First, the evolution of prince education in Qing Dynasty [transferred from Iron Blood Society]
The origin of prince education in Qing Dynasty can be traced back to Nurhachi. At that time, Manchu culture and education were relatively backward. In order to cultivate talents and meet the requirements of the great cause of reunification, Nurhachi attached great importance to educating his children and set up schools extensively. He used to support Gong with all his money like his son. He realized that in order to rule a nation with a larger population and higher education level than himself and make his rule long-term, he must absorb the culture of the Central Plains and strengthen the education of his children. In the era of Huang taiji, more attention was paid to the education of the prince. There is a fishing record in the Draft of Qing History that Emperor Taizong repeatedly told his children to learn. Huang taiji once ordered: "Today, Baylor and the minister's children are all studying, so it really depends on how to make them accustomed to learning, explain justice and be loyal to the monarch." From now on, all children under fifteen must study. "The Qing Dynasty established a museum. In, it was changed to the Inner Third Hospital, and the director of the Inner Hong Wen Hospital said: "Annotate the good and evil of past dynasties, enter orders, serve governors, teach governors and promulgate systems. "
This is the first time that the Qing dynasty mentioned the education of the prince in the system. In the first year of Shunzhi (160 1 year), imperial academy was established. After that, the education of the Prince was the responsibility of Bachelor imperial academy. After entering the customs, the Qing dynasty was faced with the problem of how to adjust the Manchu-Chinese culture. In order to rule the whole country, apart from the extreme of sinicizing the Eight Banners or Manchu, the Aisingiorro family chose the combination of Manchu and Han for their grandchildren and children of the Eight Banners.
Royal family education is more formal and perfect in system. When the two monarchs, Shunzhi and Kangxi, ascended the throne, it was before and after the Qing Dynasty entered the customs. Due to the unstable political situation, the imperial power needs to be consolidated, and the loss of the throne at a young age (Shunzhi acceded to the throne at the age of 6,
Kangxi ascended the throne at the age of 8), and the school arrangement was improper, so that the prince education was not customized. Most of them rely on their own efforts to learn China culture and master the way of governing the country. For example, Shunzhi once studied hard and vomited blood, and Kangxi also had the experience of overworking and reading with blood in his sputum. Based on personal experience, both emperors attached great importance to the education of the prince, especially the study of China culture. Shunzhi personally wrote a book "Introduction to Senior Officials", which became a textbook or required reading material for educating princes and nobles in the Qing Dynasty. However, Shunzhi died young and the scholars were young, so the prince education at that time still did not form the so-called "family law" in the Qing Dynasty. After Kangxi came to Korea, the family law system gradually began to form for the prince education that had not become a rule before. On the seventh day of June, the 26th year of Kangxi, in front of Crown Prince Yun Nai, four older princes, ministers, bodyguards and university students, he talked about the education of Crown Prince Yun Nai's teachers, such as Dahata and Tang Bin. This speech focused on his views on educating children.
He said: "Since ancient times, emperors have always regarded Yujiao Chu Er as the fundamental respect of the country for the sages of past dynasties. However, their failure to cultivate and store their Tao often leads to subversion, and few people can protect their bodies. For example, Emperor Taizong was also called a wise king, but he could not save the lieutenant. I know exactly why. Although I have heard of widowhood, I have devoted myself to teaching. " He personally selected those who were "mature and cautious", "knowledgeable" or "ignorant of Confucianism, or Manchu, with good character and well-informed" to study for the Pope. He chose to study in the southeast where the officials in charge of his own government were located, so as to keep abreast of the reading situation of the governors. Since then, there has been another "prince faction" in the palace-letters. He often personally checks the learning situation of the princes. "In his spare time, he always gives guidance.
There is a gap. "In addition to reading and writing, Kangxi also taught the princes to treat people from learning. Later, Yongzheng compiled these contents into Courtyard Mottoes, and most of its explanations and allusions came from Four Books and Five Classics. In teaching the prince to ride and shoot, Kangxi inherited his grandmother's teaching and attached great importance to it. In addition, the princes were exposed to science and technology and were taken on trips to broaden their knowledge. Kangxi's educational methods and attitudes towards the Crown Prince and other princes had a far-reaching impact on prince education after the Qing Dynasty. [Transferred from Iron Blood Community]
Yong Zhengdi also knows that it is very important for a prince to learn from his teacher. In the second year after he ascended the throne, he made a special report on the prince's entry into the DPRK.
The imperial edict clearly stipulates the furnishings in the book and the gifts for teachers and students to meet: on the day when the prince enters school, prepare benches and chairs.
Four, four tall tables, put books, pens and inkstones on the table. If the prince wants to salute, he will go to his seat if he refuses.
