Eight physics learning methods
Several methods observed
1, sequential observation: observe a specific order.
As shown in figure 2, characteristic observation method: according to the characteristics of observed phenomena.
Comparative observation: comparative observation of some experimental phenomena or experimental data before and after.
4. Comprehensive observation of phenomena: comprehensive observation to understand the whole picture of the observed object.
Secondly, in the process of analysis
1, the hierarchical process to be solved: generally speaking, it is composed of several simple subprocesses of a complex physical process. Therefore, the most basic method to analyze the physical process is to decompose it into complex layers to study multiple interrelated subprocesses.
Mature intermediate state: sometimes it is not easy to stage. The intermediate state (or process) from quantitative change to qualitative change must prove the key link to correctly analyze the physical phenomenon determined by the physical process.
3. Straighten out the restrictive factors: In the process of occurrence, development and change of physical phenomena of some comprehensive problems, "the comprehensive influence of many factors is interdependent and mutually restrictive". In order to analyze correctly, we need to observe and analyze from all angles, grasp the internal relations, grasp the laws, straighten out the relations and seek solutions.
4. The physical phenomenon that distinguishes the change of conditions occurs and develops under certain conditions. When conditions change, the physical process will also change. When analyzing problems, we should pay special attention to distinguish the physical process of changes caused by changes in conditions, so as not to confuse isomers.
Third, causal analysis.
1, distinguish causal state: there are many physical ratios to define physical quantities. For example, R = U/R and e = f/q, there is no direct ratio between the two defined physical quantities. The formulas in physics exercises and the problems used in physical processing, but students often don't understand the formulas and the meaning of physical quantities, and they can't tell what the causal relationship of quantities is. There is no necessary causal relationship between them, so pay attention to the corresponding causal relationship: any result is caused by some reasons, and some reasons produce certain results. The cause and effect of compounds are usually 1- ketone, which should not be confused.
3. Causal analysis of thinking from different directions and in different ways. Through conducting fruit and administrative fruit: physical training is conducive to the development of various thinking.
Fourthly, prototype heuristics.
Prototype inspiration is similar to using hypothetical things to inspire people to solve new problems. You can play something called prototype stimulation. Prototypes can come from life, production and experiment. If this fish as big as its body is to make a prototype hull. Whether the prototype inspiration can be realized depends on the prototype existing in the mind, and the prototype and its related representation reserves are mainly manifested in the following three aspects: 1, paying attention to various phenomena in life and making use of the learned knowledge as a preliminary explanation as far as possible; 2. Extracurricular books, TV and watching educational films; 3. Pay attention to experiments.
common law
Personally summed up a general understanding. Single objects with similar basic characteristics, find their commonness, and expand to a more universal, deeper understanding and a smaller scope of understanding. This paper summarizes two different forms from the psychological point of view: one is the scientific generalization of advanced form, which is often the result of this generalized concept, called conceptual generalization; Another main form, rich experience, is also called similar feature summary.
According to the external characteristics of things and different things, we can summarize their common characteristics by abandoning different functions. This is a generalized perceptual representation stage, and the result is often emotion, junior students. To enter a wide range of advanced forms, we must deeply analyze and synthesize various things and phenomena on the basis of extensive experience, and abandon things and phenomena that are not essential, from abstract to essential.
VI induction
Induction is an important method to study classical physics and its theoretical construction. The main task to be solved is: to know things and phenomena, to know physical laws, and to assist in padding, resulting in the first leading effect or causality of administrative fruit. By grasping the essence of physical facts (phenomena and processes), the second phenomenon is classified into one category and the one-off regularity is found. Summarize the task to be completed: on the basis of observation and experiment, carefully study the comparison, analysis, synthesis, abstraction and generalization commonly used in various situations, explore the causal relationship between a series of logical methods, make guesses or assumptions, and then use deductive and supplementary physical conclusions until the end. Relative income
Comparison is a common way of thinking. In the study of physics, we often use basic methods. The essence of this method is to distinguish the similarities and differences between physical phenomena, concepts and laws, so as to grasp their essential attributes.
7. Metaphor
Simulating one physical phenomenon, imagining another physical phenomenon, comparing two physical phenomena, releasing the known law of another physical phenomenon, or solving another physical phenomenon and problem is not only the physical knowledge in the analogy system, but also many physical knowledge, compared with other knowledge, such as mathematical knowledge, chemical knowledge, philosophical knowledge and common sense of life, can often play the role of pointing out difficulties and opening up ideas? The role of.
