According to Mozi's records, there are fifteen kinds of programs in Mozi's thought, namely, Mozi Lu Wen said: "Anyone who enters the country must choose his own thing and engage in it." If the country is in chaos, then the language is Shang Xian and Monk Tong; If the country is poor, the language will be used sparingly and buried sparingly; If the country is full of sounds, then language is unhappy and fatal; If the country is immoral and rude, then language respects heaven and ghosts; National affairs seize aggression, that is, love words do not attack. "Among them, universal love and non-aggression are the core of Mozi's thought.

Mozi's theory mainly includes the following points:

(1) Love and attack. The so-called universal love means equality and fraternity. Mozi asked monarchs, ministers, fathers and sons and brothers to love each other on the basis of equality. "Love yourself if you love yourself", Mozi believes that the phenomenon of being strong against the weak, rich against the poor, and arrogant is caused by people all over the world not loving each other.

The ghost of Tian Zhiming. Advocating ghosts and gods is a major feature of Mozi's thought. Mozi believes that heaven has ambition-to love all the people in the world. Because "people, regardless of age, are all ministers of heaven" and "the love of heaven is thick", if the monarch violates God's will, he will be punished by heaven, otherwise he will be rewarded by heaven. Mozi not only believes in the existence of ghosts and gods, but also thinks that they will reward the good and punish the evil for the monarchs or nobles on earth. The innate human rights and the thought of restricting monarchs in Mozi's religious philosophy are one of the highlights in Mozi's philosophy.

③ Shangxian County, Shang Tong. Shang Tong asked the people and the Emperor to keep pace, unite as one, and practice just politics. Sages include those who choose sages as officials and those who choose sages as emperors. Mozi believes that the monarch must elect the sages in the country, and the people should obey the monarch in public management. Mozi asked the above to know the situation, because only in this way can we reward good and punish evil. Mozi asked the monarch to use Shang Xian, that is, to appoint the virtuous and get rid of the corrupt. Mozi attached great importance to Shang Xian and thought that Shang Xian was the foundation of politics. He especially opposed the monarch's use of flesh and blood relatives, but ignored the origin of saints, and put forward the view that "officials are impermanent and expensive, and the people have no end."

(4) frugal burial. Thrift is a point that Mohist school emphasizes very much. They criticized the extravagance and waste of monarchs and nobles, especially against the custom of long funeral and heavy burial valued by Confucianism. People think that monarchs and nobles should live a clean and thrifty life like Dayu in ancient times. Mozi asked Mohism to practice in this respect.

Philosophy and political thought

The main contribution of Mozi's philosophy is epistemology. He regards the direct feeling experience of "the truth of eyes and ears" as the only source of understanding. He believes that judging the existence of things should be based on what everyone sees and hears, not personal imagination. Based on this simple materialist empiricism, Mozi put forward the criteria for testing the truth and falsehood of knowledge, namely, three tables: "The origin of knowledge lies in the matter of ancient sages", "The truth of people's eyes and ears is observed below", and "Abandoning criminal politics and observing the interests of the people in the country". Mozi integrated "matter", "reality" and "benefit" and tried to eliminate personal subjective prejudice by taking indirect experience, direct experience and social effect as the criterion. On the relationship between name and substance, he put forward the proposition of "not taking it by name, taking it by name" and advocated naming it by substance. Mozi's epistemology which emphasizes the authenticity of sensory experience also has great limitations. He once concluded that there were ghosts and gods on the grounds that someone "tasted the things of ghosts and gods and smelled their voices". But Mozi didn't ignore the function of rational knowledge, and Mohist created China's first logical thought system.

One view is that Mozi's world outlook has profound internal contradictions. On the one hand, he emphasized "non-fate" and "respect for power" and thought that it was not "fate" but "power" that determined people's different experiences. On the other hand, Mozi affirmed the role of "Heaven" and "Ghost". He described "Heaven" as a personality god with will, and preached that "those who obey the will of God will be rewarded". "Those who go against God's will" will be punished. He believes that "loving each other and benefiting each other" means "obeying God's will" and "opposing evil and stealing from each other" means "violating God's will". However, another view holds that "non-destiny" and "ambition" reflect Mozi's strong thinking tension of "the debate between heaven and man" In Mozi's religious philosophy, ambition loves everything but does not control fate, and heaven rewards diligence, and heaven likes people who are constantly striving for self-improvement.

