(1) Dujiangyan, a miracle in the history of water conservancy science.

Dujiangyan is located at the intersection of Minjiang River from canyon to impact plain. On the west side of Dujiangyan City (formerly irrigation county), Sichuan Province, the Minjiang River is diverted to irrigate the vast area of Chengdu Plain, and the waterway is used for navigation and drifting. Dujiangyan is the oldest water conservancy project in China and one of the oldest projects in the world. In the 9th year of Yuan Dynasty (3 16 BC), after Qin Huiwen annexed Shu and Ba, Shu and Ba counties were established. About 30 years before and after Zhao Haoqi (277 BC), Li Bing was the guardian of Shu after Zhang Ruo. He was an outstanding water conservancy engineer in ancient times. With the assistance of Wang Zan and others, he presided over the construction of this world-famous water conservancy project. Dujiangyan, together with Zheng Guoqu and Lingqu at that time, was called the three major water conservancy projects in Qin Dynasty. There are many records about Li Bing presiding over Dujiangyan construction. "Historical Records of the River Canal Book" says: "Shu defends the ice and chisels away from the pile, fending off (avoiding) the harm of foam water, crossing Erdao River and Chengdu. This canal can be used for boating and the rest for irrigation, so that people can enjoy its benefits. As for what happened, it is often the canal used to irrigate the fields, in trillions, but it is not enough. " "Huayang Guozhi Shuzhi" says ... Ice is a river that feeds the river, crossing Yongjiang River and Jianjiang River, and other tributaries sail across counties. There are many cypresses and bamboos in Minshan, which fall with the flow, sitting on the wood, saving labor and using Rao. Three counties (Shu County, Guanghan County and Qianwei County) irrigate and open rice fields, so Shu Woye is thousands of miles away, counting land and sea. Drought causes water seepage, and rain causes sluice gates. So he wrote: "The flood and drought come from people, and they don't know hunger. When there is no famine, the world is called abundance. "Dujiangyan was called Wei Xiao, Yan Kui and Du Andayan in ancient times. Dujiangyan was named after Chengdu River (Du Jiang for short) in Song Dynasty, which refers to Fuhe River and Jinjiang River in Chengdu. The Dujiangyan water conservancy project presided over by Li Bing at that time included the following three parts:

The first is to build a diversion project at the head of the canal. "Historical Records of the River Canal Book" records: "Shu defends ice and chisels piles", which is what it means. As early as the Spring and Autumn Period, Shu people dug an artificial river in the south of Dujiangyan, and introduced the water from Minjiang River into Tuojiang River to alleviate the flood in Chengdu Plain. Li Bing gave up this water inlet, but dug a pile at the foot of Lei Yu Mountain to lead the water to the irrigation canal in Neijiang, which can better control the flow and facilitate water diversion, flood control and sediment discharge. According to the productivity level at that time, the project of chiseling piles was undoubtedly a great innovation.

Secondly, a diversion dike is built outside the pile intake to divide the river into two parts: inland river and outer river. This is the meaning of Li Bing's "drowning in the river" in Huayang National Records. A dam is a weir. Volume 73 of "Taiping Universe" says that "Shu people call weirs dams". Li Bing used Lushan Mountain on the left bank (east bank) of Minjiang River to change the flow direction and reduce the flow rate to control the river. Dam the right side (i.e. the west side of the pile) as the diversion dam for the internal and external rivers. In order to observe the water level, Li Bing is also a "three-stone man in the white sand under the jade girl's room", whose sign is "water is not enough, shoulders are full". This is the earliest draft (ruler) record.

For irrigation and navigation, Li Bing also "crossed the Yongjiang River and inspected the river" ("Huayang Guozhi Shuzhi"), and "Shui Jing Zhu He Zhi" said: "Open the two rivers in Chengdu to irrigate the fields" and cross the river on the weir to "irrigate Jiangxi", that is, irrigate the area west of the Minjiang River. Channels are spread all over counties and cities in Chengdu Plain, and now they are still developing across mountains and mountains to the east, south and north. Since then, the floods in Chengdu Plain have been greatly reduced, and shipping irrigation is convenient, which has greatly changed the economic outlook of the whole region.

