Judging from the development trend, people pay more and more attention to education. China's "tiger mother" and "wolf father" once caused people to question the traditional education in China. The craze for studying abroad once caused a heated discussion about Chinese and western education. It is an indisputable fact that there are differences between Chinese and western education, and it is also beyond reproach that different national conditions present different educational characteristics. This paper will compare, analyze and discuss from three aspects: historical and cultural roots, school education and family education. For reference.
1 the influence of history and culture on Chinese and western education
The national cultural tradition of a country has a profound influence on education. China has many cultural names, but Confucianism eventually became the ancestor of China culture. Confucian culture emphasizes benevolence, righteousness, courtesy, wisdom, faithfulness, loyalty, filial piety and honesty. Its core is kindness. It is characterized by attaching importance to spirit and neglecting matter; Pay more attention to morality than skills; Pay more attention to theory than practice. Western culture is mainly composed of two parts: ancient Greek culture and Hebrew culture. Greek culture eventually became the source of western culture. Its core is the embodiment of rationality, freedom, fairness, honor and humanity.
Different ways of cultural inheritance and evolution are the fundamental reasons for the formation of Chinese and western education.
1. 1 China education emphasizes morality, while western education emphasizes utility.
China's culture is opposed to utilitarianism in the main body, which reflects that education must attach importance to morality. Confucius said that "a gentleman is righteous and a villain is beneficial". He put "justice"
And take "profit" as the only criterion to distinguish gentlemen from villains; Mencius, Dong Zhongshu and other thinkers all showed the characteristics of respecting righteousness and restraining profit, emphasizing righteousness and opposing profit. This kind of values directly leads to the singleness of educational training objectives and the ethics of teaching content in China, and the whole education has been brought into the category of morality. As a result, we can only cultivate "obedient people" who are content with the status quo and restrain people's individual needs and legitimate material pursuit and enjoyment. Western culture emphasizes individualism and pays attention to personal interests and power in the relationship between people. Personal interests are the only realistic interests. Therefore, western culture attaches great importance to people-oriented and individuality. Focus on cultivating students' independent thinking, active participation, critical thinking and innovative ability. However, this strong desire for individualism pushes people to explore the material world and pursue and enjoy material benefits. There are also phenomena such as quick success and instant benefit, money worship, indifference to family and interpersonal neglect.
1.2 China culture advocates harmony, while western culture advocates competition.
China culture advocates the cultural quality of the golden mean. The principle of the golden mean is to pay attention to harmony in everything. Confucius used this standard when evaluating students' behavior, and opposed "overstepping" and "not achieving". This harmonious standard makes China people admire the realm of all rivers flowing into the sea. Advocate a gentle and unobtrusive style; Advocate a just, harmonious and different way of thinking; Advocate the teacher-student relationship of respecting teachers and loving students; Being unconventional and maverick are excluded. Western individualism emphasizes the value and dignity of individuals; Pursue differences with others in speech, behavior and thought. Therefore, competition and difference have always been the qualities that western educators strive to cultivate. From Hobbes, Malthus to Darwin, Gao Erdun and others all attach importance to the principle of survival competition, "natural selection, survival of the fittest."
1.3 China's education pays attention to groups, while western education pays attention to individuals.
The basic feature of China culture is that it emphasizes unity and ignores individual differences. Maintaining group harmony and social stability is the highest ethical and political principle in ancient China. Group interests are the starting point and destination of individual interests. For the group, the individual's obligation is more important than power, and dedication is greater than taking. Individual value can only be realized in groups. Therefore, in educational activities, people naturally pay attention to "general" understanding and consciousness, while ignoring in-depth "anatomy and analysis". Paying attention to the value orientation of groups plays a positive role in cultivating students' comprehensive and systematic thinking ability, but at the same time it also inhibits and restricts the development of people's personality and initiative. Western cultural tradition pursues individualism, self-centeredness, and pays attention to individuality and dignity. Protagoras in ancient Greece put forward that "man is the measure of all things", and these principles above the individual have also been written into western textbooks. If people have the right to do their own thing; People have the right to choose; Personal inviolability; The government has no right to interfere with personal freedom and privacy; Everyone has the right to vote and stand for election, and so on. Subsequently, western educators regard people with individuality and originality as the basic standard for cultivating people. Advocate people's autonomy and independence. This value orientation of attaching importance to individuals is conducive to the cultivation of people's subjective initiative, but it also causes the indifference of interpersonal relations and religious group consciousness in the whole society.
Different cultural backgrounds and educational purposes make Chinese and western school education present their own characteristics.
School education is a social activity that educators systematically influence the educated in a planned, purposeful and organized way according to certain social requirements and the laws of the physical and mental development of the educated. Due to the different cultural traditions and ways of inheritance between China and the West. There are great differences between western schools and China in the pursuit of educational purposes and the implementation of educational methods, which is the reflection of the two cultures and values in education.