Politically, Mozi put forward the ideas of "universal love", "mutual non-aggression", "Shang Xian", "Shang Tong", "frugal use", "frugal burial" and "unhappy". The core of his social and political thought is "being different", and "breaking without breaking" is his concrete action program. He believes that as long as everyone "loves each other and benefits each other", there will be no bullying, arrogance, ignorance and mutual attacks between countries in society. He sharply exposed and criticized the disasters caused by the wars launched by the rulers and the luxury and enjoyment in ordinary customs. In the principle of employing people, Mozi advocated meritocracy, opposed cronyism, and advocated that "officials are impermanent and expensive, and the people are not cheap." He also advocated that from the emperor, governors to chiefs at all levels, we should "choose the best people in the world and use them" to act as; The people and the emperor should obey God's will, carry forward fraternity and practice just politics. Otherwise, it is illegal. This is "smart"? Yulun? Thin?

logical thinking

Mozi is also one of the important pioneers of China's ancient logic thought. He consciously and extensively used logical reasoning to establish or demonstrate his political and ethical thoughts. He also put forward logical concepts such as argument, category and reason for the first time in the history of China's logic. And it is required to study debate as a kind of specialized knowledge. Although Mozi's "argument" refers to the debating technique, it is based on the knowledge of categories (things and the like) and reasoning (grounds and reasons), so it belongs to the category of logical analogy or argumentation. Mozi's "three forms" are not only the ideological standard of speech, but also the factors of reasoning and argumentation. Mozi is also good at revealing the enemy's contradictions by analogy. Due to Mozi's advocacy and enlightenment, Mohism developed the tradition of attaching importance to logic, and later Mohism established the first system of ancient logic in China.

Zhuangzi:

Everything is the same, but Mo Qiang is different.

Disciple asked: "Compared with heaven and earth, who is old and who is less, who is more expensive and who is less?" Zhuangzi said, "People are formed in heaven and earth, suffer indignities from Yin and Yang, and stand between heaven and earth, just like a small stone Xiao Mu in a mountain. It's too small, so why should we be arrogant? The four seas lie between heaven and earth, unlike ant nests in the desert? Isn't China in the sea like a small grain of rice in big warehouse? There are countless things in the world, and people are just one of them; Compared with all things, people are not like a hair on a horse? "

The disciple seemed to realize something and said, "Sir, you mean there is a mountain beyond the mountain, and there is a sky behind it?" Zhuangzi said: "There is meaning in this respect." Disciple asked, "Is it okay if I regard heaven and earth as the largest and smallest?"

Zhuangzi said, "No! Any object is inexhaustible in terms of measurement and endless in terms of time of existence; Can be divided infinitely, without beginning or end. Therefore, people with great wisdom have a view of distance: small but not too little, big but not too much, and unlimited knowledge. He learned from ancient times and modern times: although ancient times were out of reach, they were not confused; Although I can get there, I won't stand on tiptoe to get it, knowing that time has no beginning or end. He knows that heaven has ups and downs, gains and losses, so he gains without joy and loses without worry. He understands that heaven is magnanimous, so he is born unhappy and dies without regret, knowing the changes from beginning to end. People know far less than they don't know; When I was born, it was not as long as when I was not born. Growing up, we were poor, so we were confused and got nothing. From this point of view, how can we know that the smallest point is enough to be the smallest to smallest boundary? How do you know that heaven and earth are enough to exhaust the territory? "

The disciple said, "I see. Sir, you mean: large, medium and small, not too big; Small is big, don't treat small as small. " Zhuangzi said, "It seems inaccurate. For example, the big ones are big and the small ones are small. Big infinity, small infinity. "

Disciple asked, "How can we distinguish between the noble and the low, and how can we distinguish between the big and the small?" Zhuangzi said: "From the standpoint of Tao, everything is neither expensive nor cheap; From the standpoint of things, expensive is cheap; From a secular point of view, dignity lies not in itself, but in external honor and disgrace. Look at the difference outside, because it is big and big, so everything is not big; Everything is small because it is small. If you know that heaven and earth are like rice plants, they are as small as hills, and there is no difference in size. In ancient times, Yao and Shun surrendered to be emperors, while Zi and Prince Ha surrendered and died. Shang Tang and Zhou Wuwang fought for the title of emperor, but Bai Gong's fight for the throne led to his own destruction. From this point of view, the ceremony of striving for concessions and Liang Yaos trip are sometimes expensive, sometimes not always expensive, but often very cheap. Large columns can break through the city gate but can't plug the hole, which has different uses; Huiji gallops thousands of miles a day, catching mice is not as good as civet cats, and its skills are better; Owls can catch fleas at night, but they can't see the hills even with their eyes wide open during the day, and their performance is limited. Zen emperor passed down in different ways, or passed down from the same surname to his surname; There are also different ways of inheritance among the three generations, either father and son follow each other or turn against each other. But if it is out of date, it is against the world. This is called usurpation. If it is timely and do as the Romans do, it is called a righteous man. It can be seen that sometimes I can't help myself. I said, disciple, how can you understand the noble gate and the big and small family? "

Xunzi:

Xunzi's thought is biased towards experience and personnel, based on social context, attaching importance to social order, opposing mysticism and attaching importance to human efforts. Confucius' central idea is "benevolence", Mencius' central idea is "righteousness", and Xunzi put forward "courtesy" after them, attaching importance to people's behavior norms in society. Confucius was revered as a saint, but he opposed the philosophical thought of "Meng Si School" headed by Mencius and Zi Si, and thought that Zi Gong and himself were the scholars who inherited Confucius' thought. Xunzi believes that people are born to satisfy their desires, and there will be disputes if they are not satisfied. Therefore, he advocates that human nature is evil, and it is necessary to "turn nature into falsehood" by the enlightenment of the holy king and etiquette to enhance his personality.