Bow and be polite. In this way, it is an ancient gift for the prince to know how to be polite and teach wholeheartedly. emperor
When the son meets for the first time, he should bow to the longbow and salute with his fist. Return the gift and then lead the prince to the wall.
Hanging portrait of Confucius salutes. In view of the fact that Emperor Kangxi was literate, but intrigued and intrigued, dozens of people [transferred from the Iron Blood Community].
After years of constant lessons, Yongzheng wrote a book with the motto of "sincerity-oriented, and learning from knowledge first".
Zhang and E Ertai were appointed as students of Manchu University. In short, there are specially selected Manchu archery. Yongzheng also set up a secret custody system, that is, before the emperor died, he wrote the name of his heir on two letters, one beside him and the other on the back of a plaque of an upright official, and took it out for verification after his death. In this way, every prince may become an heir. Therefore, each of them is conscientious, studious, afraid to relax, develop and improve themselves in an all-round way, and strive to impress their father with their unique talents and abilities, so as to gain an advantage and a decisive position in the final battle for storage. In the Qing Dynasty, the education of princes and the secret storage system complemented each other. In education, family rules are strict, and Chu Jun's selection is close to the principle of selecting talents. Education increased the governors' ruling ability, and the secret storage system in turn strengthened their willingness to learn. In the forty-third year of Qianlong (1896), the emperor officially issued a decree: "All princes and grandsons are over six years old, so are their grandchildren." After nearly a hundred years' development, the Prince's education formed the Family Law of the Qing Dynasty, which customized the study place, school age, educational content and methods, and the source of teachers.
Second, the characteristics of prince education in Qing Dynasty
The education of princes in Qing dynasty: the biggest feature is "strictness" and "completeness".
1. "Strict"-clear family rules and strict management. Most emperors in the Qing Dynasty thought that "strictness is beneficial while leniency is harmful" and "diligence is not good at drama", so they asked the teacher of the prince to "be too strict when teaching the prince, and the prince will grow into self-knowledge in the future". Therefore, although the princes have noble status, their study system is quite strict. Wu Zhenzu, a Qing native, recorded in "The History of Snow Bridge in Zhai Cong": "I taught the family law, and when the grandson of the Prince was six years old, he went to study abroad." "The books are on the left of Gan Qing Palace, facing north and close to the palace, so you can check them." In the late Qing Dynasty, Liu Jinzao's "General Examination of Qing Dynasty's Continued Documents" also said: "In our country, governors over six years old must study." In fact, in the Kangxi dynasty, the prince "ordered to study at the age of four or five and taught Yi Chang" l 5l. Therefore, Zhao Yi, a Qing Dynasty man, lamented in Miscellanies under the Roof: "The strictness of the family law in this dynasty, that is, the fact that the prince studied, has never been seen before."
The emperors of the Qing dynasty began to study at about 5 o'clock in the morning and finished school at about 4 o'clock in the afternoon, although the weather was hot and cold. There are no winter and summer vacations, and there are no holidays except Dragon Boat Festival, Mid-Autumn Festival, Wanshou Festival (the birthday of the emperor) and the birthday of the prince himself. School can be finished early on New Year's Eve. The seventh son of Daoguang Emperor, the later Prince Chun, recalled that when studying, he could only go to the next room for a rest once or twice a day, only for a quarter of an hour at a time, and he could only go with permission. Between reading, uncles and nephews who are both relatives of the emperor and the country can only talk about the contents of the book or historical anecdotes [transferred from the iron blood community].
Never walk around, or you may be punished to stand up and study, even if you have pain, you can't say it. Zhao Yi, a member of the A Qing Dynasty, once described with his own eyes that Wang Sun got up early to study: "When I was on the morning shift, I beat five drums, but the officials from the Ministry of Education did not arrive. Only a few people in Sura, the inner government, were still sleeping, so they went back to sleep. However, it has been vaguely seen that a white gauze lamp has entered Zonglongmen and the prince has entered the book. We poor college students can't get up early because we have enough food and clothing by reading, but the body of Tianjia family is like this every day, that is, writing poems and having classes every day. If they haven't finished carving, there are still things like Manchu teaching credentials, learning Chinese, riding and shooting, and so on, and dusk will begin. However, literature is uncertain and military affairs are not refined? It is appropriate that the descendants of the emperor are not only good at poetry, calligraphy and painting, but also have a clear understanding of the success or failure throughout the ages. Why not do anything? " The prince received nine years of education, ranging in age from six to. 15. Under normal circumstances, the Qing emperor 15 years old can end the heavy study career. However, if the knight prince had no imperial mission, he would still go to school, just like studying now, but with better pay and less strict control over them. The emperors educated their princes so strictly because they wanted them to grow into pillars of the country. Under such strict teaching and training, the emperors and royal families of the Qing Dynasty had high quality and made remarkable achievements in many fields. Especially in literature and art, the children of the royal family are good at poetry and prose, and the calligraphy of emperors in past dynasties is excellent. The achievements of Qing emperors in China literature were attributed to Kangxi,
Yongzheng and Qianlong dynasties were the biggest. Most emperors Kangxi, Yongzheng and Qianlong wrote poems, and many of them had collections of poems. Other royal children are also greatly affected. There are many famous scholars in Wang Fu, who have made outstanding achievements in painting and calligraphy, science, poetry, natural science and music.
