Since 1963 the State Council's "Several Provisions on Strengthening the Work Safety of Enterprises" stipulated the system of safety production responsibility system, safety technical measures plan, safety production education, regular inspection of safety production and investigation and handling of casualty accidents, At present, the mature occupational safety and health management systems in China include: responsibility system for production safety, occupational safety and health measures planning system, occupational safety and health education system, occupational safety and health inspection system, occupational disease statistical reporting and handling system for casualty accidents, occupational safety and health supervision system, "three simultaneities" system and occupational safety and health (occupational safety and health) pre-evaluation system. The above management system is described as follows.
First, the responsibility system for production safety
The responsibility system for safe production is the core of all safety production rules and regulations of the employer, an important part of the administrative post responsibility system and economic responsibility system of the employer, and the most basic occupational safety and health management system. The responsibility system for production safety is a system that clearly defines the work and responsibilities of responsible persons at all levels, functional departments and their staff and production workers in various positions in occupational safety and health according to the occupational safety and health policy and the principle of "managing production and safety".
The core of the employer's responsibility system for safety in production is to realize the "five simultaneities" of safety in production, that is, to plan, arrange, inspect, summarize and assess safety work at the same time as planning, arranging, inspecting, summarizing and assessing production. Its content can be roughly divided into two aspects: first, the vertical responsibility system for safety production of personnel at all levels, that is, the responsibility system for safety production of all kinds of personnel (from top managers, management representatives to ordinary employees); The second is the horizontal responsibility system for production safety of all departments, that is, the responsibility system for production safety of all functional departments (such as safety technology, equipment, technology, production, finance and other departments).
Second, the occupational safety and health measures planning system
Occupational safety and health measures planning system is an important part of occupational safety and health management system, and it is one of the important measures for enterprises to improve working conditions and safety and health facilities in a planned way and prevent industrial accidents and occupational diseases. This system has played a positive role in strengthening labor protection, improving working conditions, ensuring the safety and health of employees and promoting the development of enterprise production and operation.
The main contents of the occupational safety and health measures plan include: (1) unit or workplace; (2) Name of measures; (3) the content and purpose of the measures; (4) Budget and its sources; (5) The unit or person in charge responsible for design and construction; (6) Commencement date and completion date; (7) Implementation of measures and their effects.
The scope of the occupational safety and health measures plan should include: improving working conditions, preventing casualties, preventing occupational diseases and occupational poisoning, etc. , as follows:
1. Safety technical measures, that is, measures to prevent workers from industrial accidents during labor, including protective devices, safety devices, signal devices, explosion-proof facilities and other measures.
2. Occupational health measures, that is, necessary measures to prevent occupational diseases and improve occupational health environment, including dust prevention, anti-virus, anti-noise, ventilation, lighting, heating, cooling and other measures.
3. Auxiliary rooms and facilities, that is, rooms for the purpose of ensuring safety and hygiene in the production process and all necessary measures, including dressing rooms, bathrooms, disinfection rooms, women's clinics, toilets, etc.
4。 Occupational safety and health publicity and education measures are necessary to publicize and popularize occupational safety and health laws, regulations and basic knowledge. Their main contents include: occupational safety and health teaching materials, books, occupational safety and health exhibitions and training courses.
The plan of occupational safety and health measures is mainly based on the following aspects: (1) relevant occupational safety and health policies, regulations and standards promulgated by the state; (two) the problems found in the occupational safety and health inspection have not been solved; (3) The main causes of casualty accidents and occupational diseases and the measures taken; (4) Safety technology and industrial hygiene technical measures that should be taken to meet the needs of production development; (5) Safety technology innovation projects and rationalization suggestions put forward by employees.
When making a plan, the leaders of the employer should put forward specific requirements to the workshop and make arrangements according to the situation of the enterprise. Workshop leaders shall, jointly with relevant units and personnel, formulate specific measures and plans for this workshop, which shall be discussed by the masses, reviewed and summarized by the security department, compiled by the technical department and integrated by the planning department. After that, the leaders of the employing unit will hold a meeting attended by the heads of various management and production departments to determine measures, define the design and construction leaders, and define the completion date, which will be reported to the leaders for approval. According to the result approved by the superior, it will be issued to the workshop for execution at the same time as the production plan.