8. Hypothetical reasoning method
Hypothetical reasoning is a scientific way of thinking, which requires us to study, on the basis of physical process, to simplify aesthetic problems and break through restrictions by using legal flexibility and bold hypothetical thinking mode. There are mainly the following aspects:
As shown in figure 1, the physical process assumption
2. Physical line hypothesis
3. Inference process hypothesis
4. Critical state hypothesis
As shown in fig. 5, the assumption of vector direction.
Champion talks about physics learning.
Physics learning is modular and consists of four modules:
1。 Understand concepts, not simply recite them. Facing a new physical quantity, it is important to understand its function in solving practical problems.
2。 Concept of application: If you understand this concept, its application will not be a big problem. To solve a problem, grasp every question and word in your condition. Just substitute the physical quantity corresponding to the condition into the corresponding formula, and the problem can be solved.
3。 derive
4。 Synthesis: Except for the relatively independent chapters of physical optics, other links are very close. It must be pointed out that their first phone call should be.
Second, how to do exercises:
When doing problems, especially in science, we must grasp the relationship between quantity and quality. Grasp the quality problem. I never buy exercises to sum up every problem in high school. After you finish reading this book, talk to the teacher about the problems and the solutions. The process of solving the problem is divided into:
1。 Physical process analysis: process is abstracted as physical quantity.
2。 Using mathematical problem solving
Third, study habits:
1 class) Listen carefully, learn methods, and learn methods to adapt to yourself, not to adapt to the good use of others.
2) Think about the topic and ask more questions. "I have been slow to do the problem, but after each problem, I have learned from how to look at the painting and realized the effect of copying, but I have not forgotten it so far. In this way, "I" test time is very fast, unlike others, I go to the exam as soon as I am busy.
3) If we are controlled by others, it is wrong. Ask questions and discuss them with teachers and classmates. Don't be shy.
4) Review over and over again.
5) For reference only, students with poor grades will solve it if they buy it. A good book will have a summary, not a simple answer book.
Physics research and review of college entrance examination
Yin Peng (student of Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Hebei Province, top of the college entrance examination)
Through the study and review experience of physics in grade three in a year, I want to talk about two points here: First, how to read and how to do it, hoping to help the students in grade three.
Physics is a theoretical problem with many concepts and laws. The third five-year review, textbooks should be our foothold. When reading, please read it, don't just skim it, then open it, and don't cram it down. Pay attention to the deep understanding and appreciation of knowledge: dredge the connotation and extension of various concepts, formulas and laws, give priority to a group of interrelated concepts and compare similarities and differences; A set of methods, Find out the interrelated causes and effects. ........................................................................................................................................... The whole physical system of ........................ is like a magnificent building, with harmonious interior and perfect structure, and each kind of knowledge has its own place. Behind them are interrelated. To sum up, in order to sort out the knowledge background, a complete and harmonious knowledge in mind is essential. It is suggested that students in school should have a summary of knowledge induction and consolidation. I believe that everyone's study is not without benefits.
On the one hand, we should lay a good foundation and further improve it according to the teaching materials. On the other hand, we must pay attention to the fact that it is essential to exercise our body thinking and improve our ability. Title, the word: "excellent", "thinking". "Fine-tuning" is the main topic of choice. Many books about physical exercise and examination have been published now. There must be so many books missing in the mixed competition. If you choose to bury the ground to do this, because the barren land is difficult to cultivate, you sweat and gain a lot, but very, very little, choose to practice and write a bad book. It's best to ask the opinions of teachers or former students first, and then make appropriate choices according to your own situation. Pay attention to "thinking" and "thinking" when doing problems. In the process of solving problems, especially when it comes to a very important and often overlooked problem, think about "each problem corresponds to one or several knowledge points, or several problem-solving methods, and complete solutions." Think about it. If you don't have a good grasp of these knowledge or problem-solving methods, then make a mark in the topic, and the knowledge or methods in this area will eventually be in your notebook. If this question, our theme is "essence", if we can master these two points, we can often get twice the result with half the effort.
I believe that if these two basic textbooks have a solid foundation, and you can skillfully do problems and improve steadily, then your efforts will definitely be rewarded.