2. 1 education mode
Throughout history, China's teaching mode has always been based on lectures. The guiding ideology inherited from China's traditional culture is "the father is the son, the teacher is the respect", and the educational model is top-down and condescending. The process of Chinese students' education is basically passive, and they can't get rid of the idea of "obeying orders". Students can't question authority; Obedience is a good boy. This concept restricts the development of students' thoughts, and students generally lack individuality and creativity. Education in the west is equal education. In school, the relationship between students and teachers is to guide and be guided. They respect teachers, but at the same time they think that teachers are not sages. So teachers can understand their mistakes, and teachers can discuss with students what they don't understand. The relationship between teachers and students is very equal. Therefore, western students are confident, independent and creative.
2.2 classroom model
China implements indoctrinating and stimulating classroom education, that is, exam-oriented education. In the teaching process, teachers' "teaching" and students' "learning" are mainly emphasized. Teachers are the main body, teaching aims at imparting knowledge, and students are only passive recipients. Secondly, teachers' strict and stable classroom organization, tense learning atmosphere and single teaching method suppress students' personality and easily make students lose interest in learning.
Western classrooms implement quality-oriented heuristic education. Teachers attach great importance to guiding and encouraging students; Cultivate students' independent thinking ability. The classroom is like a seminar, where the teacher skillfully guides, the students actively think and pay attention to the process of students' psychological experience and the pleasure in the process. This way greatly stimulates students' thirst for knowledge, makes students have fun in learning in a pleasant classroom atmosphere, and also improves students' ability to analyze and solve problems.
2.3 Educational content
China pays attention to the teaching of basic knowledge and theoretical knowledge; Pay attention to the accumulation and indoctrination of knowledge; Pay attention to cultivating students' respect for knowledge and authority; Pay attention to the mastery and inheritance of knowledge; And the construction of knowledge system. Knowledge point is the basic unit to transmit teaching information. The learning of a course is basically a learning process of a series of knowledge points, and it is difficult to develop and innovate the learning content. It is not difficult to see that classroom education in China attaches great importance to the essence and depth of teaching content. Western classroom education advocates nature and attaches importance to the combination of educational content and practice. Pay more attention to the cultivation of students' creativity, the flexible use of knowledge and the extensive and extensive teaching content. The teacher's explanation of knowledge is also limited. This leaves a lot of room for students to study and think, and the content of classroom learning has also been effectively expanded and extended.
3. Different social backgrounds and training orientations lead to differences in the training objectives of family education between China and the West.
German educator wrobel once said: "The fate of a country is in the hands of its mother rather than those in power." This sentence illustrates the importance of family education. Family education belongs to lifelong education and is the foundation and starting point of life.
China's parents put all their hopes on their children, who are not only the inheritors of their own lives, but also the implementers of their own ideals and wishes, and tend to encourage them to become realists. In the west, parents will let their children choose their own life path, become a self-reliant person healthily and happily, and are more inclined to encourage their children to become dreamers.
3. 1 cultural orientation
Influenced by the traditional feudal consciousness, China's parents thought that girls came to carry on the family line and honor their ancestors. Children are "their own" and the private property of the family. Therefore, the training orientation of children is that the successor of the family is the family incense, which is not only the continuation of their own lives, but also the hope of realizing their ideals and wishes; What children learn and do must first proceed from the interests of the family. From the day a western child is born, his parents think that he is a social person, a natural person and an independent individual. Parents want their children to choose a career according to their hobbies. Western parents are indifferent to the idea that their children want to become famous and have a family. Family education is based on cultivating children with pioneering spirit and becoming a self-reliant person. Parents cannot make choices for their children. From this perspective, China parents want their children to grow up, while western parents want their children to grow up.
3.2 Family atmosphere
China's family atmosphere is harmonious and rigorous, but it is not loose and democratic. Parents are the head of the family and have absolute authority. Children can't offend their parents. Obedience is a good boy. This family atmosphere has produced many "good" children. They study hard and get excellent grades, but they lack the spirit of independent development. The family atmosphere in the west is equal and friendly, and all members have equal and friendly relations. Parents and children respect each other. Parents think that children have the ability of self-reflection and education, so they rarely accuse and order their children to do this and not do that. Parents attach great importance to emotional communication with their children and are very concerned about their psychological needs. Children grow up healthily in an equal and happy family atmosphere.
3.3 Educational methods
There are three common ways of family education: dictatorship, doting and democracy. Family education in China is dominated by parents' tyranny and doting, while democratic education is rare in China families. Parents often take their own will as the transfer, and you have to do whatever I want you to do, regardless of children's needs and preferences; Overindulgence in children's study and life hinders the formation of children's independent personality and independent consciousness; Children are not encouraged to start work, explore and take risks. They may even think it is "nonsense" and stop it. Parents in China prefer their children to obey the rules. Western parents basically adopt democratic education methods: they will respect their children's choices; Encourage children to do it themselves in life and study; Encourage them to try to innovate boldly; Appreciate children's independent self-awareness.
In a word, the influence of school, family, history and culture on education is sincere to each other and is very important to children's life. Both Chinese and western education have their own advantages and disadvantages. Whether it is China education or western education, we should think more and question more, foster strengths and avoid weaknesses, and take the essence. Undoubtedly, after thousands of years of history, education in China has developed a complete set of educational ideas and concepts. However, with the globalization of education, we should learn from the advantages of western education culture, constantly improve and develop our education system, and cultivate more qualified talents for the development of China.