The present layout structure of Dujiangyan weir head is the result of transformation and improvement for more than two thousand years, but there is no fundamental difference in basic technical principles between ancient and modern times. Its enduring is related to its simplicity and rationality. It consists of a bottle mouth, a herringbone dike, a flying sand weir, internal and external gold steel dikes, a fish mouth and a baizhang weir. The most important buildings are fish mouth, flying sand weir and bottle mouth. The fish mouth sends out a golden steel dike, which divides the Minjiang River in two. The outer river is the main stream of Minjiang River, and the inner river is the diversion canal, and the diversion flow is controlled by the bottle mouth. On the left bank of the bottle mouth is Leiyushan, and on the right is Linbu. Feisha weir is a flood diversion and sediment reduction project in Neijiang Outer River. The height of the weir can make flood and a large amount of sand and gravel flow into the outer river from the top of the weir during the flood season. When the amount of water is too large, the weir body is washed away, and the flood sand is directly discharged into the outer river. The cooperation of the three buildings can generally ensure sufficient irrigation when water is available; When the water is big, it will not rush into Neijiang to cause disasters. Roughly when there are few rivers, the diversion ratio of the inner and outer rivers is six inside and four outside; When the water is big, there are four inside and six outside. Baizhang weir is used for diversion and revetment, and herringbone dike is used for revetment and overflow, which can make up for the overflow of Sha Fei weir.

Dujiangyan, a magnificent water conservancy project, has well-planned layout and scientific management, which fully illustrates the development level of water conservancy engineering technology in China more than 2,000 years ago. Up to now, many Chinese and foreign water conservancy engineering experts are amazed at its magic after visiting, which is considered as a miracle in the history of water conservancy science. Its engineering technology principle has become a valuable historical heritage in China's water conservancy projects.

(2) Drilling-Zigong Well Salt

Bashu area is rich in brine resources and has been the most important well salt producing area in China since Qin and Han Dynasties. Except for rock salt in a few areas, most areas in Sichuan only produce well salt. So the salt industry in Sichuan is actually well salt industry. Sichuan well salt has a long history, especially with its unique drilling technology, brine extraction and refining technology, and its prominent position in social life, which constitutes a magnificent chapter in China's history of science and technology and Sichuan's economic history.

The natural exploitation of well salt is the product of the development of ancient civilization in China. At first, people used natural salt springs and benefited from the gifts of nature, but they did not have the ability to identify and dig salt wells. When our ancestors entered the period of settled agriculture, in order to meet the needs of production and life, they began to dig wells, so there were legends such as "Boyi digging wells" in history. By the Shang Dynasty, a large number of words "well" and "record" in Oracle bone inscriptions indicated that the well had been equipped with fences at this time, and water was drawn with a hoist. The progress of sinking technology has laid a material and technical foundation for the emergence of salt wells.

From Qin Dynasty to Shu Han Dynasty, the biggest change of Bashu salt industry was the emergence and popularization of salt wells. According to the records of Huayang Guozhi Shuzhi, the salt wells in Bashu area were dug during Li Bing's tenure as Shu Shou. It is said that Li Bing "knows all the water veins and connects Guangdu to Yanjing Pool, so Shu has a good body." The excavation of salt wells is a pioneering work in the history of salt industry in China. From Qin Dynasty to Shu Han Dynasty, Bashu Salt Well was the first batch of salt wells in China, which was of pioneering significance in the history of salt wells in China. However, salt wells were not popular in Qin dynasty, and the number was small, mainly concentrated in Guangdu (now Shuangliu) county. Since then, the number of salt wells has been increasing, from three counties in Qin Dynasty to eighteen counties in Wei and Jin Dynasties, and reached dozens of counties in Sui and Tang Dynasties. Zigong, the world-famous salt capital, has also begun to emerge.

