primary education

One is an Anglican-controlled school; The other is a charitable school founded by individuals or groups of non-state churches. The most representative school is Sunday school, which was founded in England by the missionary Rex in 1780. This is a free school that provides religious education and literacy education for young people who work in factories on Sundays. It gathers the children of the poor class on Sundays, which can not only prevent and reduce the chaos of social order, but also anesthetize the children's spirit with religious propaganda, so it is supported by the rulers.

secondary education

Grammar schools and public schools. Grammar middle school follows the traditional name and aims to train ordinary officials. Compared with private tutoring, public schools are funded by public organizations, with good teaching facilities and high fees, with the aim of training ordinary public officials. Both of them pay more attention to classical liberal arts teaching and religious courses, which are not connected with primary education, reflecting the obvious dual-track system.

higher education

Classical universities established in the Middle Ages, the most famous of which are Oxford University (1 168) and Cambridge University (1209), are mainly aimed at upper-class youth, with classical art and theology as the main educational contents.

/kloc-school education from 0/9th century to early 20th century

primary education

The cram school (Lancaster-Bell system) is a new teaching organization form founded by British missionaries Lancaster and Bell in 1798. It is also called Lancaster-Bell system or mutual aid teaching system, that is, teachers choose some senior or older students with excellent grades as "mentors" and assistants, so that they can accept the teaching content first and then transfer it to other students. This teaching method has alleviated the shortage of teachers to a certain extent, and contributed to the development of primary education, so it is popular in Britain and has had an impact on other countries such as Europe and America. However, this method inevitably leads to a decline in the quality of education and is finally abandoned by people.

1870 primary education law

Also known as the Foster Act. The main contents are ▼

The state has the right to subsidize and supervise education;

Divide school districts nationwide and set up school committees to manage education in this area;

Compulsory primary education for children aged 5-65 38+02;

Establishing public schools in areas lacking schools;

The separation of secular subjects and religious subjects in schools.

The Foster Act is the first act on primary education in Britain. The most significant thing is that it announced the implementation of compulsory primary education and marked the formal formation of the national primary education system, thus laying the foundation for the entire British education system.

secondary education

Since19th century, secondary education in Britain has developed rapidly. Under the impact of the industrial revolution, the original secondary education can no longer meet the needs of the development of modern capitalism, and the calls for reforming secondary education, increasing practical science, reforming religious teaching and reducing the proportion of classical courses are getting louder and louder. /kloc-since the second half of the 0/9th century, British secondary education, which is dominated by primitive classical tradition, has been greatly impacted and started to move towards practical education and modernization.

1861-1864. The Clarington Committee conducted an investigation on nine public schools, and put forward reform suggestions in view of their shortcomings. Under the influence of the report, some changes have taken place in public schools. First, the curriculum content has been expanded. Although classical subjects are the main subjects, English, modern languages, mathematics and science are paid more and more attention. Secondly, reform the board of directors of public schools and establish a meeting of principals.

1864 ——1868. Downton School Committee investigated more than 900 grammar schools and made a report, suggesting to establish three types of schools according to social class, which has obvious class nature. Although it was not adopted, it had an important impact on the development of secondary education later.

higher education

/kloc-After the 0/9th century, the industrial revolution brought the prosperity of culture and scientific knowledge, which required universities to research and teach practical new courses, which further promoted the development of British higher education.

The New University Movement 1828, the establishment of University College London, opened the prelude to the New University Movement. This college does not teach religion, but attaches importance to natural science. 1829, King's College was founded by various sects in China. Apart from the differences in religious teaching, the courses offered by the two universities are similar. 1836, the two houses merged into the University of London. /kloc-In the second half of the 20th century, driven by the University of London, many urban schools were established, such as Manchester, Birmingham and Liverpool.

The common characteristics of these new universities are: private, regardless of sects, accessible to both men and women, boarding and day study, and emphasis on mathematics, science and business. The rise of City College has changed the tradition of British higher education. Since then, science has entered the palace of higher education, and there have also been opportunities for nobles, upper class and middle class to enter the gates of colleges and universities.

University extension movement

From 65438 to 1940s, full-time universities extended their education to part-time students in the form of on-campus or off-campus lectures. It strengthens the connection between universities and society, promotes the middle and lower classes of society and women to have more opportunities to receive higher education, and promotes the curriculum reform and the development of higher education institutions.

School Education in Britain in the 20th Century

Balfour's Education Law and the Reform of Education Management System

1902, Britain promulgated the Balfour Education Act. The main content of the bill is ▼

Establish local education authorities to manage school education, and stipulate that the main responsibilities of local education authorities are to ensure that they meet the requirements of primary education, enjoy the right to set up public secondary schools, and provide funds for secondary schools and normal schools.

Local education authorities are also responsible for subsidizing private schools and religious schools and controlling them to some extent.

The Balfour Act is the first important education act in Britain in the 20th century. Its promulgation ended the long-term chaotic situation of British education, promoted the development of British secondary education, and laid the basic form of British educational leadership system, that is, an educational administrative leadership system with local education bureaus as the main body and the combination of the central parliament, the Education Committee (1944 changed to the Ministry of Education) and local education bureaus was formed in Britain, which had an important impact on the later development of British educational leadership system and secondary education.

Fisher education method

19 18, the British Parliament passed the primary education bill proposed by Fisher, Minister of Culture and Education, called Fisher Education Act. The content is as follows ▼

Strengthen the right of local authorities to develop education and the power of the State Education Commission to restrict local authorities;

Local authorities set up preschool schools for children aged 2-5; It is stipulated that 5- 14 years old is the compulsory education stage; Primary schools are free;

Local education authorities should establish and maintain continuing education schools and provide free appropriate learning courses, teaching and physical training for teenagers aged 14- 16. The bill adjusts the relationship between the central and local education authorities, increases the possibility of implementing the national unified plan to a certain extent, and takes a step forward in establishing a complete national education system. The bill promotes the popularization and development of primary education, but it does not solve the problem of secondary education for all children. On the contrary, it stipulated the conditions of continuing education, which concealed the concern for secondary education. Continuing education was put on hold because of insufficient funds at that time, and the problem of dual-track system was not fundamentally solved.