Three. Occupational safety and health education system
The Labor Law of People's Republic of China (PRC) clearly stipulates that the employing unit shall "educate the workers on labor safety and health". The safety education of the employer is an important way to implement the employer's policy, realize safe and civilized production, improve the safety awareness and quality of employees, prevent unsafe behaviors and reduce human errors. First of all, its importance lies in improving the sense of responsibility and consciousness of employers' managers and employees to do a good job in occupational safety and helping them correctly understand and learn occupational safety and health laws, regulations and basic knowledge. Secondly, it can popularize and improve employees' safety technical knowledge and enhance employees' safety operation skills, thus protecting the safety and health of themselves and others and promoting the development of productivity.
1995 1 1.8 Regulations on the Administration of Labor Safety and Health Education for Enterprise Employees promulgated by the Ministry of Labor (issued by the Ministry of Labor [1995])
No.405) has made specific provisions on the safety education of employees in production posts, the safety education of managers and the organization and management. The forms of safety education generally include: occupational safety and health education for managers, occupational safety and health education for special operators, occupational safety and health education for employees and regular occupational safety and health education.
1. Occupational safety and health education for managers
The legal representative, factory director and manager of the enterprise shall mainly implement the national guidelines, policies, laws, regulations and relevant rules and regulations on occupational safety and health; Laws and regulations on industrial injury insurance; Safety production management responsibilities, enterprise occupational safety and health management knowledge and safety culture; Education on accident cases and emergency measures. Safety education time is not less than forty hours.
The education content of enterprise occupational safety and health management personnel should include: national guidelines, policies, laws, regulations and occupational safety and health standards; Enterprise safety production management, safety technology, occupational health knowledge and safety documents; Laws and regulations on industrial injury insurance; Statistical reports of employee casualty accidents and occupational diseases and investigation and handling procedures; Related accident cases and emergency treatment measures. Safety education time is not less than 120 hours.
The contents of occupational safety and health education for professional and technical cadres of other management leaders of enterprises (including functional department leaders and workshop leaders) mainly include: occupational safety and health guidelines, policies, laws and regulations; Safety production responsibility system; Typical accident case analysis; Knowledge of system safety engineering; Basic knowledge of safety technology. Safety education time is not less than twenty-four hours.
The contents of occupational safety and health education for team leaders and safety officers include: knowledge and skills such as occupational safety and health laws and regulations, safety technology, occupational health and safety culture, risk factors and safety precautions in enterprises, teams and groups and some positions; Safety production responsibilities of this position; Typical accident cases and accident rescue and emergency treatment measures, etc. Safety education time is not less than twenty-four hours.
2. Occupational safety and health education for special operators
Special operations refer to operations that are prone to casualties in the process of labor and have great harm to the operator himself, especially to the safety of others and surrounding facilities. Personnel engaged in special operations are called special operations personnel. According to the State Economic and Trade Commission's Administrative Measures for Safety Technical Training and Assessment of Special Operators (Order 13), the scope of special operations includes: electrical work; Metal welding and cutting operations; Operation of hoisting machinery (including elevators); Driving enterprise motor vehicles; Climbing and erection operations; Boiler operation (including water quality test); Pressure vessel operation; Refrigeration operation; Blasting operation; Mine ventilation operations (including gas inspection); Mine drainage operations (including tailings dam operations); Other operations proposed by the comprehensive management department of production safety of provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government or the competent department of industry in the State Council and approved by the State Economic and Trade Commission. .
Special operators must be trained and educated in safety technology and operation skills before taking up their posts, so as to enhance their awareness of safety production and prevent casualties caused by lack of safety education and necessary skills training. Therefore, the State Economic and Trade Commission implements a unified national training program, unified examination materials and unified certificate system for the training of special operations personnel. Before working independently, special operators must receive special safety technical training and obtain certificates before taking up their posts. The safety technical examination for special operators includes two parts: the safety technical theory examination and the practical operation skill examination, with practical operation skills as the main part. The operation certificate of special operations personnel is uniformly printed by the state and issued by the administrative department at or above the prefecture level (f 1), which is common throughout the country. Those who have obtained the operation certificate of special operators shall be reviewed once every two years. Failing to review on schedule or failing to pass the review, the operation certificate will automatically become invalid.