From the appearance of Sichuan salt wells, the common characteristics of Bashu salt wells before Qin and Han Dynasties and Northern Song Dynasty are: large mouth and shallow wells. Before opening a well, it is generally necessary to go through exploration and investigation (at that time, wizards were often invited to see "Feng Shui"), but limited by the conditions at that time, it was very blind and risky. At that time, opening a salt well often required five to seven people to work hard for several years or longer. At that time, the sinking tools were mainly shovels and hoes, so they were used for digging, so they were called "digging wells". Due to inaccurate production tools and primitive cementing technology, the wellbore structure is not completely consistent, including waist, straight barrel and potholes. From Qin dynasty to Shu Han dynasty, the wellhead of salt well has a gradual development process from big to small. During the reign of Qin Libing, it was called "Yanjing Pool". After entering the Western Han Dynasty, the wellhead was greatly reduced, and the salt well was no longer called "pool". When I arrived in Han Shu, I successfully dug a "small well" in Guangdu County.

If the dug salt well hits the brine, the next step is to extract the brine from the salt well. The methods of extracting brine vary from place to place. Some shallow wells tie buckets with bamboo poles and enter the wells to extract brine. In most areas, cowhide is used as a bag, and dozens of people hold big ropes to learn from the scriptures. From noon to noon, the spring vein gradually fails, that is, people are pulled into the rope and let them go down to the well to row by hand; Throw it into the bag, and then put it on the rope "(The Pilgrimage of Emperor Song Zhongxing, Volume 55). The service is very hard and the labor intensity is extremely high. In the Tang Dynasty, some salt wells began to use mechanical brine extraction, and people set carts at the wells to extract brine and used "big cow leather bags" to draw water (Yuanhe County Records, volume 33, Renshou County, Lingzhou).

During the period of Li Qing and Huang You in the Northern Song Dynasty, the salt mining technology in Sichuan wells was greatly innovated, and a new type of salt well with excellent barrel shape appeared in southwest Sichuan. Significant progress has been made in depth and cementing technology. This new type of bamboo tube well uses a "circular blade" to impact instead of a shovel to dig a salt well, and a small bamboo tube well with a giant bamboo joint removed instead of a large well. Replace cowhide with bamboo tube bittern extractor with cowhide piston. "When entering and leaving the water, the qi starts and stops with breathing, and one tube makes several buckets of water" (Su Shi's Dongpo Zhi Lin, Volume 4), and the water enters the stove and is boiled into salt. This advanced sinking method saves a lot of manpower and material resources and improves efficiency. "Generally, those who are deep are half a year old, and those who are shallow are more than a month, which is a success" (Heavenly Creations, Volume 5, Well Salt). So small private households can dig, so Zhuotongjing has mushroomed since its birth. Its creation and popularization have played a very important role in the development of Sichuan well salt and made epoch-making contributions in the history of drilling. According to the literature, there were more than 728 salt wells in Renzong in the Northern Song Dynasty, and the output was16.3 million Jin. By the time of Emperor Gaozong in the Southern Song Dynasty, there were more than 4,900 salt wells in China, producing more than 60 million Jin of salt. Due to the increasing production of well salt, although the population of Sichuan increased in the Song Dynasty, it still changed the situation that Sichuan well salt could not be self-sufficient in the Tang Dynasty. By the Song Dynasty, it was self-sufficient and no longer depended on salt supply from other places.

By the Qing Dynasty, the drilling technology of Sichuan salt industry had made great progress. There are many kinds of drill bits. There are concave mud grooves on the front and back sides of the drill bit, and there are steel pieces on the drill bit, which is called "longan", that is, the technology of drilling safety holes on the file head has also been invented. Due to the improvement of drilling technology, the drilling depth has also been greatly improved. In the 15th year of Daoguang (1835), a Bohai well with a depth of1001.42m was drilled, which became the first well in the world at that time, marking the drilling technology in Sichuan in the Qing Dynasty.

The adoption of advanced science and technology in Sichuan Well Salt Industry marked the birth of the first halogen steam locomotive at the end of 19, and it was put into production in Fushun Salt Plant (Zigong Autonomous Region). The appearance of steam halogen locomotive indicates that Sichuan well salt industry has entered the ranks of modern industry.

