverty and unsatisfactory sexual life, will become extremely rare. A healthy body will be widely seen and life will be greatly prolonged. Due to the industrial revolution, the current poverty is entirely caused by general ignorance. Sensitive quality will make people hope to eradicate poverty completely, smart intelligence will point out the direction to eradicate poverty, and fearless courage will inspire people to take measures to eradicate poverty. Timid people would rather be poor than do anything unusual. Nowadays, most people's sexual life is more or less unsatisfactory. This is partly due to education and partly due to persecution by the authorities and Mrs. Grandi. A new generation of women will completely put an end to this phenomenon, because they are no longer afraid of irrational sexual concepts when they grow up. ... a woman whose love is suppressed often connives at her husband's rude behavior and hypocrisy and distorts the child's nature. A new generation of fearless women can change the world by raising a new generation of fearless children. A new generation of children will no longer distort their nature, but be frank, frank, generous, caring and unrestrained. Their diligence will sweep away cruelty and pain; We are obsessed with cruelty and pain because of laziness, cowardice, heartlessness and stupidity. It is education that makes people infected with these despicable qualities, and it is also education that can give us the opposite virtue. Education is the key to creating a new world.