Cai Ming (student of Physics Department of Peking University):
I was admitted to the physics department of Peking University from the physics score of the college entrance examination in middle school, and I was interested in physics. Here, I want to introduce the way my body learns and experiences. Inevitably criticized for its shortcomings and mistakes, sincerely begged most teachers and classmates.
In order to achieve excellent academic performance, the key is to have an effective learning method. In my opinion, a good learning method mainly includes four aspects: preview, attending lectures, commenting and doing problems. Description of each link.
First realize the importance of rehearsal. Through preview, we can grasp the difficulties in this part, attend classes and take the initiative to acquire knowledge. Moreover, through preview, you can cultivate your self-awareness and independent thinking ability, which is also one of the purposes of learning physics. Physics is not only learning physical knowledge, but also mastering the ability of physical analysis and problem solving.
Preview can not be completed simply by reading a book, but by carefully reading the textbook, pondering every sentence and carefully weighing the laws of physics until you understand them. I really don't understand, it should be bid, which is the focus of your lecture. By previewing your destination, you can turn passivity into initiative, firmly grasp knowledge and lay a good foundation. Learning in class is the most critical part.
The speaker should pay attention to the teacher's key points, which is often the main goal of various exams; Second, pay attention to rehearsal marks. Teachers must listen carefully and think positively when they speak. Under normal circumstances, he will understand. If you still don't understand, you don't feel too much, which will delay the lecture. The teacher can ask again after class. A good memory is better than a bad writing. Listen carefully and remember to take notes. Because notes are often the focus and difficulty of teachers' teaching practice for many years, the principle of summary is concrete and combined with teachers' hard work. In addition, taking notes is also convenient for reviewing and grasping the key points.
What I learned after listening is like a beautiful pearl scattered on the floor of my brain, and the wires of "censorship" connect them into a beautiful necklace. It is difficult to preview the notes that should be controlled in the review, and the textbook should be chewed carefully. Important physical concepts and laws should be kept in mind. Modifying, instead of being confined to this section as a preview, is similar to many concepts in physics, because many laws are intrinsically related to laws, such as distinguishing the fluctuation and vibration of contact method between moving objects in gravitational field and electric field, and the inverse ratio between normal gravity and Coulomb square. This requires us to pay attention to the connection and communication before and after, so as to better grasp the essence of review.
After reviewing, if you don't finish it on time, you only know the laws of physics, but it is what kind of skills to use in specific situations. Any law of physics has its scope of use. Beyond this range, the law may not stand and needs to be replaced by a more accurate theory. You may not know or be familiar with the problems, so as to consolidate your knowledge, use physical laws to solve practical problems and accumulate experience, do problems and cook raw materials intelligently. I don't advocate sea tactics, but I want to be concise and do several different types of questions. Carefully examine the first question of each question, distinguish various problems between them, and find a general method suitable for some types of problems, and draw inferences from others.
In addition to textbooks, we should also see some extracurricular reference books, which is of great benefit to their understanding of the laws of physics. The choice of reference books, you should not choose those problem sets, just like practicing the selection of exams, because they only have a simple answer, neither thinking analysis nor legal application. The answer is that you don't know the ingredients are wrong, but you don't know the reason. Therefore, in order to choose study guidance and problem-solving guidance, they often have detailed problem-solving analysis ideas and specific problem-solving steps. The starting point for the same physical problem is different. Legal physics, using different mathematical means, often leads to a certain degree of complexity. The process of solving problems is very different. When you refer to books in the solution after you finish the problem, you will often find smarter ways of thinking, more flexible use of mathematics of physical laws, more innovative's problem-solving methods and more effective means. Therefore, every time you make a title, you will gain a lot. As time goes by, you are always exposed to new jobs, flexible thinking, open thinking and a more flexible brain. In addition, it is best to do a good job in the types and skills of application, pay attention to the notes of the corresponding parts, and let the relevant legal problems you encounter in the future review be systematically included in your knowledge network.
The preparation of short preview, the acquisition of lecture knowledge, and the inhalation of review knowledge points are connected into a line, and the lines are further connected into a network to master knowledge. Only by mastering the four aspects of learning can we learn easily and achieve excellent results.