In the early Qing Dynasty, according to the production and transportation practices, the salt producing areas of Quanchuanjing naturally formed five producing areas: Furong Salt Factory was the most famous (in Fushun County and Rongxian County at that time). According to relevant statistics, in its heyday, Furong Salt Factory had 3,000 to 5,000 salt wells and more than 20,000 woks, with an annual output of 200,000 to 300,000 tons of salt, accounting for more than half of Sichuan's total output. In addition to more than 40 counties in Sichuan, its distribution scope is also popular in more than 0/00 counties in Guizhou, Yunnan and Hubei. In the 28th year of the Republic of China (1939), the location of Furong Salt Factory became an independent administrative region, which is now Zigong City, making "Salt Capital" the laudatory name of Zigong City. After the establishment of People's Republic of China (PRC), the salt industry in Zigong has been further developed, and its salt-making industry has a solid foundation. It has formed a complete supporting system from geological exploration, drilling and brine extraction, brine transportation and salt production, comprehensive utilization, machinery manufacturing, transportation and sales to information collection, quality monitoring, scientific research and development design, education and training. It has become the salt making center in Sichuan and the largest well salt production, scientific research and information base in China, and the salt making in the whole city has basically achieved real cavitation. The city's salt production accounts for more than half of the province, and the annual output of raw salt accounts for about 40% of the national well salt.

(3) Natural gas and oil

Natural gas is a clean gas fuel and a good chemical raw material. Sichuan Basin is known as the "hometown of oil and gas". As early as more than 2,200 years ago, Bashu working people discovered natural gas in Sichuan Basin, and drilled natural gas wells more than 1800 years ago. Xishu is also the first region in the world to make salt from natural gas. According to the Records of Huayang National Records, as early as Emperor Xiaowen of Qin Dynasty (250 years ago), Li Bing was sent to Sichuan to run salt, dig wells and make salt for health. In the process of drilling salt wells, natural gas was first discovered. "Records of Huayang Country and Shu Zhi" records that "take well fire (that is, natural gas) and cook it, and a pot of water (brine) will get five buckets of salt". This is the earliest record of using natural gas in the world, more than 1000 years earlier than western countries. At that time, natural gas was found to be widely distributed, including Chengdu, Huayang, Shuangliu, Emei and Hongya. Many historical data later confirmed that Lin Qiong Huojing, located in the upper reaches of Wenjing River in Qionglai City, was the earliest natural gas well drilled in China and the world. The Biography of the King of Shu written by Yang Xiong in the Western Han Dynasty is called "Lin Qiong has a fire pit, which is more than 60 feet deep". Zhang Hua, a writer in the Western Jin Dynasty, said in his Natural History that Zhuge Liang, the prime minister, had personally been to the fire pit. In 557 AD, Yu Wenxuan established the Northern Zhou Dynasty, and set up Huojing Town in Lin Qiong Huojing to cook salt. At the end of Sui Dynasty, Shengzhen was Huojing County. At the end of Jiajing in the Ming Dynasty, he went to Shu: "There are fire wells in western Sichuan, and the natives used bamboo tubes to ignite and fry salt. A well can supply more than a dozen pots, but the pipe is not burning and the salt water is boiled. " This shows that the utilization of natural gas (low-pressure wells) has made remarkable progress in the Ming Dynasty. In the Qing Dynasty, natural gas was further developed, and Rongxian County of Furong Salt Field paid more attention to the development of fire wells, which laid the foundation for the formation of Furong Salt Capital. Sichuan Basin is still the largest natural gas exploitation base in China. By 1975, dozens of natural gas fields have been built in Sichuan, and exploration has identified more than 200 underground structures that may contain oil and gas. 1976 Most wells are 3000 ~ 5000m deep, and some wells are ultra-deep wells with a depth of over 6000m. The main oil and gas fields are Luzhou, Zigong and Jiangyou. At the end of 1970s, the output of natural gas exceeded 5 billion cubic meters.

Sichuan is not rich in oil and mineral resources. In the mining history of Sichuan, both reserves and distribution are far behind gold, silver, copper, iron, lead, coal and other minerals. It was not until 1907 that a small-scale Luoquanjing oil mine was opened in Zizhou (now Ziyang). But it is worth mentioning that the first oil well in China was born at the foot of Mount Emei in Sichuan (now Leshan). The oil well was dug to a depth of 900 meters, which ushered in a new era of drilling and oil production in China. This achievement ranked first in the world at that time, more than 300 years earlier than North America and Europe.

