Confucius is the founder of Confucianism. He advocates "benevolence" and "courtesy", that is, "the benevolent loves others" and "self-denial". To realize benevolence, we must follow the golden mean, which has practical value for dealing with the relationship between people and guiding significance for the harmonious relationship between man and nature.
Confucianism has gradually become the mainstream of traditional society in China. Put forward "ruling the country by virtue" and gradually improve politics while "respecting" the country; The establishment of private schools, with all classes teaching in accordance with their aptitude, has created a brand-new pattern of "civilian education"
Expanding information Confucius initiated the atmosphere of private lectures and advocated benevolence, righteousness, courtesy, wisdom and faith. He led some disciples around the world for thirteen years, and revised the six classics of Poetry, Calligraphy, Rites and Music, Book of Changes and Spring and Autumn Annals in his later years.
According to legend, Confucius once asked Laozi for gifts, with 3,000 disciples, including 72 sages. After the death of Confucius, his disciples and their re-disciples recorded the words and deeds, quotations and thoughts of Confucius and his disciples, and compiled the Confucian classic The Analects. ?
In ancient times, Confucius was regarded as a "saint of heaven" and a "muduo of heaven". He was one of the most learned scholars in the society at that time, and was respected by later rulers as Confucius' sage, the most holy, the most holy teacher, the most holy teacher, the teacher of kings and the teacher of generations.
His thoughts have a far-reaching influence on China and the world, and he is listed as the first of the "Top Ten Cultural Celebrities in the World". With the expansion of Confucius' influence, "Confucius Sacrifice Ceremony" once became a "big sacrifice" at the same level as China's ancestor worship.
The core content of Confucius' political thought is "courtesy" and "benevolence". In the general plan of governing the country, he advocated "governing the country by virtue", which is the noblest way to govern the country. This strategy of governing the country is also called "rule by virtue" or "rule by courtesy". This strategy applies morality and politeness to the people, tightens the hierarchy, and completely divides nobles and civilians into ruled and ruled. Broke the original important boundary between nobles and civilians.
Confucius lived in Lu, which had a deep tradition of patriarchal clan system in the Western Zhou Dynasty. At this time, the ruling power of the Zhou Dynasty had existed in name only, and there were constant struggles among governors, resulting in the social reality of "losing the king, abolishing etiquette and righteousness, losing political power, and being at home in the world". "No monarch, no minister, no father and no son" became the characteristic of that era.
The intensification of social contradictions has hindered the development of productive forces, and people's spirit and beliefs have also been destroyed as never before. These together constitute the historical origin and social conditions of Confucius' political thought, and "benevolence" and "courtesy" are the basic spirits of his political thought.
Confucius' ideals of "Great Harmony" and "Well-off Society" have a far-reaching influence on China's later generations. Later, thinkers in different historical periods and stages put forward different visions and goals, which also inspired progressive thinkers and reformers. Hong Xiuquan, Kang Youwei, Tan Sitong and Sun Yat-sen were all influenced by it.
The main contents of Confucius' moral education are "courtesy" and "benevolence". Among them, "courtesy" is the moral standard, and "benevolence" is the highest moral standard. "Rite" is the form of "benevolence" and "benevolence" is the content of "ceremony". With the spirit of "benevolence", "ceremony" can be truly enriched. In terms of moral cultivation, he put forward methods such as determination, self-denial, practice, introspection and courage to reform.
"Learning and knowing" is the dominant idea of Confucius' teaching thought. While advocating being shameless and eager to learn, he emphasized the combination of learning and thinking ("learning without thinking is useless, thinking without learning is dangerous"), and at the same time, he should "apply what he has learned" and apply what he has learned to social practice.
He first proposed heuristic teaching. He said, "No anger, no anger, no anger." This means that when students think seriously and reach a certain level, teachers should inspire and inspire students. He was also the earliest educator who adopted the method of teaching students in accordance with their aptitude in teaching practice.
Through conversation and individual observation, he understands and is familiar with students' personality characteristics. On this basis, according to the specific situation of each student, different educational methods are adopted to cultivate talents in morality, language, politics and literature.
Confucius loved education and engaged in educational activities all his life. He never tires of learning and teaching. We should not only teach by example, but also lead by example and influence students with our own example behavior. He loves his students and they respect him very much. The relationship between teachers and students is very harmonious. He is a shining example of ancient teachers in China.
Baidu encyclopedia-Confucius