2011-09-2214: 34: 09 Source: People's Daily Online Edition.
From learning to learning (from "how to see" to "how to do", theoretical hotspots face to face 20 1 16)
-How to achieve educational equity?
Handan, Hebei Province, an ancient city with a long history of 3,000 years, now has a new and beautiful "business card"-"choosing a school" city. A few years ago, free and compulsory education was fully implemented in Handan, but at the same time, the "school choice fever" was still very popular, and many parents tried their best to send their children to "prestigious schools", which aroused people's strong concern about unfair education. Faced with this problem, Handan rationally allocated educational resources through the policies of alliance schools, merging schools and setting up branch schools, and embarked on the road of balanced development of compulsory education, and the upsurge of choosing schools gradually faded out of people's field of vision. Handan's exploration provides beneficial enlightenment for promoting education equity and making every child eager to learn.
In June 2009 165438+ 10, the national experience exchange meeting on promoting the balanced development of compulsory education was held in Handan, Hebei Province.
Education equity is the cornerstone of social equity and the starting point of life equity. Promoting education equity, allowing children to share the same blue sky and enjoy the right to education equally, is an inevitable requirement for running a satisfactory education for the people, and it will also benefit thousands of families in happiness project.
At present, the total number of students in colleges and universities at all levels in China has reached 310.05 million, ranking first in the world. By 20 15, the gross enrollment rate of higher education will reach 36%, which is close to the average level of moderately developed countries.
The problem of realizing "learning" fairness is still outstanding.
A century-long plan, education-oriented; The country is rich and the people are strong, and education comes first. Since the founding of New China, especially since the reform and opening up, China's education has made great achievements. Free compulsory education has been implemented in urban and rural areas throughout the country, and school-age children "have no money to go to school". In 20 10, the gross enrollment rate of senior high school reached 80%; Vocational education has developed rapidly, accounting for half of the total scale of high school and higher education; The enrollment opportunities of higher education have further increased, and the gross enrollment rate of 20 10 has reached 26.5%, entering the stage of popularization; The financial aid system for students from poor families has been gradually established. In 20 10, the number of students was1800,000, and the funding amount was 5 10 billion yuan. The development of education has greatly improved the quality of the whole nation and made great contributions to economic development, social progress and improvement of people's livelihood.
Deep interpretation
enrollment rate
The enrollment rate refers to the proportion of school-age students enrolled in the country. The calculation formula is: the enrollment rate at a certain level = the number of students at a certain education level/the total number of corresponding school-age population in the country × 100%, which is an important indicator to measure the educational development level of a country. It can be divided into gross enrollment rate and net enrollment rate. The former means that the age of students is not considered when calculating the number of molecular students in the formula, while the latter considers the age of students and only calculates the number of students of the same age as the denominator.
At the same time, we should also see that the current education has not fully adapted to the requirements of economic and social development and the people's good education, especially the issue of educational equity is still very prominent. Whether it is the "school choice" that many parents have a headache, or the "city" distress of migrant workers' children; Whether preschool children are "difficult to enter the park" or candidates in different regions have unfair opportunities to receive higher education ... these are closely related to educational equity, reflecting the imbalance of educational development between urban and rural areas, regions and schools, and the inequality of opportunities for different groups to receive quality education. So, what are the reasons for unfair education?
The influence of unbalanced development. Due to natural and historical reasons, the imbalance between urban and rural development and regional development in China is more prominent. At present, the responsibility for developing education, especially basic education, mainly lies with local authorities. The difference of economic and social development level in different places directly determines the gap of education level.
Policy fax
Increase investment in education
Ensure that the target of 4% will be achieved in 20 12 years.
1. Strictly implement the statutory growth requirements of education funds, ensure that the growth rate of fiscal education expenditure is significantly higher than that of fiscal recurrent income, increase the proportion of fiscal education expenditure in public finance expenditure, and increase the proportion of infrastructure investment in education budget.
From 2.20 10, 12 and 1, the system of urban maintenance and construction tax and education surcharge paid by domestic and foreign-funded enterprises and individuals will be unified, and the education surcharge will be levied at 3% of the actual tax paid for value-added tax, consumption tax and business tax.