(4) papermaking and printing industry

Since Cai Lun invented papermaking in the Eastern Han Dynasty, papermaking in Sichuan has also developed. During the Jin and Southern and Northern Dynasties, Sichuan paper industry was concentrated in Chengdu. After entering the Tang Dynasty, the paper industry in Sichuan has made great progress. Yizhou (now Chengdu) has the most developed paper industry and is a famous paper-making center in China. During the Five Dynasties, Li Houzhu in the Southern Tang Dynasty sent someone to "find paper workers for Shu" (Chen Shidao's Houshan Dialect, Volume 1) to copy Shu's paper. The famous Tang paper is a valuable paper created under the guidance of Shu people.

Sichuan is a famous planting area of hemp crops, especially Sichuan hemp, which has good quality and high yield, so the raw material for papermaking here is mainly hemp. Until the Song Dynasty, it was still "most of Shu was made of hemp" (Four Books, Volume Four, Paper Spectrum). In addition, bark is also used as a raw material for papermaking in Sichuan, and the most common one is to use the bark of Broussonetia papyrifera as paper, which is called grain paper, also known as paper. In the Tang Dynasty, the paper produced in Jianzhou, Yazhou and Wanzhou was also made of bark.

Paper is divided into base paper and cooked paper. Base paper refers to the sun-dried unprocessed paper directly copied from pulp, and cooked paper refers to the processed paper after various processes. According to Xuzhou Fine Paper of Tang Shi Supplement, Shu paper has "pockmarked noodles, scraps, talc, golden flowers, long hemp, roe and ten-color notes". These famous Shu papers are calendered (the base paper is ground with fine stones), coated (the surface of the base paper is coated with white powder first, and then calendered), sized (coated with alum to prevent the paper from being soaked) and dyed (the paper is mainly dyed with yellow tillers to prevent insects from eating). In order to increase the beauty of paper, other dyes are also used to process paper, sprinkle gold (decorate paper with gold and silver powder) and print (print dark flowers on paper), which is cooked paper.

The specifications of Sichuan paper vary widely, usually divided into two types, and large paper is mostly used for painting and pasting. Most of the paper at that time was big paper. During the Yuanhe period, Xue Tao, a poetess living in Chengdu, "wrote short poems well, but didn't want to keep them long, so they were narrow" (Book of New South in Qian Yi, Volume 7), thus creating a new kind of small note, "Short and narrow, only eight lines are allowed" (Taiping Universe, Volume 72, Chengdu), and at the same time writing notes with rouge. This kind of red note is not only convenient for writing poems, but also very elegant, so it is deeply loved by literati and has become a masterpiece and swept the country. Since then, other colored banknotes in Sichuan have been changed into small banknotes according to the style created by Xue Tao, commonly known as Xue Tao banknotes.

The social economy, science and culture in Song Dynasty made great progress compared with those in Tang Dynasty, and the ancient papermaking technology also developed to a mature stage. There are more and more producing areas and varieties of paper, and the uses of paper are more and more extensive. In particular, the invention and mass production of bamboo paper marks a new era in the history of papermaking. Sichuan did not produce bamboo paper in the Northern Song Dynasty, and it was underdeveloped in the Southern Song Dynasty. But in the Song Dynasty, Sichuan hemp paper, paperback paper and all kinds of processed paper, on the basis of the Tang and Five Dynasties, still advanced by leaps and bounds and became an important paper-making base in the country. Long-term production practice has also made people invent hydraulic ramming paper and realize the adverse effects of impurities in water on papermaking. So at that time, paper mills were often built on both sides of the Qingshui River and near the clear springs in the mountains. It not only ensures the water for papermaking, but also adopts hydraulic tamping. Baihuatan and Huanhuaxi, south of Chengdu, are famous papermaking bases with abnormal water and the best papermaking. There are hundreds of people engaged in paper making in this area.