3. Occupational safety and health education for employees of the employing unit
The occupational safety and health education for employees by employers mainly includes three forms: three-level education before new employees take up their posts, "four innovations" education, post change education and regular education.
1995 the regulations of the Ministry of labor on the management of labor safety and health education for enterprise employees put forward the requirement that "new employees in enterprises must receive three-level safety education at factory level, workshop level and V team level before taking up their posts". The duration of higher education shall not be less than forty hours. Factory-level safety education is the responsibility of the director in charge of the enterprise, and the occupational safety and health management department of the enterprise shall organize and implement it jointly with relevant departments. The contents should include occupational safety and health laws and regulations, basic knowledge of general safety technology, occupational safety and health culture, occupational safety and health laws and conditions of enterprises, labor discipline and related accident cases. Workshop-level occupational safety and health education is organized and implemented by workshop leaders, assisted by full-time or part-time safety officers in the workshop, including workshop overview, occupational safety and health status and rules and regulations, main risk factors and safety matters, main measures to prevent industrial accidents and occupational diseases, typical accident cases and emergency treatment measures. The occupational safety and health education at the team level shall be organized and implemented by the team leader, including compliance with rules and regulations, post safety operation procedures, occupational safety and health matters involving job cohesion and coordination among posts, typical accidents and emergency measures to be taken after accidents, performance of labor protection articles (appliances) and correct use methods. New employees of the enterprise must pass the three-level safety education and practical training according to the regulations, and can only take up their posts after passing the examination.
The Regulations on the Administration of Labor Safety and Health Education for Enterprise Employees clearly points out: "When enterprises implement new technologies or use new equipment and materials, they must carry out relevant targeted safety education for relevant personnel"; "Enterprise employees adjust their jobs or leave their jobs; When the post is transferred for more than one year, the corresponding workshop-level or team-level safety education must be carried out. " Therefore, before the new process, new technology, new equipment and new products are put into production, it is necessary to educate and train the post workers and relevant personnel involved in the operation in accordance with the new safety operation regulations, so that they can understand the safety performance and safety technology of the new process, new equipment and new products to meet the safety requirements of the new post operation; When the employees of the employing unit are transferred from one post to another, or from one type of work to another, or return to their posts after a long vacation of more than one year, the employing unit must carry out corresponding safety technical training and education, so that it can master the characteristics and requirements of safety production in this post.
4. Regular occupational safety and health education
No matter what kind of education, it is impossible once and for all. The same is true of occupational safety and health education, which must be carried out unremittingly. This is a routine occupational safety and health education. In conventional safety education, the education of safety thoughts and attitudes is the most important. To carry out safety education, we should take various forms and safety activities to stimulate the enthusiasm of employees to do a good job in safety production, and urge employees to pay attention to and truly realize safety production. The forms of regular safety education include: explaining safety precautions at the meeting before work every day; Safety activity day; Safety production meeting; Accident site meeting; Put up safety production posters, publicity slogans and signs.
Four. Occupational safety and health inspection system
Occupational safety and health inspection system is an important means to eliminate hidden dangers, prevent accidents and improve working conditions, and it is also an important content of occupational safety and health management in enterprises. Through occupational safety and health inspection, we can find out the dangerous factors in the enterprise and production process, so as to take measures in a planned way to ensure safe production.
The content of safety production inspection is mainly to check the thinking, management, hidden dangers, rectification and accident handling. The inspection idea is mainly to check the understanding of safety production by the leaders and employees of the employer; Inspection management is to check whether the employer has established a safety production management system and is operating normally; The idea of checking hidden dangers is to check whether the production site meets the requirements of safe production and civilized production; Inspection and rectification is to check the rectification of the problems raised by the employer in the past; Inspection of accident handling is mainly to check whether the employer reports the casualty accident in time, seriously investigate and deal with it seriously. Safety inspection should go deep into workshops and teams to check whether the working conditions, production equipment, corresponding safety and health facilities and workers' operation behaviors in the production process meet the requirements of safety production. In order to ensure the effectiveness of the inspection, it is necessary to set up an inspection team to meet the needs of safety production inspection, equipped with corresponding strength. The organizational form of safety production inspection can be determined according to the purpose and content of inspection.