3. Fully levy local education surcharges, uniformly levied at 2% of the actual tax paid for value-added tax, consumption tax and business tax.
From 4.2011110, the education funds shall be withdrawn according to the proportion of 10% of the land transfer income after deducting the compensation for land acquisition and demolition and land development expenses.
5. Reasonably arrange the use of financial education funds, effectively improve the efficiency of the use of funds, further highlight key points, optimize the structure, strengthen management, promote education equity, and comprehensively improve the quality of education.
-"the State Council's Opinions on Further Increasing Financial Investment in Education"
Restrictive factors of insufficient investment in education. Although the investment in education has increased greatly in recent years, there is still a big gap with the demand of educational development. The proportion of national financial education funds in GDP has been low, and it has not yet reached the target of 4%. This restricts the improvement of educational conditions and the expansion of high-quality educational resources.
Unreasonable restrictions on resource allocation. At present, most high-quality educational resources are concentrated in cities and developed areas, while rural areas and remote and poor areas are relatively scarce. Even in the same city, there is a huge gap in the resources occupied by different schools. Although the state abolished the key school system, the "famous brand effect" of many local famous schools still exists, which aggravated the imbalance in the allocation of educational resources.
2010 July 13, the first national conference on education was held since the new century. On the 29th, the Outline of the National Medium-and Long-Term Education Reform and Development Plan (20 10-2020) was promulgated, which described the grand blueprint of education reform and development in the next 10 year.
Restriction of lagging system reform. At present, in the development of education in China, some institutional and institutional obstacles that are not conducive to educational equity have not been completely eliminated, and some mechanisms to promote educational equity have not been established. For example, the establishment and salary of primary and secondary school teachers in urban and rural areas lack the same standard; The rational flow system of teachers and the overall management of provincial governments to promote the integrated development of urban and rural compulsory education are not perfect; The dual household registration system in urban and rural areas has caused educational problems for the children of migrant workers.
In addition, with the development of economy and society, people pay more attention to education, regard education as an important family "investment", and all hope that children can receive high-quality education. This makes the contradiction between supply and demand of high-quality educational resources prominent, and the problem of educational equity is more prominent.
The voice of authority
Promoting educational equity is one of the strategic focuses of the development of educational science.
Yuan Guiren (Minister of Education): Promoting fairness and improving quality are two strategic priorities for the development of educational science. The basic requirement of educational equity is to protect every citizen's right to education, and the Ministry of Education has an important responsibility to guide, design and promote educational equity. We should persist in promoting fairness by accelerating development, allocating resources, improving funds and standardizing management, effectively solve the problems of difficult school selection and schooling, and effectively realize the fairness of education starting point.
20 10 July, the long-awaited "new education reform" program-"Outline of National Medium-and Long-Term Education Reform and Development Plan (20 10-2020)" was officially promulgated and implemented. Outline, fairness is on the paper. Promoting educational equity has become a national basic education policy, and the balanced development of compulsory education has been listed as a major project and reform pilot. A series of measures to promote educational equity have made people see the bright future of realizing educational equity.
Strive to promote balance and effectively alleviate the "school choice fever"
Every time before school starts, there is a "school choice fever". In many cities in China, it is very common for primary and secondary schools to choose schools. In order to get their children into prestigious schools, parents try their best to trust their relationships, and do not hesitate to move their families and pay high sponsorship fees; Children are also tired of attending cram schools, learning "Olympic Mathematics", practicing English, and taking exams for certificates ... "School-choosing fever" persists, which has become a prominent manifestation of educational equity in compulsory education.
Compulsory education, as a basic public service provided by the government, is the field that should reflect educational equity most. Solving the problem of choosing schools lies in promoting the balanced development of compulsory education. According to the Outline of Education Planning, it will take about 10 years to achieve the basic balance of compulsory education in the region. 20 10 The Ministry of Education issued the Opinions on Implementing the Balanced Development of Compulsory Education in Scientific Outlook on Development, and 20 1 1 signed a memorandum on the balanced development of compulsory education with most provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities. All localities are actively promoting the balanced development of compulsory education in accordance with the determined "timetable" and "road map".
