Guo Bingwen (1880- 1969), male, from Pukou, Nanjing, was born in Qingpu, Shanghai. He graduated from Shanghai Qingxin College in his early years, 1908 went to study in the United States, and 19 14 received a doctorate in education from Columbia University. After returning to China, he participated in the establishment of "Nangao" and served as the president and president of Nanjing Normal University and the president of National Southeast University. He used to be a director of the board of directors of China Education and Culture Fund, the first president of China-US Association, the director of the International Trade Bureau of the Ministry of Industry and Commerce of the National Government, the executive deputy minister of the Ministry of Finance of the National Government and the director of the Central Trade Association, and the deputy director and secretary general of the United Nations Relief Agency. 1947 retired to stay in the United States.

Guo Bingwen is the most active educator in China on the international stage. In the 1920s, he attended the World Education Conference as the chief representative of China for three times in a row, and was elected as the vice president of the World Education Association and the chairman of the Asian region for three times in a row.

Guo Bingwen is the founder of China Modern University. The National Southeast University, which he presided over, was called "the first modern national university in China" by the educational circles and became the earliest modern university in China.

Chinese name: Guo Bingwen

Alias: Hongsheng

Nationality: China.

Ethnic group: Han nationality

Date of birth: 1880

Date of death:1August 29, 969.

Occupation: educator

Graduate school: Columbia University

Major achievements: National Southeast University was founded.

China's first doctor of education.

Masterpiece: China public education system.

Native place: Pukou District, Nanjing

Personal life

1880, Guo Bingwen was born in Qingpu, Jiangsu (now Qingpu, Shanghai).

From 65438 to 0896, Guo Bingwen graduated from Shanghai Qingxin College.

1908, Guo Bingwen, who had worked in 12 for nearly 30 years, quit his job and went across the ocean to study science at Worcester College in Ohio, USA.

19 1 1 year, Guo Bingwen went to Columbia University to study pedagogy immediately after graduating from college of wooster.

19 14, Guo Bingwen received the letter of appointment from President Jiang Qian of Nanjing Normal University, which was under construction, and invited him to be the academic director. In the same year, he received his Ph.D. from Columbia University with a paper entitled "The Evolution of China's Education System", becoming the earliest doctor of education in China and one of the earliest China scholars to receive his Ph.D. in the United States.

19 15 was invited by Jiang Qian to be the provost of Nanjing Normal University.

1965438+March 2 1 In 2008, Jiang Qian was recuperated due to illness, and Guo Bingwen was appointed as the principal.

1 965438+September 20091day, the Ministry of Education officially appointed Guo Bingwen as the principal.

1On April 7th, 920, Guo Bingwen proposed the establishment of Southeast University, and immediately organized the Proposal on Changing Our School into Southeast University Committee. At the same time, it was decided to formally recruit girls from 1920 summer vacation and start the "female ban".

192 1 In September, the National Southeast University was formally established. "Nangao" and "Dongda" actually operate in a dual-track system, and Guo Bingwen is also the principal of the two schools.

After the establishment of 192 1 Dongda University, Guo Bingwen began to actively promote the merger of the two universities, and decided that Nangao would no longer enroll students from 192 1, and once all its students graduated, it would be merged into Dongda University. In the same year, Nangao Business Department expanded and reorganized and moved to Shanghai, establishing Southeast University and Shanghai Business School (now Shanghai University of Finance and Economics).

1923 In March, Guo Bingwen was appointed as the chief representative of China to attend the first World Education Conference, and was elected as the vice chairman of the World Education Association and chairman of the Asian region for two consecutive terms.

1June, 923, "Nangao" was formally merged into Dongda.

From 65438-0924, Guo Bingwen was appointed as one of the directors of China who took care of American G-money and organized the board of directors of China Education and Culture Fund.

192565438+1October 6th, Duan Beijing Municipal Government passed a resolution in the State Council to remove Guo Bingwen from the post of president of Southeast University.

1 925 February1day, the board of directors of Dongda University held a meeting, which denied the order of the Ministry of Education to change its position, asked Guo Bingwen to stay as usual, and first invited him to study abroad for education.

1926 In May, he and PaulMonroe founded "ChinaInstituteinAmerica" in new york and served as the first president.

193 1 year, Guo Bingwen returned to China at the invitation of Kong Xiangxi and became the director of the International Trade Bureau of the Ministry of Industry and Commerce of the National Government.

194 1 March, Guo Bingwen was appointed as the executive deputy minister of the Ministry of Finance of the National Government and the chairman of the Central Trade Association.

1945 After the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, he served as Deputy Director and Secretary-General of the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration.

From 65438 to 0947, Guo Bingwen retired to live in the United States.