2. "all"-a wide range of content, both civilian and military. The training goal of prince education in Qing dynasty is to train the crown prince and princes to be literate and martial, to have both Manchu and Chinese cultures, to be familiar with the four books and five classics, and to be proficient in riding and shooting in Mandarin. It is not only the art of governing the country, but also a pillar that can lead the troops to fight. In April of the 24th year of Kangxi, Kang issued an imperial edict: "I want to know the ancestral law. Civil and military are in parallel, and riding and shooting are indispensable. Therefore, I teach the prince, the prince and other poetry books, and at the same time teach riding and shooting, which is like the Eight Banners. "
Generally speaking, the content of prince education in Qing dynasty can be divided into three key points, namely Chinese, Manchu and riding and shooting. According to "Listening to the Rain" written by A Qing Dynasty Fogg, "In daily class, you should learn two sentences of Mongolian before entering school, hold a bamboo bow several times, read the document clearly for two minutes (30 minutes), read the Chinese book from the beginning of the year (6: 45) and finish school at 2: 00 (3: 30). Eat late after school. I have eaten and shot an arrow. " Zhao Yi also said in Miscellanies under the eaves: "Write poems in books and have classes every day. If you don't finish carving (three points), you will also teach in Manchu, learn Mandarin, ride and shoot. " Judging from the above records, the daily course schedule may be different, but the content is roughly the same.
The first point is Chinese. The prince teachers who teach the classics of Chinese studies are the sum of letters, all carefully selected from Hanlin officials, all of whom are knowledgeable and respected. Learning is mainly based on
Books such as Four Books and Five Classics, Zi Tongzhi Jian, Outline of Sexual Principles, Yan Yi, the Great Scholar, and Yuan Jian, the Ancient Literature of China, etc. are teaching materials, and ancestral family instructions such as A Survey of Zi Zheng compiled by the Qing Emperor and Shunzhi, and The Training of the Sage Family compiled by Yongzheng are also required reading books. In addition, according to their specialties, they will also design some teaching materials for princes, grandchildren or young emperors. For example, Woren once edited "The Track of Emperor Sheng" and "Fu Bi Jiazimo" for Tongzhi, including the deeds of ancient emperors, as well as the ancient and modern ministers and the Ministry of Industry; Weng Yitong added Wei Yuan's Wu Sheng Ji, his Tu Zhi and Feng Guifen's Jiao Lufen to the Confucian classics of Guangxu. The method of reading is "read one sentence, the prince reads one sentence, so after repeating catchy words, read it again for a hundred times, and read it with the book born four days ago." Anyone who was six days ago is called a familiar book. It will be repeated every five days, repeatedly and continuously. "This method of saying a word, the prince saying a word, and then endorsing it after speaking has not changed until the late Qing Dynasty. [Transferred from Iron Blood Community]
The second point is Manchu. The person who teaches Manchu and riding and shooting is Anda (also known as Saif). According to the records in the Draft of the History of Qing Dynasty, the Manchu documents such as Records of the Western Regions have added Notes on Qing Documents, Phonetic Characters of Qin and Han Dynasties, Three-tone Notes on Manchu Mongolian Characters, Enlightenment of Qing Documents and Three-tone Notes. It may be used as a teaching material for the Manchu emperor. The method of teaching Manchu is to dictate the reading method by an expert and teach the writing method by hand. Professor Manchu's achievements can be seen from the memorials of Kangxi and the Prince and Zhu Pi's letters written in Manchu. It can also be seen from Yongzheng's Zhu Pi imperial edict that his Manchu attainments are quite deep; When Ganlong summoned Manchu princes and ministers, he talked in Manchu and gave instructions to Manchu generals fighting in the front. It can be seen from the imperial edicts in Manchu in the court archives of past dynasties that the emperors Jiaqing, Daoguang and Xianfeng were excellent in Manchu and fluent in writing. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, due to the lack of practicality, the governors' mastery of Manchu became worse and worse. Just like Zhixue learns Chinese well and doesn't like reading Manchu.