Education Equity and "Qian Xuesen's Question"
"Why can't our school always produce outstanding talents?" This is Qian Xuesen's famous question. Some experts pointed out that the root of talent training lies in education. Only by providing each student with the most suitable and fair education can talents be produced. Although students' talents, interests and hobbies are different, at present, many schools still provide "thousands of people" education around the baton, which hinders the implementation of quality education, is unfair to students and hinders the cultivation of students' creative thinking.
Standardization of hardware construction. Standardization of school hardware is the basis of promoting the balanced development of education. In 20 10, the state started the standardization construction project of compulsory education schools, and invested 8.3 billion yuan for the transformation of weak rural compulsory education schools. It is necessary to further accelerate the standardization construction and balance the allocation of hardware such as school buildings, equipment, books and venues. Tianjin, Hebei and other places put forward that every school should meet the basic standards in 20 12 years.
The two-way flow of teachers is the first resource of education, and "choosing schools" is essentially "choosing teachers". The key to promoting the balanced development of compulsory education lies in the balanced allocation of teachers. It is necessary to establish and improve the flow mechanism of teachers and principals in compulsory education schools, and implement the same standards for the establishment and salary of primary and secondary school teachers in the region; Urban primary and secondary school teachers must have teaching experience in rural areas or weak schools when evaluating and hiring senior positions (titles); Fully equip qualified teachers in rural areas and weak schools, increase training, organize teachers to study in high-quality schools, and improve teaching level.
Standardize the enrollment of higher education. According to national regulations, compulsory education is free of exams and students are enrolled nearby. However, in order to compete for excellent students and their own interests, some schools do not follow the rules in the process of enrollment, which creates space for choosing schools. According to the number of school-age children and adolescents and the distribution of schools, we should scientifically define the scope of school services, rationally allocate enrollment quotas, and do not leave opportunities for school selection by standardizing enrollment. It is forbidden for public schools to set up "experimental classes" and "pit classes", put an end to charging school selection fees in any name, and cut off the connection between recruiting school selection students and obtaining benefits.
Jiaozuo implements "five unifications"
Realize the sharing of high-quality resources
Jiaozuo City, Henan Province promotes the development of high-quality schools in urban areas and weak schools in suburbs, reorganizes according to the unified management mode of one school and two districts, implements the "five unification" management system of unified school brand, unified leadership, unified teaching mode and unified assessment and reward, distributes funds, facilities, teachers and students in a balanced way between the two campuses, and gives preferential policies to teachers in the two campuses to improve the overall level of running schools.
Quality resource sharing. High-quality educational resources are always relatively scarce, so it should be shared to expand its radiation scope and make it play its greatest role. Group-run schools in Zhejiang and "a thousand schools support a thousand schools" in Guangdong have actively explored the realization of high-quality resource sharing. Reasonably determine the radiation range of existing quality schools, explore various modes such as school district management and pairing assistance, and give play to the leading role of quality schools. At the same time, with the help of the network, we will improve the popularization and application level of educational informatization and promote the remote sharing of high-quality resources.
Distance education has become a new means to promote educational equity.
"on the one hand, the cauldron is soaring, and the five continents are in the chassis. There are all kinds of mathematics and physics, which are connected with the ocean of knowledge. " Modern distance education in rural areas has not only brought a new revolution to education, but also brought new opportunities and new means to promote the sharing of educational resources and safeguard educational equity.
Break the "heart knot" of parents. Choosing a good school and "not letting children lose at the starting line" is a "knot" that many parents can't solve. This kind of mood is understandable, but we should also see that education is a lifelong investment, and starting sooner or later is not the only factor that determines a person's development. Too much emphasis on the competition at the starting line will increase the burden on children and make them "injured" at the starting line. Parents should choose rationally, establish the concept that "appropriate education is the best education", and don't blindly follow the trend and compare with each other.
◇ Strengthen the fairness of "two types" and benefit "migrant workers"
"I am a' migrant worker' and I am very happy to study in Shanghai!" 20 10 all the children of more than 400,000 migrant workers in Shanghai enjoy local free compulsory education. Here, the dream of "a blue sky, a desk" shines into their reality.
Shanghai creates favorable conditions for migrant workers to study.
