[2] Han, Cui Deqing. Agricultural Books and Agricultural Technology in Korea —— Focusing on agricultural books and laws in the Korean era, China Agricultural History 200 1 No.4, 8 1-95.
[3] Wang Song Chen De: "History of Birds" Volume III: "Anlu (now Hubei Anlu) is suitable for rice, and the spring rain is insufficient, so it is called dry planting. It costs twice as much to cover the seeds of cattle. Fuyuan Jimao (1099) suffered a severe drought. At the end of the year, farmers told him that there would be another drought in the coming year. Beggars' Day (the eighth day of the twelfth lunar month)? But in the mud. Sure enough, next year. " In the Qing Dynasty, Cheng's "Nine Valley Examination" said: "There are two ways to sow and raise seedlings in our emblem: flood and drought. Of course, it will all be pulled out, even heavier, all in paddy fields. " In the eighth year of the Republic of China, the second volume of Jiande County Records was published: "If there is a paddy field, it is called a paddy field, and its benefits are above the paddy field." During the Republic of China, Professor Zeng Jifu of Sichuan Provincial Institute of Education summed up a set of "dry seedling raising method", which was quoted from Wang Da, Wu Chongyi and China's Collection of Agricultural Heritage, Rice Leaf, Agricultural Press, 1993, (hereinafter referred to as "rice leaf") on page 549.
[4] Ye Songting-jue, The Story of the Sea, Volume 17: In the Song Dynasty, "Zhou Guo, Hezhou and other places (now Chongqing municipality directly under the central government) had no flat fields, and farmers used japonica rice and glutinous rice to prevent rainwater storage, which was called (Tian Zeng) Tian, and its common name was Lei. It is said that there will be water after thunder.
[5] Twenty-one years of the Republic of China (1932), "Luoping County Records", Volume VI, Part II, p. 904.
[6] Especially in the section "History of Rice Cultivation in China", it is mentioned that there are two kinds of direct seeding, one is dry rice direct seeding and the other is paddy field direct seeding. It is considered that the direct seeding of upland rice originated earlier than that of paddy field, and the book Qi Yao Min still uses direct seeding. (China Agricultural Publishing House, 1995, 148-49)
[7] "Rice": "Northern soil plateau, no evil. Those who plow the land in twists and turns, ... grow seven or eight inches, pull them out and plant them. (It's not easy to get old, the grass grows, it doesn't die, it must be planted, and it must be smashed) "; Upland rice: "HKUST, like a poor man, was uprooted and planted when it rained in mid-May and June. In July, no more planting. "
[8] This phenomenon can still be seen today when transplantation is prevalent. Nowadays, when farmers see a weed intertwined with rice seedlings, they occasionally remove the weeds by pulling out the seedlings to encourage them, and then plant the rice seedlings back.
[9] "Hunan polder records" shows that there were also direct rice broadcasts in Hunan in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties.
[10] Zeng Xiongsheng, Preliminary Study on Bird Breeding, Research on the History of Natural Science, 1990( 1), pp. 67-77, Economic History of Newspaper Information Center of China Renmin University, No.3, 190, 16. Animals without farm tools trample on agriculture-a new model of agricultural origin, Agricultural Archaeology, 1993(3), 90- 100, China Folk Classics and Material Folklore in the 20th Century, Beijing: Social Science Literature Publishing House, 2002, 307-328.
[1 1] According to my father, a strong laborer can only insert one acre of land a day. The weak can only insert 6 or 7 points on the field. This does not include pulling out seedlings. At the same time, it is also related to the density of planting bamboo. In our local area, the row spacing and plant spacing of early rice are 5 or 6 inches. Late rice is 7 or 8 inches. One-season late rice (Chihe) is 8 or 9 inches.
[12] Song, Su Dongpo and Yang Xu: "I used to go to Wuchang and saw farmers riding foreign horses. Use jujube as the abdomen to make it slippery, and catalpa bungeana as the back to make it light. The belly is like a boat, the head and tail are held high, and the back is like a tile, so that the two beards can jump into the mud and prick their heads and seedlings. This is a thousand miles a day, which is absolutely embarrassing compared with the author. "
[13] For example, Song Hui Huo said: "In the fourth year of Qingyuan (1 198), on August 29th, the courtiers said: The Hubei-Daoyuan Plain was fertile, and ten people lived in it for six or seven years. The occupiers don't plow, and the cultivators compete with each other, so most of the farmers finally dispersed. "
[14] Records of Shi Huo in Song Dynasty: Three years (1 176), courtiers said, "... Today, Weiding and Li in Hubei are connected with Hunan, and there are a little more farmlands, from Jingnan, An, Fu, Yue, E, Han and Bian.
[15] Song, Peng Guinian, begging to live in Heshun Tree in Hubei, ending in Volume 6.
[16] Yuan,, Agricultural Book Farmer Sang Tong Collection, Reclamation.
[17] Qing Cheng's "Old Gukao Rice", 248 pages.
[18] Lu Shiyi (161-1672), a native of Taicang, Jiangsu. A famous scholar in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties wrote A Compendium of Speculation, which is the eleventh volume of Qi Collation. He expounded the author's views on agricultural production technology, and he advocated using direct seeding instead of transplanting.
[19] Lu Qingshi's Speculation Collection (Volume 11) is a "course".