In the Song Dynasty, Sichuan's processed paper continued to produce the famous Xue Tao Ji in the Tang Dynasty, and Xie Gong Ji with the same name as Xue Tao Ji appeared. Xie Gong's notes are ten-color calligraphy and painting notes made by Xie Jingchu (1019-1081) in Huanhuaxi, Chengdu, which are more colorful than Xue Tao's notes. There are more varieties of water-textured paper in processed paper than in Tang Dynasty. The so-called water-textured paper refers to the paper that can present shiny lines and patterns except curtain lines when viewed in light, so as to increase the potential aesthetic feeling of the paper. Its manufacturing method: firstly, a texture or pattern is woven on the paper curtain with thread, which protrudes on the surface of the curtain. When making paper, the pulp here is relatively thin, so the texture will glow and appear on the paper; The second is to press the wooden or other material mold engraved with texture or pattern on the paper with strong force, so that the texture is hidden on the paper. At present, watermark paper, such as anti-counterfeiting paper and stationery, which are widely used all over the world, is made according to this principle. In the Song Dynasty, there were many kinds of Sichuan water-pattern paper, including cloth pattern, silk pattern, figure flower wood pattern, insect bird pattern and Ding Yi pattern, which were varied, varied, interesting and unique.

In Song Dynasty, Sichuan Shu paper was not as light and thin as emblem paper and pool paper, so it was not easy to transport. This is a big shortcoming of Shu Paper, which limits its sales. Shu paper is thick and tough, white and folding-resistant, not easy to wear, which is irreplaceable by bamboo paper that is easy to crack in the early days. Therefore, whether in the Tang Dynasty or the Song Dynasty, the paper used for printing, especially for painting and calligraphy, is mostly hemp paper and paper. Among them, paper money is badly worn because of circulation, and all kinds of complicated patterns and secrets have to be printed on both sides, which requires higher paper and is almost monopolized by Shu paper. The earliest paper money in the world, Sichuan Jiaozi in the Northern Song Dynasty, was printed with Shu paper. From now on, all banknotes such as,, etc. will be printed on Shu paper. Therefore, although bamboo paper production in Sichuan lags behind that in Jiangsu and Zhejiang, Sichuan is still one of the important papermaking centers in China due to the development of hemp paper, paper and processed paper.

The development of Sichuan paper industry provides conditions for printing and greatly promotes the prosperity of Sichuan block printing industry.

Printing industry is a new handicraft sector that began to form in the Tang Dynasty due to the invention of block printing. Engraving printing is a copying method gradually evolved from seals and rubbings. This printing method appeared in the early Tang Dynasty. After the middle Tang Dynasty, block printing gradually became popular among the people, and the printing industry in Chang 'an and Chengdu was the most prosperous. At the end of the Tang Dynasty, Chengdu further developed into the most important printing center in China. Zhu Yi, a poet in the Song Dynasty, said, "Before the Tang Dynasty, there was no carving or printing of characters. At the end of the Tang Dynasty, there was an inkstone platform in Yizhou (Chengdu) (Volume 6 of "Miscellanies of the Unique Liao Dynasty"). " "History of Song Dynasty" also said: "At the end of the Tang Dynasty, Yizhou began to have ink boards, many skills, calligraphy and primary schools (language and phonology). "Although engraving printing didn't start in Yizhou at the end of the Tang Dynasty, Sichuan did occupy an important position in the creative stage of engraving printing in China. A large number of folk engraving printing agricultural books, yearbooks, medical books, copybooks and various Buddhist and Taoist books.

During the Five Dynasties Central Plains War, well-dressed families (officials, gentry, scholars, etc. ) avoiding the chaos in Sichuan, a large number of books flowed into Sichuan. At that time, scholars gathered together and poetry was extremely prosperous; Buddhism and Taoism prevail, there are many temples, monks and Taoists come forth in large numbers, and there are many believers. All these have promoted the development of folk printing industry. In 909 AD, two years before the completion of Shu Wu, Ren Zifu paid a salary and hired a good worker to engrave and publish 30 volumes of Du Guangting's An Outline of the Tao Te Ching, which made people read it (Volume 1 of Textual Research on Old Books). Wu, the prime minister of the post-Shu Dynasty, published a large number of books. This made Sichuan printing industry enter a new stage of extensive block printing, which laid the foundation for the prosperity of Sichuan printing industry in Song Dynasty.