Verb (abbreviation of verb) Statistical reporting and handling system for casualty accidents and occupational diseases
The statistical reporting and handling system of casualty accidents and occupational diseases is an important system of occupational safety and health in China, which is clearly stipulated in Article 57 of the Labor Law of People's Republic of China (PRC). The contents of this system include: reporting accidents according to the provisions of national laws and regulations; Conduct accident statistics according to national laws and regulations; Investigate and handle accidents in accordance with the provisions of national laws and regulations.
(1) Statistical report and handling of casualty accidents
After more than 40 years of continuous summary, China has established a scientific and reasonable statistical reporting and handling system for casualty accidents.
1. Classification of casualty accidents
The classification of casualty accidents describes the different characteristics of accidents from different aspects. According to the relevant laws and standards of our country, there are the following types of casualty accidents that are widely used at present.
(1) by degree of injury
Minor injury refers to the disability that the lost working days are more than 1 working days (including 1 working days) and less than 105 working days;
Serious injury refers to the disability that the working days lost are more than 105 working days (including 105 working days), and the working days lost due to serious injury shall not exceed 6000 days at most;
It takes more than 6,000 working days for employees to die, die or be seriously injured, which is calculated according to the sum of the average retirement age of employees in China.
(2) Classification according to the severity of accidents.
A minor injury accident refers to an accident with only minor injuries;
Serious injury accident refers to the accident of serious injury but no death;
A fatal accident refers to an accident in which one or two people died;
A major casualty accident refers to an accident in which 3-9 people died;
Particularly serious casualty accident refers to the accident that caused more than 10 people (including 10 people) to die.
(3) Classification by accident category
In GB 644 1-86, the accident categories are divided into 20 categories, namely, object strike, vehicle injury, mechanical injury, lifting injury, electric shock, drowning, scald, fire, falling from a height, collapse, roof caving, flooding, blasting, gas explosion, gunpowder explosion, boiler explosion, container explosion and so on.
2. Casualty accident reporting and handling
When reporting casualties, the organization must strictly implement the regulations on casualty reporting and other relevant provisions promulgated by the State Council. These regulations mainly include: 1989 the State Council decree No.34, Interim Provisions on Investigation Procedures for Particularly Serious Accidents, and 19965438 the State Council decree No.75, Regulations on Reporting and Handling Casualty Accidents of Enterprise Employees. In April, 20001year, the State Council issued Order No.302-Provisions on the Investigation of Administrative Responsibility for Extraordinary Safety Accidents.
3. Casualty statistics
At present, there are the following regulations on casualty statistics in China: Notice on Implementing the Statistical Reporting System for Casualty Accidents of Enterprise Employees issued by the General Office of the Ministry of Labor 1992, and Notice on Printing and Distributing Casualty Accidents Statistics of Enterprise Employees issued by 1993.
(2) Statistical report and treatment of occupational diseases
1. Measures for reporting occupational diseases
Occupational disease reports must be diseases listed in the current national occupational disease catalogue. In 1988, the Ministry of Health revised and issued the Measures for Occupational Disease Reporting, which stipulated the specific measures for occupational disease reporting. According to this regulation, local health administrative departments at all levels designate corresponding occupational disease prevention and control institutions or health and epidemic prevention institutions to be responsible for occupational disease reporting. Occupational disease reports should be mainly local and reported step by step. Occupational diseases of all enterprises and institutions shall be reported to the local health supervision institutions, which shall report them in a unified way.
2. Occupational disease treatment
The treatment of occupational diseases is a work with strong policy, which involves the prevention and treatment of occupational diseases, proper placement of patients with occupational diseases, labor protection and welfare treatment of patients, labor ability appraisal and vocational rehabilitation. At present, it can be implemented according to the Provisions on Occupational Diseases Scope and Occupational Diseases Treatment Measures issued by the Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Labor, the Ministry of Finance and the All-China Federation of Trade Unions in June 1987+065438+ 10.