Ma (technical physics student)
We have learned a lesson. No matter whether we rely on the teacher to rely on the road, we also take the initiative to learn to "walk". Especially physics self-study. What we usually call preview is self-study to some extent. Some people may think that they have no ability to teach themselves. It doesn't matter. As long as you are interested in learning, self-study will naturally become a kind of motivation and have a good start.
Take an interest in learning a specific topic. In fact, we can cultivate our interest in learning. Self-study and intensive reading of textbooks can also broaden one's knowledge by extensive extracurricular books. This kind of self-learning has brought benefits to our knowledge. Interest can further promote learning, learning, but also provide self-learning, self-learning and learning can complement each other and make progress together.
Besides squeezing out a little time at ordinary times, winter vacation and summer vacation are good opportunities for self-study. Generally speaking, when concentrating, we should pay attention to one-time and full utilization; Decentralized, mainly used in daily courses. Various methods of autonomous learning. Generally speaking, first of all, there is a self-learning plan, which is the key to self-starting. Pay attention to scientific planning: early concentration laid a good foundation. Self-study focuses on teaching materials, rereading a certain number of extracurricular books in the middle period to improve ability and quality, and paying attention to the combination of teaching materials and reference books in the later period for all-round development. Once the timetable is set, it should not be changed easily. In order to change our decision, we must practice for a period of time. Facing the arduous task, the study and self-study plan is feasible. Don't aim too high and dream for one night. Everything has a process from quantitative change to qualitative change, so we should pay special attention to gradual progress. The spirit of "climbing mountains, watching the sea and loving the sea".
In the face of a sea of publications, I choose a rare content that must be enhanced by beauty, such as "physical chemistry", and try my best to understand it thoroughly, so as to achieve a metaphor and draw inferences. Like a book about the history of physics, you can also read it to cultivate interest or benefit.
In the process of self-study, learning notes, the best physical attention, cards, transportation networks extending in all directions and memory are particularly important. Especially those difficulties, should be the spirit of perseverance, Yang Mi, well drilled. I remember a physicist said, "When you encounter difficulties, you should not only stop there, but also do it.". You should record and type an article to solve the problem and find the front, perhaps to solve the problem, which will bring you endless joy and confidence. " If you find what you don't understand, there is no royal road to learning. If necessary, seek the help of others and simply solve every problem you encounter.
Life and career are infinite. Only by self-study can we truly understand the meaning of learning. There is no absolute dividing line between self-study and study, but they are two things that come into contact. Therefore, we should focus on doing well, and at the same time, we should also see the dynamic role of self-study.
Lv Zhipeng (technical physics student):
It is said that the best physicists are also mathematicians. There is some truth in this statement. A lot of physical knowledge needs strict mathematical reasoning verification. If the reader has a certain knowledge of mathematics, it is easy to guarantee from physics.
Physics learning depends on memory and understanding, and memory is the basis of understanding. There is no reason to refuse a complete memory, but the shortcomings of physics, when the memory is solid, require a deep understanding of a problem in the future, and the understanding class will respond immediately, not overwhelming.
One of the keys to learning physics is drawing. Words are always abstract, and the solver will understand the words in the diagram and reflect the relationship between objects in the physical environment, thus solving half the problems. It is no exaggeration for some people to try the so-called eye problems. No wonder they tried to get in through the college entrance examination. Painting, trying to be an isolated picture at the same time, requires careful analysis of the complete title and a deep understanding of the relationship between the whole and the individual, and cannot be generalized.
The key is to do a certain amount of exercises. Some people don't advocate sea tactics, and neither do I, but it's much better to learn physics by doing a certain amount of exercises. Practice no more than a dozen fields and repeat some questions. But to explore the topic itself, fully understand the physical environment and theorem described by the topic, and how to solve the relevant laws. The best way to solve physical problems is to use the viewpoint of energy conservation (including momentum viewpoint), because almost all physical phenomena in nature are related to energy or momentum, and point energy or momentum viewpoint can solve simple physical exercises better than other methods. Specific problems should be analyzed in detail, rather than blindly pursuing energy or momentum. How to solve problems may save a lot of time.
Third, we should pay attention to the combination of physics and mathematics. This combinatorial constant inequality, such as quadratic function. Clever use of these two tools to solve physical problems can simply solve the problem of incompetence.
