(A) the research object of pedagogy-educational phenomena and problems, revealing the laws of education.

(2) The research task of pedagogy-① Revealing the law of education; (2) Scientific explanation of educational problems; ③ Theory and practice of communication education.

(C) The emergence and development of pedagogy-

1. The bud of pedagogy

2. The emergence and development of independent pedagogy: the founding symbol is ① the object, and education has become a special research field. 1623, English philosophers first divided pedagogy into scientific categories, which means that education has become a special research field. ② Concepts and terms ③ Research methods ④ As a result, systematic pedagogy works appeared. For example, Comenius's Great Pedagogy (the first pedagogy book in modern times) and Herbart's General Pedagogy (published in 1806, which marked that pedagogy became an independent discipline) (4) In terms of organization, a special educational research institution appeared. 1776 began to teach pedagogy at the University of Konigsberg, which was included in the university curriculum.

3. The development of pedagogy since the 20th century: There are two major trends: ① The problem areas of pedagogy research are expanding; (2) The research foundation and research mode of pedagogy are diversified; (3) Pedagogy is increasingly divided, forming a preliminary educational discipline system; ④ The relationship between pedagogy research and educational practice is increasingly close; ⑤ Pedagogy strengthens self-reflection and forms a meta-study of pedagogy; ⑤ Some basic problems in pedagogy; ⑤ The relationship between pedagogy theory and practice, localization and internationalization, and scientificity and value.

Mainstream education schools since the 20th century.

1. Experimental Pedagogy: The basic views of German representatives Man Mei and Rai ① Oppose speculative pedagogy; Advocate the application of research methods and achievements of experimental psychology to educational research; ③ Put forward three basic stages of educational experiment: hypothesis, experiment and confirmation; ④ Advocating to explore children's psychological development characteristics and intellectual development level by means of experiments, statistics and comparison; The experimental data should be the basic basis of educational reform.

2. Cultural pedagogy: German representatives Dilthey, Sprenger, Park Rongsu and other basic viewpoints ① People are the existence of a culture ② The object of education is people, so education is a historical cultural process ③ Educational research can neither adopt speculative methods nor experimental methods, but only adopt the scientific method of spirit/culture, that is, the method of understanding and explanation ④ The purpose of education is to cultivate a complete personality through culture, and the main methods of education are "awakening" and "awakening".

3. Pragmatic pedagogy: representative figures Dewey and Ke Qubo. The basic viewpoints are: ① Education is life; ② Education is the transformation of experience; ③ School is society; ④ Classroom organization should pay attention to children's experience; teacher-student relationship should pay attention to children; the teaching process should attach importance to students' own independent discovery and experience, and respect the differences of students' development.

4. Marxist pedagogy: representative view ① Education is a social and historical phenomenon, which has a class nature in class society ② Education originated from productive labor ③ The fundamental purpose of education is to promote the development of students ④ The combination of education and productive labor is not only an important method to develop productive forces, but also the only way to cultivate developed people.

5. Critical pedagogy: American representatives such as Bowles, Quintis, April, and French Boucher Audoul believe that capitalist school education is the root of maintaining social injustice and causing social differences and opposition; The function of school education is to reproduce the dominant social and political ideology, economic structure and cultural relations; The educational phenomenon is not neutral and objective, but full of interest disputes; Educational theory should adopt a critical attitude and method.

6. Institutional Pedagogy: The representative Yuri and other basic viewpoints ① Educational research should take the educational system as the priority objective ② The main reason why the educational system causes bureaucracy and alienation among teachers, students and administrators ③ The purpose of education is to help complete the expected social changes, which requires institutional analysis ④ The analysis of the educational system should be not only explicit, but also invisible.

For more information, please click: 20 15 PubMed: Summary of Knowledge Points of Pedagogy Principles.

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