The ideological trend of popular education propagandizes popular education thoughts and participates in popular education movements, including intellectuals with preliminary communist thoughts, petty-bourgeois intellectuals and bourgeois intellectuals. The common ground of civilian education thoughts lies in criticizing the traditional "aristocratic" hierarchical education, breaking the situation that feudal rulers monopolized education for thousands of years, enabling ordinary people to enjoy educational rights, acquire cultural knowledge and change their living conditions.
Ideological trend of work-study education? The idea of work-study program originated from the educational activities of Cai Yuanpei and others to Chinese workers studying in France during the First World War, and was influenced by the international workers' movement and the idea of "sacred labor" after the First World War, as well as the May 4th New Culture Movement, which gradually formed a strong ideological trend of work-study program, leading to the educational practice of work-study mutual assistance. Its basic connotation includes: improving work-study program, work-study program, workers' study, students' work, combining work with study, cultivating the spirit of simple work and hard study, so as to eliminate the differences between body and mind. ?
Vocational education trend of thought? The ideological trend of vocational education in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China evolved from utilitarianism and pragmatism. Due to the increasingly urgent demand for technical talents due to the development of national capitalism and the attack of democratic fighters on the separation of traditional education from society and production after the rise of the New Culture Movement, the National Federation of Education Associations put forward many suggestions on promoting vocational education from 19 15, and most people who advocated pragmatic education in the early days turned to advocating vocational education, and the trend of vocational education gradually formed. Giving people a skill and promoting industrial development is the basic connotation of the ideological trend of vocational education. ?
Work-study program? Before the Revolution of 1911, there was a trend of "frugality" among self-funded international students. At the same time, Chinese workers from rural areas received education through "work-study program" in Li Shizeng. Inspired by this, in 19 12, Wu Zhihui and others initiated the organization of the "National Salvation Association in France", established a preparatory school in Hutong, and Wu Faqi organized the "Sichuan National Salvation Association" and a preparatory school. Shanghai also organized the Society for Studying in Britain and France, aiming at "carrying forward the wind of studying hard and broadening the academic field of studying in Europe", importing the civilization of "a country with advanced people's feelings and wisdom" and creating "a new society and new citizens". At its initiative, more than 80 people went to France to study from 19 12 to 19 13. ? France's work-study program movement was originally an educational movement with the introduction of western capitalist civilization as the guiding ideology, saving the country through education and industry as the main pursuit, and combining work with study as the means. Later, it gradually turned into a new-democratic cultural and educational movement and a revolutionary movement guided by Marxism, seeking a revolutionary road to saving the country. In this process, progressive intellectuals and young students correctly realized the great significance of labor and the significance of combining education with productive labor, and carried out large-scale practical attempts of combining intellectuals with workers, combining mental labor with manual labor, and combining education with productive labor. At the same time, it has a positive impact on the introduction of western educational ideas, the development of overseas education and the cultivation of modern professionals in China.
Trend of thought in science education? During the New Culture Movement, the ideological trend of science education was formed and prevailed. The New Culture Movement regards science and democracy as "if there are two wheels on a boat", and advocates judging all social problems with a rational spirit and a scientific attitude, so as to construct China's "true education". Echo at home and abroad, seamless. Thanks to the efforts of China Science Society, science education has become a social trend of thought. ? After the May Fourth Movement, with the help of western scholars and scientific achievements, the science education movement was widely carried out in two aspects:?
(1) It is the trend of science education to advocate science education in schools, that is, to carry out education according to educational principles and scientific methods and cultivate students' scientific knowledge, skills and attitudes. ?
(2) Advocating scientific methods to study education, including children's psychology and educational psychology, various psychological and educational statistics and measurement experiments, and the compilation and application of scales, which is the scientific trend of education. ? The trend of thought and movement of science education promoted the development of modern education in China, which was manifested as follows: educational science research became a common practice, and education and psychological measurement became very popular research methods in China education circles in the 1920s and 1930s; Various new teaching methods, such as Dalton system, have been widely tested; In colleges and universities, disciplines and majors for training educational professionals have been set up. ? 6. Nationalist education thought? Nationalist educational trend of thought is a social trend of thought with strong bourgeois nationalism that rose in China in the early 1920s. Its connotation is: education is the tool of the country, and the purpose of education is to safeguard the peace and progress of the nation internally, and to resist aggression and prolong the pulse of the nation externally; Education is the task of the state, and educational facilities should be managed and handled by the state. The state cannot adopt a laissez-faire attitude towards education. Its main purpose is to take the country as the center, oppose the social revolution, and realize the unity and independence of the country by strengthening the education of national concepts. ? Nationalist educators jointly promoted the movement to reclaim the right to education in China in the 1920s, and strengthened the national education and patriotism education in schools. The annual meeting of China Education Reform Society also took nationalism as its educational purpose. However, due to the vagueness and abstraction of its core concept "state" and the general opposition to the political and partisan nature of education, it runs counter to the people's revolutionary trend that has formed in the 1920s, coupled with its strong political sectarianism and the words and deeds of some members who are not attached to warlords. With the successive victories of the Northern Expedition War, the Kuomintang explicitly banned nationalism, and the trend of nationalist education was in a downturn. ?