According to this regulation, after employees are diagnosed with occupational diseases, the unit where they work should arrange medical treatment or recuperation according to the opinions of the occupational disease diagnosis institution. After treatment or rest, it is confirmed that it is not suitable to continue to engage in the original harmful operation or work, and it shall be transferred from the original post within two months from the date of confirmation and arranged for another job; For the technical backbone of production and work that cannot be transferred temporarily due to work needs, the longest transfer period shall not exceed half a year. When employees suffering from occupational diseases change their work units, their occupational disease treatment should be handled by the original unit or coordinated by the two units, and the transfer procedures can only be handled after both parties reach an agreement through consultation. And hand over all materials such as health records, occupational disease diagnosis certificates and occupational disease treatment to the new unit. The transferred-out and transferred-in units shall report the situation to the local labor health and occupational disease prevention and control institutions for the record. After the employee arrives at the new unit, the new unit is responsible for the treatment of occupational diseases, whether it is related to the current work or not. After the termination or dissolution of the labor contract, if the newly discovered occupational diseases during the unemployment period are related to the work during the previous labor contract period, the unit that originally terminated or dissolved the labor contract shall be responsible for the occupational disease treatment. If the original unit has merged with other units, the merged unit shall be responsible for it; If the original unit has been revoked, the superior competent department of the original unit shall be responsible for it.
(III) Prevention and control of occupational diseases
The 24th meeting of the Ninth NPC Standing Committee passed the Law of People's Republic of China (PRC) on the Prevention and Control of Occupational Diseases, which consists of 7 chapters and 79 articles.
The main contents include: the provisions of basic policies and basic management principles for occupational disease prevention, early prevention of occupational diseases, protection and management in the labor process, diagnosis and management of occupational diseases, treatment and protection of occupational disease patients, etc. In addition, according to the established system and measures, according to the different nature and harmful consequences of different illegal acts, the law stipulates corresponding legal responsibilities and increases the punishment for illegal acts; It highlights the punishment of ordering the operation that causes occupational hazards to stop work, stop construction, stop production and even close down; Those who cause occupational hazards shall be investigated for criminal responsibility according to law. At the same time, this law also regulates the law enforcement activities of health administrative departments and their occupational health supervision and law enforcement personnel, and clarifies the corresponding legal responsibilities.
Occupational safety and health supervision system of intransitive verbs
Occupational safety and health supervision system refers to the administrative department authorized by national laws and regulations, which implements occupational safety and health supervision on the production process of enterprises on behalf of the government, and in the name of the government, uses state power to supervise, report and punish the production units' implementation of occupational safety and health policies, laws, regulations and standards according to law. China's occupational safety and health supervision began in the early 1980s, 1983. In the notice that the State Council approved the Report on Strengthening Work Safety and Labor Safety Supervision, it was clearly put forward to implement the national labor safety supervision system.
Occupational safety and health have a special legal status. The executive body is located in the administrative department, and the principles of organization establishment, management system, responsibilities and authority, and the appointment and removal of supervisors are determined by national laws and regulations. There is no superior-subordinate relationship between occupational safety and health institutions and monitored objects, only the legal relationship between administrative law enforcement agencies and legal persons. Occupational safety and health institutions can adopt various forms and methods, including compulsory means, to carry out supervision and inspection and perform supervision tasks within the scope authorized by law.
The supervision activities of occupational safety and health institutions are based on the overall interests of the country and are responsible to the government and laws according to laws and regulations. It is not restricted by industry departments or other departments, nor is it bound by employers.
Occupational safety and health are specific. The subject of law enforcement is the administrative department authorized by laws and regulations at or above the county level, not other state organs and mass organizations. Occupational safety and health are also mandatory. Occupational safety and health institutions have the right to take administrative measures against violations of occupational safety and health regulations and standards, and have certain mandatory characteristics. This is because it is backed by national laws and regulations, and all units and individuals must abide by it to ensure the implementation of the law and safeguard the dignity of the law.