Shanghai has taken measures such as expanding the enrollment ratio of public schools, the government paying the bill (subsidizing the cost of running schools), and entrusting private schools to recruit children of migrant workers free of charge, so as to ensure that "children of migrant workers" go to school in classrooms with bright windows and clean desks like "children in cities".
At present, the number of children of migrant workers in compulsory education in China exceeds1/kloc-0 million. Giving them the same learning opportunities as local students is a major issue in promoting educational equity. Therefore, in 20001year, the state put forward the policy of "industrialization and modernization", focusing on the government management of the inflow areas and focusing on public primary and secondary schools, and introduced a series of measures to effectively alleviate the school problems of the children who moved with them.
However, we should also see that there are still some problems such as "high threshold" for admission to public schools, low teaching quality in some private schools, and local difficulties in accepting "post-junior high school education". Moreover, in the next five years, the urbanization rate of China will increase by 4 percentage points, which means that 50 million people will "enter the city" and will bring about 8 million school-age children. This problem will be more prominent. We must conscientiously implement the "two-oriented" policy to better protect the rights of migrant children to receive compulsory education on an equal footing.
Government led. The construction and development of the city embodies the labor and sweat of migrant workers, so it is the unshirkable responsibility of the local government to let their children go to school with peace of mind. Incorporate compulsory education for migrant children of migrant workers into local education development planning and regional education management system, and guide and urge public primary and secondary schools to do a good job in receiving schooling, education and teaching. Provide sufficient funds for the compulsory education of migrant children, and timely and fully allocate education funds to the school according to the actual number of students in school.
Play the leading role in public. Public schools are the main channel to provide free compulsory education, and should also become the main force for children of floating population to receive equal education. Expand public education resources, rationally adjust and improve the school layout, build, rebuild and expand a number of schools, and improve the reception capacity of public schools. Lower the entrance threshold, simplify the entrance procedures, and prohibit the collection of borrowing fees.
Private fill in the blank. The capacity of public schools is limited, and it is impossible to fully absorb the children who have moved in in the short term. Therefore, private schools must play the role of picking up what is missing. Establish and improve the examination, approval, management and support system for private schools that mainly accept children who move with them, incorporate teacher training and teaching research into local planning, and help improve school conditions. Formulate specific measures to encourage public proofreaders to help private schools in pairs, organize managers and key teachers to teach in turn, and encourage all sectors of society to donate money to them.
Hefei puts forward "five hundred percent" for children who move with them to go to school.
20 10 Hefei city, Anhui province put forward the education rate 100%, public schools 100%, free compulsory education 100%, provincial and municipal demonstration high schools 100%, and high schools with equal treatment100.
Shaoxing reorganized the private schools for the children of migrant workers into public private schools.
Shaoxing City, Zhejiang Province transformed the private for-profit school for the children of migrant workers into a public private non-profit school, and the funds were allocated by the government according to the standards of compulsory education schools.
Obstacles must be broken down. Due to the restriction of "identity" barrier, the children who move with them cannot enjoy "treatment in the same city". We should steadily promote the reform of the household registration system, absorb qualified migrant workers into urban residents, and let their children enjoy equal rights to education. At present, we should actively explore and solve the problem of "post-junior high school education" in view of the problem that the children who move with them cannot take the senior high school entrance examination in the local area. For example, in Beijing and Shanghai, the doors of secondary vocational schools have been opened. In 20 10, secondary vocational schools in the two places enrolled16,000 children.
◇ Accelerate the short board and vigorously solve the "difficulty in entering the park"
Tents, camp beds, loungers and benches ... In order to win a place for children to enter the park, white-haired grandparents and young "post-80 s" parents have enough "equipment" to line up in front of the kindergarten and stick to it day and night. This "spectacular" scene is constantly staged in many cities. "It is difficult to enter the park and it is difficult to test civil servants; Admission is expensive, which is more expensive than university fees. " Nowadays, the difficulty of entering the park has become a prominent problem that affects the fairness of education, and it is also a livelihood issue that is strongly reflected by the masses at present.
Expert review
Preschool education affects people's life.