Compared with the Tang Dynasty, the Song Dynasty's woodblock printing got unprecedented development and became the golden age of China's woodblock printing. Sichuan developed its economy in the Tang Dynasty and produced Yizhou hemp paper, which is a good material for printing books. From the late Tang Dynasty to the Five Dynasties, Sichuan has always been one of the national printing centers, which laid a solid foundation for the development of Sichuan printing industry in the Song Dynasty. In Song Dynasty, Sichuan's economy was more developed than that in Tang Dynasty. Scholars needed to read and publish many books. Coupled with the advocacy of the government, official and folk engraving books are very developed. Ye Mengde, a poet in Song Dynasty, wrote in Volume 8 of Misty Rain in Shilin: "Today Hangzhou is the best place to print books, and today Shu is the lowest place in Fujian. Shi Jing is better than the printing plate, almost not worse than the Hangzhou version, but the paper quality is not good. " Sichuan, Hangzhou and Fujian have become the three major engraving printing centers in China. The scale and quantity of Sichuan printing and publishing industry far exceeded that of Tang and Five Dynasties, which played a great role in the dissemination of science and culture at that time and later generations. Block printing is widely distributed in Chengdu, Meishan, Shifang, Shuangliu, Lin Qiong, Jintang, Luzhou, Tongliang, Tongchuan, Suining, Mianzhu, Jiazhou, Yichang (Guangyuan), Zhongzhou (Zhongxian), Zizhou (Ziyang) and Kuizhou. The woodblock printing industry in Chengdu and Meishan is the most developed.

In the Song Dynasty, the three representative works of Sichuan official books, Kaibao, Taiyu Pinglan and Yuangui, were the largest and had the deepest influence. Kaibao Engraving is the first large-scale official publication in Song Dynasty. A total of 5048 volumes, rigid parts 130,000 pieces, each edition of 23 lines 17 words, lasting13 years, from the fourth year of Kaibao (97 1) to the eighth year of Taizong Taiping Xingguo (983). This is the first time in the history of Buddhism to carve the Tripitaka, and it is also the first time in the history of our country to publish a collection of Buddhist scriptures. Kaibao Sculpture has trained a large number of engraving and printing workers and accumulated rich engraving and printing experience, which has played an indelible role in promoting the development of printing industry in Sichuan and even the whole country.

In addition, there are official books in Sichuan, such as Zhouyi, Huayang National Records, Notes on Water Mirrors and Records of the Three Kingdoms. In the 14th year of Shaoxing in the Southern Song Dynasty (1 144), 100 volumes of Song Shu, 114 volumes of Shu Wei, 53 volumes of Liang Shu, 59 volumes of Nanqi Shu, 50 volumes of Beiqi Shu, 50 volumes of Zhou Shu and 36 volumes of Chen Shu were published. These seven editions of history books, from the Song Dynasty to the Ming Dynasty, have been repaired and reprinted many times and have been widely circulated so far. Many large libraries in China have three versions of this kind of books.

In addition to official engraving, private engraving in Sichuan is also very developed. Private engraving books are divided into bookshops, bookshops and private engraving books, referred to as private engraving and private engraving. The purpose of private book engraving is mostly to preserve and spread culture and make it famous all over the world. Fang carved books mainly to make money. In particular, Wu carved a large number of books, and his descendants became rich by selling books in the Song Dynasty, which further promoted the development of Sichuan square carved books and opened the atmosphere of private carved books. Famous calligraphers in the Song Dynasty included Chengdu Xinshi, Lin Qiong Han Chun, Li Shuyi, Pujiang Weiliaoweng, Meizhou Surin and Santai Liu Jia. Guangdu (Shuangliu) Fei's Academy, Peizhai, Xishu Cuimin Bookstore, Meishan Chengsheren, Meishan Wanjuan Museum and Meishan Shuyinzhai are all famous places where workshops engrave books. In order to protect their legitimate rights and interests from infringement, the owners of Sichuan private engraving in Song Dynasty also initiated two regulations to protect the rights and interests of printing and publishing units in the world. First, mark the publishing unit to prevent others from counterfeiting. Now there are ten volumes of Ten Convenient Prescriptions carved by Song Shu, a newly edited editor. At the end of the book, there are the words "Ten thousand Chinese characters are printed and engraved, please check and use them" (Volume 6 of Book Brand Record of Song Engraving). Created a published book, indicating the regulations of the publishing unit. The second is to create a ban of "all rights reserved, no reprinting". The existing Song of Wusong, which imitates Wang Zhuo's A Brief Introduction to the East, has been published since it was recorded. It has always been a rectangular card of "Boss, don't copy" (Ye Dehui's "Lin Shu Hua Qing", Volume II, "Copying began in Song Dynasty").