Seven, "three simultaneities" system
The "three simultaneities" system refers to all capital construction projects (projects), technological transformation projects (projects) and imported construction projects newly built, rebuilt and expanded in China, and their labor safety and health facilities must meet the standards stipulated by the state, and must be designed, constructed and put into production and use at the same time as the main project. In this regard, Article 53 of the Labor Law of People's Republic of China (PRC) has made clear provisions.
Occupational safety and health facilities mainly refer to safety technical facilities, occupational health facilities and auxiliary production facilities. People's Republic of China (PRC) Labor Law, People's Republic of China (PRC) Mine Safety Law and Pneumoconiosis Prevention and Control Regulations. The State Council's "Decision on Strengthening Dust Prevention and Gas Protection" and the "Regulations on Labor Safety and Health Supervision of Construction Projects (Projects)" issued by the former Ministry of Labor have made specific provisions on the "three simultaneities" system.
The preliminary design of new construction, renovation and expansion projects shall be reviewed and approved by the competent department of industry, the administrative department of production safety, the health department and the trade union before construction; After the completion of the project, it must be completed and accepted by the competent department, the administrative department of safety production management, the health department and the trade union before it can be put into production and use.
The "three simultaneities" system specifically includes the following contents:
1. In the feasibility study and demonstration of a construction project, it is necessary to demonstrate occupational safety and health, clarify the preventive measures that the project may cause harm to employees, and load the demonstration results into the feasibility demonstration document.
2 design units in the preparation of preliminary design documents for construction projects, should also prepare a special article on labor safety and health. Occupational safety and health design must conform to national standards or industry standards.
3. The construction unit must carry out the construction according to the approved design documents, and shall not change the design of occupational safety and health facilities without authorization, and shall be responsible for the construction quality.
4. The completion and acceptance of construction projects must be carried out in accordance with the provisions of the state on occupational safety and health acceptance of construction projects. Those that do not meet the occupational safety and health regulations and industrial technical specifications shall not be accepted and put into use.
5. After the acceptance and production of the construction project, the occupational safety and health facilities shall not be idle, and the production facilities and occupational safety and health facilities must be used at the same time.
Eight, occupational safety and health (labor safety and health) pre-evaluation system
1996, the former Ministry of Labor issued No.3 Provisions on Labor Safety and Health Supervision of Construction Projects, 198, the former Ministry of Labor issued No.0 10 Management Measures for Labor Safety and Health Pre-evaluation of Construction Projects and No.01Qualification of Labor Safety and Health Pre-evaluation Units of Construction Projects. 1999 Guo Jing Mao An [1999] No.500 "Notice on Qualification Identification of Pre-evaluation Units of Construction Projects" leads this work to a deeper level in terms of policy.
The pre-evaluation system is based on the contents of the feasibility study report of the construction project and uses scientific evaluation methods. According to national laws, regulations and industry standards, analyze and predict the types and degrees of dangerous and harmful factors existing in construction projects, and put forward scientific, reasonable and feasible occupational safety and health technical measures and management countermeasures, which will serve as the main basis for labor safety and health design in the preliminary design of construction projects and labor safety and health management of construction projects, and as a reference for the supervision of the comprehensive management department of national safety production. In fact, pre-evaluation is to predict the danger and harmfulness of the system (project) by applying the principles and methods of safety evaluation in the early stage of the construction project.
The Management Measures for Pre-evaluation of Labor Safety and Health of Construction Projects (Projects) stipulates that the following construction projects must be pre-evaluated for labor safety and health:
1. belongs to the large and medium-sized construction projects specified in the Provisions on Basic Construction Projects and Large and Medium-sized Division Standards issued by the State Planning Commission, the State Construction Committee and the Ministry of Finance;
2. It belongs to the construction project whose fire hazard production category is Class A specified in Code for Fire Protection Design of Buildings (GBJl6);
3 belongs to the Ministry of labor promulgated the "safety regulations for explosive dangerous places" provisions of the explosive dangerous places for special dangerous places and highly dangerous places of construction projects;
4. A large number of construction projects that produce or use the first-class and second-class poisons specified in the Classification of Occupational Exposure to Poisons (GB5044);
5. A large number of construction projects that produce or use asbestos powder or free silica powder containing 10% or more;
6. Other construction projects with large risks and harmful factors confirmed by the safety production supervision and management department.