Feng Xiaoxia (Director of Academic Committee of China Preschool Education Research Association): Before the age of 6, the human brain develops fastest, which is the key period for oral development and mastering mathematical concepts, the basis of behavior and personality, and the most plastic period in a person's life. Scientific preschool education can make children better adapt to their future study and life.
"A hundred years of life is based on childhood." Preschool education is the beginning of lifelong learning, an important part of the national education system and an important social welfare undertaking. However, by 20 10, the gross enrollment rate of three years before school in China is only 56.6%. In the next few years, the contradiction between supply and demand of preschool education resources will be more prominent due to the influence of population mobility and phased birth peak.
To this end, the state clearly put forward the goal of basically popularizing preschool education by 2020. 20 10,1/the State Council issued "Several Opinions on the Current Development of Preschool Education", proposing to adhere to public welfare and inclusiveness, and strive to build a public system of preschool education covering urban and rural areas with reasonable layout. At present, all localities are preparing and implementing a three-year action plan for preschool education, and strive to alleviate the difficulty of entering the park.
Shaanxi province has brought preschool education into the public service system and proposed to realize one-year free preschool education in the whole province by 20 15.
Pay equal attention to "public" and "people" and expand resources. It is difficult to enter the park because of the overall shortage of preschool education resources and insufficient opportunities to enter the park. Therefore, we must pay equal attention to public education and private education, and expand preschool education resources in various forms. Vigorously develop public parks, encourage high-quality public parks to hold sub-parks or cooperative parks, and support street and rural collective kindergartens. Encourage social forces to run parks, give public parks the same status in terms of approval and registration, classification and grading, and guide private parks to provide inclusive services. Urban communities should be equipped with kindergartens according to regulations, and new communities should be planned, built and delivered simultaneously.
Prospect of preschool education
During the "Twelfth Five-Year Plan" period, the gross enrollment rate for one year before school increased to 85%. By 2020, the gross enrollment rate of preschool education in the first, second and third years will reach 95%, 80% and 70% respectively.
Enrich the team and strengthen the teaching staff. Children are delicate flowers, and kindergarten teachers are flower protectors. At present, there are nearly 30 million kindergarten children in China, and there are only 6.5438+0.3 million kindergarten teachers, which is a big gap. In the next 10 year, the population of school-age children in China will increase to about 50 million in the three years before school. It is necessary to expand and enrich the team of preschool teachers, improve the training system for preschool teachers, run the preschool education major in secondary preschool normal schools and higher normal colleges, and establish the training system for kindergarten directors and preschool teachers. In the next three years, the Ministry of Education will train 1000 principals and kindergarten backbone teachers at the national level, and within five years, a round of professional training for principals and kindergarten teachers will be carried out in various places. Implement the status and treatment of preschool teachers according to law, and earnestly safeguard the rights and interests of preschool teachers.
Increase investment and guarantee funds. At present, the proportion of preschool education funds in the total national education funds has been hovering between 1.2%- 1.3%, far below the world average of 3.8%. Pre-school education funds must be included in the fiscal budget, and the new education funds will be tilted towards pre-school education, and there will be obvious improvement in the next three years, so as to cast a solid "capital chain" to solve the difficulty of entering the park. The central government has set up special funds, and will invest 3 billion yuan in 20 1 1 year, focusing on supporting the development of rural preschool education in the central and western regions and ethnic minority areas.
In addition, it is necessary to strengthen the management of kindergarten access, safety, fees and education quality, rationally formulate the charging standards for public parks, strengthen the charging management of private parks, and resolutely investigate and deal with arbitrary charges.
All localities have increased their investment in building kindergartens.
Hainan Province plans to invest 620 million yuan to rebuild 100 schools and build 104 public parks in the next five years. There are at least 1 public central kindergartens in each township to solve the preschool education problem of more than 40% school-age children.
Jiangsu province vigorously develops public kindergartens and supports private kindergartens. By 20 12, every township in the province should at least run 1 public central kindergartens that meet the standards of provincial quality kindergartens. From 20 1 1, newly-built kindergartens must be built according to the standards of provincial quality kindergartens.
◇ Sponsor more perfect students from poor families to enjoy warmth.
