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First, the British bourgeois revolution.

First of all, let's understand the background of the revolution. Please read the first two paragraphs on page 36 of the textbook and summarize the central meaning of these two paragraphs.

1, background:

(1) with the development of British capitalism, the emerging bourgeoisie and new noble engaged in economic activities in a capitalist way appeared.

(2) Stuart dynasty ruler James I and his son Charles I stubborn.

James I and Charles I practiced autocracy and often interfered in the production and management of industry and commerce. The interests of the new bourgeoisie and new noble have been violated. In particular, in 1638, the Scottish people launched an uprising against the religious persecution of Charles I. In order to raise military expenses, Charles I demanded a new tax, which was opposed by the new bourgeoisie and new noble. They want to limit the kingship.

How dare they resist the king's orders and even demand the restriction of kingship? In ancient China, being beheaded was a big violation, but in Britain, they could do it because they had their own weapons. What kind of weapon is this? It's parliament.

2. Composition of Parliament

Guide students to look at history and briefly describe the process of the formation of parliament. Parliament originated in the Middle Ages, and the parliamentary system was formed in the middle of13rd century. 1265, Simon Mountford reformed parliament and held the first parliament in British history. From then on, the word "parliament" came from French (this is because Simon comes from a French aristocrat), which means "debate" or "talk" in French. But at this time, the parliament was feudal. /kloc-After the 0/4th century, Parliament was gradually divided into two houses: the House of Lords was composed of nobles and church representatives, also known as the House of Lords, and its members were hereditary; The House of Commons consists of squires and representatives of citizens, also known as the House of Commons, and its members are elected. The king is the convener of parliament. That is, the British Parliament consists of the King, the House of Lords and the House of Commons. However, the parliament in this period was still a feudal hierarchical representative institution.

With the development of capitalism, many new bourgeoisie and new noble entered the House of Commons. Traditionally, parliament has the right to approve or refuse to levy new taxes, and the king must obtain the consent of parliament to levy new taxes. Therefore, if Charles I wants to levy taxes, Parliament has the right to veto it. This escalates the contradiction. Eventually lead to civil war.

3. Process: 1640, the British revolution broke out and experienced two civil wars. In the end, the parliament defeated the Wangs. Charles I became a prisoner and was executed on 1649. (charge: "tyrant, traitor, murderer and public enemy of the kind people in our country." ) Cromwell became a leader in the war with his outstanding military and leadership skills. 1649, Britain established a Republic. Cromwell came to power, was declared as "the protector of the country" and became a dictator. After Cromwell's death, his military generals fought for power and profit, which led to political turmoil in Britain. 1660, in order to consolidate the ruling order, the bourgeoisie and new noble agreed that the exiled son of Charles I would return to London and become king, calling him charles ii. Shortly after the restoration of charles ii, the counter-offensive policy was implemented, which aroused the dissatisfaction of the bourgeoisie and the upstarts, and the political struggle became increasingly acute. In this case, the British political arena was divided, political parties began to form, and political parties representing different interest groups-Whigs and Tories appeared. The word Whig comes from Gaelic in Scotland, which means "horse thief", and the word Tory comes from Irish, which means "outlaw". These two words came from each other's mouth and were later used. Whigs represent the interests of financial capitalists, big businessmen and upstarts. The Conservative Party represents the interests of aristocratic landlords and members of the upper echelons of the Anglican Church. Later, in the19th century, the Whig Party evolved into a liberal party and the Tories evolved into a conservative party. The political party system in Britain has developed. After the 1920s, the Liberal Party declined, and the Labour Party and the Conservative Party became the two main political parties in the British Parliament. (Deputy blackboard writing of political party)

Charles ii died childless and was succeeded by his younger brother James as James II. James II did even better than charles ii in trying to restore Catholic rule in Britain, which caused opposition from Whigs and some Tories. So in 1688, they invited James II's daughter Mary and her husband, the ruling Dutch William, to attack the British throne and rule Britain together. What the hell is going on? Show the video of Glorious Revolution. After watching the video, we know that William led his troops into England, and James II escaped without firing a shot. This bloodless coup is a "glorious revolution". Besides, this revolution was actually the result of compromise between parliament and king. This revolution marked the successful end of the British bourgeois revolution, and its compromise laid the foundation for the establishment of constitutional monarchy. It opens up a reason for the development of capitalism. It marks the arrival of a new historical period.

Two. 1689 bill of rights

William became king of England on the condition that he accepted the request of parliament to restrict the kingship, and William also accepted it. So in 1689, the parliament formally put forward the bill of rights to restrict the royal power.