[20] Pan Zengyi, a native of Wuxian County, Jiangsu Province, has lived in his hometown for a long time and has studied agricultural life. In the eighth year of Daoguang (1828), the regional planting method was tried out in Zhuangdi (Fengyuzhuang), and 32 articles were written, explaining in detail the methods of regional planting, sowing, farming and using manure, and advocating deep tillage and early sowing, sparse planting and high yield. In the 14th year of Daoguang (1834), he carved "Song of Introducing Grain to Fengyuzhuang" and "Planting Method Map in Agricultural Areas". Later, the author's nephew compiled these words together with other words into a book "Fengyuzhuang", which was engraved in Guangxu for three years. This book summarizes the rice production technology in Fengyuzhuang. But the core of rice cultivation technology described in it is direct seeding of rice.
[2 1] Qing, Pan Zengyi' Zhuang Ben Shu'
[22] Song, April Township, collection of western words.
[23] Qing,, speculative notes, volumes, xiuqi class.
[24] Song, Peng Guinian, begging for the right to live in Hubei and Luo Shu, stopping the hall set, Volume VI.
[25] During the Republic of China, the direct seeding method of upland rice in the southern region also had repression links, but its method and function were different from those contained in Qi Yaomin's book, which was mainly used to promote growth after seedling emergence. "After Tomb-Sweeping Day in February, I drove the cows to plow the fields and dragged them along the soil with a long round stone wheel, and the soil was ground into fine powder. Then use all the weeds with a wooden rake, scatter the seeds on the fine soil, and then drag them with a toothed rake plow, so that the seeds cover two or three inches in the fine soil. When the seedling grows to five or six inches, the cow drags a long round stone wheel to roll on the seedling. After grinding, the young leaves will break their hair and look withered, and then use a wooden rake to drag and comb to make the seedlings smooth. In a few days, the seedlings will be lush and green, still old. Because the stone wheel rolls, the soil is flat and solid, and the seedlings are angry. " (In the 21st year of the Republic of China (1932), The Records of Luoping County, Volume VI, Part II of Rice Leaves, page 904).
[26] Weeding by direct seeding of upland rice: "When the seedlings are eight or nine inches long or feet long, cover the arms with bamboo cages, pull weeds or shovel weeds with hoes." (thirty-one years of the Republic of China (1942) "Mojiang County Records", edited by Agriculture and Rice, 907 pages. ) "When the seedlings grow to about a foot high, uproot weeds and weeds with a small hoe and beat their roots. Weeding for two or three times can't finish the work. " (In the 21st year of the Republic of China (1932), Luoping County Records, Volume 6, Volume 2, 904 pages. )
[27] you, the history of rice cultivation in China, the first142page.
[28] The Southern Song Dynasty Deng Shen's Poems of Great Hermit, Volume.
[29] The Warring States Lv Buwei Lu Chunqiu distinguishes the soil.
[30] Qing, and' Speculation Record', Volume XI, revised.
[3 1] Ming? The story of Xu He (1560).
[32] Song Zhou's Qufei Lingwaidai Answer' Volume 8 'Huamen Yuehe'.
[33] Japanese Kanazawa Library copied the Northern Song edition of Shu Yao and changed the word "sound" to "dou". The data mainly comes from the compilation of four seasons of Qi Yao Min Shu and other books, which also says: "Three fights per mu". Some people think that this refers to the sowing amount of rice fields under the condition of transplanting rice seedlings.
[34] Ming Song Ying Xing' Tiangong', Volume I, Zhengyihe, Volume I..
[35] In the Southern Song Dynasty, Zhu mentioned in "Begging for Rice Seeds": "Please ask the landlord to lend three liters of grain to the tenants." Stone is used as a unit to measure the area of land. The specific figures vary from place to place: some take ten acres as a stone, and some take one acre as a stone. If calculated by one stone and one acre, the average sowing amount per acre in the field is about 3 liters per acre. According to historical records, during the Southern Song Dynasty, the rice fields in Juntun were "121 hectares and 58 mu, with 1,115 plants planted, with seven buckets and five liters." (In the Song Dynasty, manuscripts should be compiled, and food should be eaten in twos and threes), and the average seed consumption per mu is about 0.95 liters.
[36] During the Republic of China, the method of direct seeding in dry (dry) fields appeared in Sichuan. In addition to hole sowing (that is, digging holes one by one to sow seeds), the method of drilling holes, opening two-inch deep ditches and sowing seeds was also adopted. It is also emphasized that the ditch should be feet deep, the seeds should be covered with a little dust, and they should be lightly trodden with their feet. This is because clay will be very thin when storing water in the future, and millet will easily fall off, so the ditch and nest should be deep, so you should step on him a little and let him take root deeply. (The first issue of Hechuan Wennan Special Issue, 26 years of the Republic of China (1937), edited by Inaba, 550 pages. This is similar to the dry rice direct seeding method recorded in Qi Yao Min Shu.
[37] The first issue of Hechuan Wennan Special Issue in the 26th year of the Republic of China (1937), edited by Inaba, pp. 547-48.
[38] Zeng Xiongsheng, yellow rice in the history of China, agricultural archaeology, 1998,No. 1, 292-31.
[39] Qing Jiaqing's "Hai Qu Ji" Volume VI, Pin Mi Ji 132.
[40] Qing Bao, a spoonful of Zhongqu, rice, 355 pages.
[4 1] This variety may have existed before the Song Dynasty, also called Red? . Sima Guang's Leipian Volume 20: "? , crop car, Redmi also. "
[42] Han, Li, Park Jae-hung, Analysis of Rice Varieties in Agricultural Books of Later Generations in Korea, Ancient and Modern Agriculture,No. 1, 2003, p. 36.
[43] The exact location remains to be investigated.
In: Agricultural History of China, No.2, 2005.