"Don't let a child drop out of school because of family financial difficulties" is an important embodiment of educational fairness. After years of unremitting efforts, China has formed a relatively complete financial aid system for students from poor families, including "award, help, reduction, exemption and loan" and other forms.
At present, in the compulsory education stage, all students are exempted from tuition and miscellaneous fees, rural areas and nearly half cities are exempted from book fees, and living allowances are provided to boarding students with financial difficulties. In the stage of secondary vocational education, the central and local governments allocate about 654.38+0.8 billion yuan each year to help nearly 654.38+0.2 million students, exempting students from poor rural families, students majoring in agriculture and students from urban low-income families from tuition fees. In ordinary high schools, establish a financial aid system for students with financial difficulties. The average subsidy standard is 1.500 yuan per student per year, accounting for about 20% of the total. At the stage of higher education, national scholarships and student loans have been established. In 20 10, 4.99 million scholarships were awarded.
The strength of the policy is getting bigger and bigger every year, and the strength is constantly upgrading. The financial aid system for students from poor families is an institutional arrangement that enables students from poor families to obtain maximum benefits. We must further improve this system, truly implement various funding measures, and ensure that every student enjoys the basic right to receive education.
Implementation should help. At present, the funding system has covered all stages of education from primary school to university. It is necessary to further expand the scope, extend downward, establish a pre-school education funding system, and fund children with financial difficulties and orphans and disabled children to receive inclusive pre-school education; It also extended to the "upper class", improved the postgraduate funding policy, and established a national scholarship for postgraduate students.
Deep interpretation
Incentives, assistance, relief and loans
Award refers to the national inspirational scholarship and national scholarship established by the state in colleges and universities;
Help means that colleges and universities have state grants and work-study programs, while secondary vocational schools have state grants and internships and work-study programs;
Remission refers to the policy of tuition remission for students in public full-time ordinary colleges and universities who have special financial difficulties and are unable to pay tuition fees;
Exemption refers to free education for normal students in colleges and universities, and "two exemptions and one subsidy" is implemented in central primary schools;
Loan refers to the establishment of national student loan and green channel system in colleges and universities.
Standard dynamic adjustment. In recent years, the state has repeatedly raised the standards and explored the dynamic adjustment of the subsidy standards for university grants. Starting from the fall semester of 20 10, the national grant standard for colleges and universities has been raised from 2000 yuan to 3000 yuan per student; For boarding students with financial difficulties in rural compulsory education in the central and western regions, their living allowance standard will be increased by 1 yuan per person per day. In the future, we should further establish and improve the dynamic adjustment mechanism and gradually raise the standards according to the level of economic development and financial resources.
The voice of the people
In my grandfather's time, there were no books or pens. In my father's time, there was only a small blackboard; In our time, as long as we walk into the computer classroom, we will walk out of the mountains. ...
◎ Income inequality affects a moment, while education inequality affects a lifetime.
◎ School choice has existed since ancient times. From the "Three Major Movements in Meng Mu" to today's school choice, the original intention is the same, all for children.
◎ A good principal is a good school; A good teacher is a good class.
Mobilize social forces. For a long time, social forces have contributed to ensuring that students from poor families can afford to go to school and not drop out of school. For example, as of 2009, the "Hope Project" has raised more than 5.6 billion yuan, helped build 65.438+59 million hope primary schools, and subsidized more than 3.4 million out-of-school children. We should continue to carry forward the social atmosphere of respecting teachers and attaching importance to education, helping the weak and helping the poor, improve various guidance and incentive policies, and encourage all sectors of society to care about education and help students from poor families.
Expert review
Need to expand financing channels.
Chu (researcher, Central Institute of Education): At present, the funding system can not fully meet the growing needs of poor students. In addition to the government continuing to appropriately increase funding, the funding channels for poor students also need to be expanded. For example, a bridge can be built between employers and students, and the two sides can sign intentional employment agreements, so that poor students have the opportunity to get financial support from enterprises.
Realizing educational equity is the common aspiration of hundreds of millions of families in China and the solemn commitment of the party and the government. It can be predicted that with the acceleration of China's educational reform and development, the sunshine of educational fairness will surely shine on every flower of the motherland and warm the hearts of every student.
(Editor: Lin Wei)