Xun Kuang is a thinker of the emerging landlord class. His knowledge is profound. On the basis of inheriting early Confucianism, he absorbed the strengths of various schools and comprehensively reformed them, established his own ideological system and developed the ancient materialism tradition. There are 32 existing Xunzi, most of which are his own works, involving philosophy, logic, politics, morality and many other aspects. On the view of nature, he opposed the belief in ghosts and gods, affirmed that the laws of nature were not transferred by man's will, and put forward the idea that man could conquer nature. On the issue of human nature, he put forward the theory of "evil nature", which advocated that human nature was evil and denied the moral view of talent. Emphasize the influence of acquired environment and education on people; In political thought, he adhered to the Confucian principle of rule by courtesy, attached importance to people's material needs, and advocated the combination of economic development and rule by courtesy. In epistemology, he admits that human thinking can reflect reality. But there is a tendency to despise sensory function. In the famous Persuasion, he concentrated on his views on learning. This paper emphasizes the importance of "learning" and holds that only erudition can be "without help" At the same time, it is pointed out that learning must be combined with practice, and the learning attitude should be sincere, single-minded and persistent. He attaches great importance to the position and role of teachers in teaching. He believes that a country must attach importance to teachers if it wants to prosper, and at the same time put forward strict requirements for teachers. He thinks that students can't practice unless the teacher sets an example.

The article in Xunzi has clear theme, rigorous structure, thorough reasoning and strong logic. The language is rich and colorful, good at metaphor, with many parallel sentences and his unique style, which also has a certain influence on later reasoning articles. The five short poems in Xunzi created a literary genre, namely Fu. He wrote Xiang Xiang pian in the form of folk songs at that time, and the lyrics were easy to understand. He used rap to express his political and academic thoughts, which also had a certain influence on later generations. Xun Kuang deserves to be regarded as a great thinker, outstanding writer and educator in ancient China.

In addition, Xunzi is one of the representatives of Yin and Yang.

Xunzi's life activities, "custom and righteousness?" "Biography of Jigong" records: "At that time, all the wise men gathered under Ji ... Sun Qing had a scholar who began to study at the age of fifteen." In 286 BC, the Song Dynasty was wiped out. Confucianism talks about the arrogance of King Qi Min. "All Confucian scholars are disobedient and scattered." At this moment, the alignment said, "If you stand on the position of winning, you will win on the road of winning." He pointed to today's Chu's tie in front of me, the geese threatened me behind me, and Jin Wei held it on my right ... If the national policy was planned, the three countries would inevitably take the opportunity to invade. In this way, Qi will inevitably lead to disintegration and the country is in danger of extinction. (Xunzi). Right ",the second volume, only note the title) opinion was not adopted, Sun Qing went to the state of Chu. During the reign of King Xiang of Qi (283 BC-265 BC), Xunzi returned to Qi for the second time. "Xun Qing is the best teacher. "He was promoted to drink offering three times. ("Historical Records? Biographies of Mencius and Xun Qing) Fan Ju of Qin Dynasty (266 BC-255 BC), Xunzi went to Qin State to meet Zhao Haoqi of Qin State. Zhao Haoqi asked: "Is Confucianism bad for the people's country?" Xunzi replied: "Confucianism is beautiful politically in the current dynasty and vulgar in the status of the next dynasty. Confucianism is like this." ("Scholars") Ying Hou () asked Sun: What do you think of entering Qin? Xunzi replied: "shape wins", "people are simple", "officials are afraid", the scholar-officials are "open-minded and public", and the court "listens without leaving" and "governs"; And "almost no Confucianism" is "what Qin lacks" Because of the rule of law in Qin dynasty, Xunzi's thought of governing the country with Confucianism is not feasible.

Someone slandered Xunzi in Qi, so Xunzi left Qi and came to Chu. In 255 BC, he was appointed as the magistrate of Lanling County. But some people think that Xunzi is the bane of Chu. So Xunzi resigned from Chu and came to Zhao to worship him as Shangqing. Later, someone in Chu advised Chu Xiangchun and Shen Jun to let Xunzi return to Chu. So Chun sent someone back to Xunzi and asked him to be reinstated as Lanling County Magistrate. In 238 BC, Chun Shen Jun was killed by Li Yuan, and Xunzi was just an official. He died a few years later.

There are more than 300 works of Xunzi circulating in Han Dynasty. After editing and sorting out by Liu Xiang, 32 books were fixed by deleting duplication.

Xunzi traveled to Qi in his early years. Because of his extensive knowledge, he was the "most teacher" and served as the "wine festival" of Qi State at that time for three times (the length of the school palace). In about 264 BC, at the invitation of King Qin Zhao, he swam westward into the State of Qin, saying that the State of Qin was "simple in folk customs", "awed by all officials" and close to "supreme rule". Later, he returned to Zhao, where he fought in front of Linwu Junyi, thinking that "the purpose of fighting is to care for the people" and that "people who are good at attaching themselves to the people are also good at fighting" ("Xunzi? Discuss the soldiers "). Later, Xunzi was used by Chu Chunshen Jun and ordered by Lanling County (now Lanling Town, Cangshan County, Shandong Province). Engaged in teaching and writing in his later years.

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