Sichuan woodcut printed books are called Sichuan books and Sichuan books. Compared with other prints, the Shu version in Song Dynasty has remarkable characteristics. First, there were a large number of block prints in Song and Shu, which were widely circulated. In the Song Dynasty, the engraving of Shu was the best in the world (Huayang County Records, Art and Literature Records of the Republic of China II), and the Collection of My Shu Works was extremely detailed (Taiping Magnolia, an engraving of Shu, and a postscript by Pu Shu). Sichuan is one of the regions with the largest number of books preserved and printed. In the Song Dynasty and later generations, many books in China were reprinted and published according to the engravings of Song and Shu, which continued to be circulated and preserved. Second, the Song and Shu engravings, based on ancient books, are well collated and reliable in content. The book engravers in Sichuan in Song Dynasty were often famous bibliophiles and experts who were proficient in ancient books and good at proofreading. When engraving and printing books, they try to proofread them carefully according to the original rare books. Therefore, people still attach great importance to the Song and Shu editions today, and regard them as good versions for collating ancient documents. Third, the Song and Shu editions also have the advantages of good board, good handwriting, good ink and good paper. In Song Dynasty, pear wood was used in Sichuan woodcarving, with fine texture and high quality, which can be preserved for a long time and is convenient for carving. The 294 volumes of Zi Jian, a block-printed edition by Guangdufei, also known as Dragon Claw Edition, and Chunqiu Collection, a block-printed edition by Song Shu, have always been praised by people for their words as big as money, bright as ink and fragrant as lacquer. Ye Mengde, a scholar in the Song Dynasty, thought that "Shu is based on the book" (Book of Ye Dehui and Lin Qinghua, Volume 6, Book Carving and Paper Ink in the Song Dynasty). Amin scholar Hu Yinglin also said, "Shu Ben Song is the most virtuous" (Shao Shi Fang Shan's Pen Series, Volume 4).

In the Song Dynasty, Sichuan also printed the world's earliest paper money-jiaozi. Overprinting paper money is not only an important milestone in the history of printing, but also a revolution in the history of currency.

The woodblock printing industry, which flourished in Sichuan in the Song Dynasty, suffered a devastating blow when Yuan soldiers entered Sichuan at the end of the Southern Song Dynasty and the Sichuan War lasted for half a century, and the printing industry in Sichuan plummeted. In the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, there was chaos in Sichuan, and books and cultural relics almost disappeared. In the Qing Dynasty, with the development of Sichuan economy, culture and education began to recover, and Sichuan book engraving industry with a long tradition was rapidly revived and further developed. During the Ganjia period, Sichuan bookstores mushroomed. With a large number of people from Huguang, Shaanxi, Jiangxi, Guangdong and other provinces entering Sichuan for reclamation, work, business and cultural exchanges inside and outside the province, Sichuan's book engraving industry has also spread to Sichuan, which has promoted its further prosperity. With the development of Sichuan's book engraving industry, four distinctive gangs have gradually formed: Chengdu Gang, Yuechi County Gang, Chongqing Gang and Mianzhu Gang. According to the nature of engraving, there are official engraving, learning engraving, temple engraving, private engraving and business engraving. In the process of engraving and printing books in Sichuan in Qing Dynasty, ten technological processes were formed in practice, including preparing materials, writing boards, drawing boards, proofreading, clearing boards, pasting samples, engraving, proofing, proofreading and printing. Movable type printing was widely used in Sichuan in the Qing Dynasty, except that a large number of books were carved together. In the Qing Dynasty, many famous artists carved many priceless books with their superb skills of writing on the blackboard and lettering, which contributed to the prosperity of Sichuan carving and printing industry and the preservation of Sichuan cultural classics.