We should change all kinds of tricks to induce him to learn. Guangxu entered the palace at the age of 4 and entered the school according to the ancestral system at the age of 6. He studies very hard and has good attainments in history and poetry. He also studies English, but he refuses to read Manchu. Xuan Tong entered school at the age of six. He has studied Manchu for many years, and has never even learned letters. Nevertheless, the Qing dynasty never gave up teaching, because Manchu and riding and shooting were both "Manchu roots". Even though their practical value was quite limited, young emperors and princes still had to learn to show that they would never forget their roots and set an example for the children of the Eight Banners.
The third point is riding and shooting. One of the daily lessons of young princes is to draw a bow and practice shooting, while the royal family's regular hunting activities and irregular shooting are occasions for princes to learn riding and shooting and test their performance. It goes without saying that the riding and shooting skills of princes and nobles in the early Qing Dynasty were proficient. By the end of Qing dynasty, riding and shooting education was still valued. In this regard, Yu Deling, a female official around Cixi, described it like this: "In the past, Manchu was the most martial. Even 40 or 50 years before the downfall, in fact, Manchu people no longer had any special martial arts to boast about, but all kinds of vanity practices remained. As usual, men should learn martial arts and practice riding, and women should learn some fur in the two skills of' horse racing' and' archery' in case of emergency. " This shows that by the end of the Qing Dynasty, the study of riding and shooting had gradually become a false story, but even so, for the queen mother and the little emperor, the family style left by the ancestors was still unforgettable. No matter what the situation, "learning martial arts and practicing riding" is still necessary. In addition to the three major learning points, the content of prince education will be adjusted according to the situation. For example, Kangxi likes to take the prince on a patrol to broaden his horizons and give him various internship opportunities to handle government affairs. In May of the thirty-second year of Kangxi (1867), Kangxi was infected with malaria for many days, so the 20-year-old Crown Prince allowed him to take charge of state affairs on behalf of his father for the first time. Kangxi made three personal expeditions, and the Crown Prince always represented government affairs, which lasted for more than 10 months. When galdan was conquered, Kangxi appointed Huang Zhangzi, aged 19, as the deputy general, and led the army to fight with the prince. Kangxi also attached great importance to letting princes learn knowledge in practice. He often personally leads his sons to learn western science and technology and engage in experimental activities together. He personally led the princes to observe the solar eclipse with a telescope in Gan Qing Palace. Bai Jin, a French missionary, said in a letter to King Louis XIV of France that in the thirty-first year of Kangxi (1860), Kangxi showed all the beautifully decorated teaching instruments helped by western missionaries to the Prince, and personally took the Prince to the Observatory to watch. "The emperor attaches great importance to this retort. As soon as he learned to use it, he immediately taught it to the Crown Prince. To show the importance of the counter, the Crown Prince put it in a lid and hung it on his belt. "Kangxi also taught the Pope's third son practical geometry and theoretical geometry. In his later years, he asked his third son, fifteenth son and sixteenth son to learn about law and music from Italian priest Derrick. Later, in the fifty-second year of Kangxi, the third son was appointed to preside over the compilation of Fa Yuan Li. Kang basically has the quality of becoming an emperor, which strongly proves the relative success of emperor education in Qing Dynasty.
The comprehensive and strict training of governors in Qing Dynasty created the ruling ability of the Qing emperor. After entering the customs, Shunzhi and Kang Tong met; Guang, Xuanxi, Yongzheng, Qianlong and others can govern the country well and generally keep it; As for the young emperor, it is impossible to show the ability to govern the country in the face of troubled times, but there has never been a fatuous and cruel emperor in the Qing Dynasty. It should be said that the contribution of education cannot be ignored. Of course, the Qing Dynasty devoted so much energy to educating the prince, the fundamental purpose of which was for the sake of Chiang Kai-shek who had been ruled by the Qing Dynasty for fifty years. When he inspected the Tongzhou River embankment, he firmly passed it down from generation to generation. The accompanying Crown Prince and Six Princes demonstrated how to use instruments to measure land to improve practical operation ability. Perceptual knowledge, in addition, the late Qing Dynasty paid more attention to Western learning, and foreign teachers appeared in the palace, such as Reginald Johnston, a famous Scot, whose Chinese name was Johnston, who taught the last emperor Puyi English and lived in China for more than 30 years.
In a word, what the princes learned is what the emperor or his assistant must have in the future. Under such comprehensive and strict cultivation of knowledge, knowledge and will, the governors of the Qing Dynasty had excellent abilities and talents.