Finally, learning physics should be good at guessing. Einstein once said: "Imagination is more important than knowledge, knowledge is limited, imagination is infinite, and it is the source of social progress." In fact, it is clearly guessed that it is "Mongolia", but it cannot be blindly "Mongolia" (from the topic, but according to the information obtained or through logical analysis) to determine that this method is mainly used in multiple-choice questions.
Hu Zhanzhi (technical physics student)
Many students have a headache about physics, mainly because of psychological suggestion that physics is difficult to learn. To tell the truth, in high school, physics can't be difficult, and even it's a bit dull in taste memory. To sum up, there are several boards: one is mechanical board, the other is electromagnetic board, gas board, optical, acoustic and atomic theory preparation board. In the first two parts, these two problems are particularly important, which often appear from the third board and are full of great significance in the gatekeeper's title, while in the fourth part, it is often easy and there are many choices that cannot be ignored. Solve physical problems, more important procedural problems, and do problems. Even if there is no clear plan, we should follow the calculation steps of analysis to avoid losses. The advantage of this is that it is easier to understand the problem. In addition to keeping up with the teacher, he must also review the physical points for the first time. He just found some test sites, clearly understood the requirements of each concept, and practiced a certain amount accordingly. Secondly, we should emphasize the role in painting. Drawing intuitive textbook questions and simple intuitive functions is often a good tool to solve problems. More intuitively, and more importantly, some relationships must be obtained through the physical diagram of the image.
In addition, it is also very important for teachers to explain detailed notes with complete examples, because these problems can be covered by comprehensive application and investigation of knowledge points except some representative teachers who have been selected. At ordinary times, you can continue to do some comprehensive questions and check the great achievements made since the last stage of review. For example, the review of mathematics and physics is mainly basic and appropriate.
Wu Tianyu (student of Physics Department of Peking University)
This stage is usually a variety of exercises, and the paper has also done a lot of exercises to dazzle. Where to go in the face of the vast sea problem? Usually everyone is different, but the effect is far from the same. If you blindly pursue the problem of speed and quantity, you will often get into a deep and shallow place. You can't bite off more problems than you blindly, lest you "can't finish eating." On the one hand, the problem of finite energy sea is infinite and infinite, which is obviously not desirable; On the other hand, it is not necessary. If you do a lot of questions, throw away the wrong answers and rush to do other questions, it will cause great psychological pressure, but there is no guarantee that you will see similar problems next time, which is an unimportant mistake and can be solved. Good at some challenges, and then spend a lot of effort, before long, naturally forget, become a smart solution? It has also lost its original meaning, so it is not advisable to simply pursue quantity and ensure reading the best headlines in the world. I want to do a problem similar to 100, which is not necessarily more effective (if possible) than 100 to solve the same problem. There is little point in making a lot of headlines, and there will be no valuable problems. The efficiency is very high. Screening, selecting valuable typical themes, repeatedly pondering from different angles, and refining some ways of thinking, by analogy, Lenovo is mastering some important problem-solving thinking problems. .
Of course, it must be added that the scientific learning method must be to give up the tactics of questioning the sea. It doesn't mean that people who do moderate exercise and people who don't do moderate exercise can achieve good results without increasing their computing power and speed. If they want to read the tips alone, it is a misunderstanding of the real scientific learning method. The feeling of deja vu will only have one result, that is, a specific problem, or even a chance to see the problem.
Now that the above two points have been made clear, I think it was in the third year of college that we suggested setting up a wrong title book and recommending it to everyone by offering flowers to Buddha. Practice extracting and recording the wrong questions in each inspection or self-inspection in a special notebook for review. I think this is a very good experience, which is good for me. Repeated study of one's own mistakes can reveal the weaknesses and imperfections of one's knowledge structure and way of thinking, paranoia, alarm bells ringing, and make people make continuous progress. Therefore, it is worth learning. However, we need to stick to the implementation process. In addition, I think it really takes a lot of effort to extract all the wrong questions, which is sometimes difficult to do under intense review, so I suggest that as long as it is really valuable, you can choose any worthwhile excerpts in the future. The word "essence" is very important.
Chu Jun (technical physics student):
Physics and chemistry are both experimental subjects, but compared with chemistry, their theoretical parts are much more important. To learn physics, we must carefully pull out the meaning of every word from the most basic concepts and theories, especially sloppy physical concepts. A slight mistake may lead to the opposite result.