From 65438 to 0957, Guo Bingwen, Cao, Bao Youyu and others organized the Sino-American Cultural Society in Washington, D.C., held academic activities and engaged in Sino-American cultural exchange activities, and were invited to serve as the chairman of the Advisory Committee on Education and Cultural Undertakings of the Republic of China in the United States.

1969 On August 29th, Guo Bingwen died in America.

Character works

Public Education System in China (19 15, Chinese version is History of Education System in China).

Character thinking

Teacher appointment

Guo Bingwen believes that the faculty of a university is the premise of its existence and the guarantee of its development. Therefore, he believes that the primary task of running a school is to hire excellent teachers and spare no effort to this end. At the beginning of the establishment of Southeast University, Guo Bingwen extensively recruited famous teachers and hired first-class professors and scholars to teach in the school. With his personality charm of "harmony but difference", he has accumulated a strong faculty for the school. Basically, there are many experts and scholars with excellent academic level in every subject. In order to build a team of high-quality teachers, Guo Bingwen attaches great importance to attracting foreign students. After studying abroad, he often tries his best to inquire about the situation of domestic students, conducts in-depth investigations through lectures, observations, interviews, etc., and personally visits outstanding domestic students, and invites students with real talents and practical knowledge to teach at Nanjing Normal University and Dongda University after returning home. Guo Bingwen not only hired famous domestic scholars to give lectures and lectures, but also personally invited world-renowned foreign masters to give lectures.

higher education

Guo Bingwen believes that running a university should strive to achieve four "balances", namely, the balance between generalists and professionals, the balance between science and humanities, the balance between teachers and facilities, and the balance between domestic and international.

The balance between generalists and professionals

Guo Bingwen believes that universities should set up a variety of disciplines and train all kinds of talents: "Teachers' disciplines pay attention to general education", but they don't ignore application; "Professional courses pay attention to professional education", but they don't ignore the foundation. "The two complement each other and cannot be neglected." "But they are not completely separated. The advantage of a comprehensive university is that generalists and professionals can adjust each other, so that generalists will not be idle and professionals will not be narrow-minded. All college students should be honest and approachable founders. " Guo Bingwen believes that comprehensive universities can set up both academic disciplines and applied disciplines, which complement each other.

The balance between humanities and science

The balance between humanities and science has two meanings in Guo Bingwen's eyes. The first is to run a comprehensive university, which requires equal attention to humanities, social sciences and natural sciences, and the two disciplines intersect. Only in this way can we cultivate compound talents with high humanistic and scientific literacy. For example, the Department of Psychology of Dongda University belongs to both "arts and sciences" and "pedagogy"; Biology department belongs to both "arts and sciences" and "agronomy" in order to receive the effect that humanities and science make use of each other's advantages, absorb each other's strengths and rely on each other. Guo Bingwen advocated that pedagogy should be "scientific" and emphasized that pedagogy should be based on natural science and cultivate talents by scientific methods. Secondly, universities should not only advocate national spirit and attach importance to national culture, but also absorb western civilization and attach importance to new scientific and technological knowledge. Through exchanges and integration, the university will be turned into a base for carrying forward national culture, an important town for developing science, and a meeting point for humanistic spirit and new scientific knowledge, and further cultivate high-quality talents who have both humanistic feelings and scientific thinking, love piano, chess, calligraphy and painting, and are good at acousto-optic electrification.

The balance between teachers and equipment

Guo Bingwen really felt the value of the master. But in his eyes, the so-called great scholar is both a master and an architecture, and that is his "balance between teachers and equipment". Master's personality, knowledge, interest and demeanor are of great significance to the formation of students' good learning attitude, spirit and methods. The planning and efforts of materials and equipment are aimed at improving teaching and scientific research conditions and cultivating all kinds of qualified talents.

Domestic and international balance

Guo Bingwen believes that only by learning from others and seeking world knowledge can students broaden their horizons, broaden their minds and absorb unlimited human knowledge and wisdom. He not only extended the number of doctors and masters teaching abroad, but also sent teachers abroad for further study. Dongda invites many famous people at home and abroad to give lectures or lectures every year. At that time, almost all the courses offered and textbooks used by the school were based on European and American universities, which experienced a process of introduction, digestion, transformation and innovation. Students of arts and sciences departments can study these frontier subjects.

Three educations simultaneously

Guo Bingwen is in charge of Dongda University and carries out the school-running purpose of "three educations at the same time". The so-called "three educations at the same time" includes three aspects: first, strong physique, second, full spirit, and third, morality, learning and talent. "Three educations at the same time" aims to encourage students to develop perfect personalities and become responsible citizens. Guo Bingwen firmly believes: "If you want to know the world, you must first broaden your horizons and broaden your mind, and then patriotism will arise." In terms of school-running measures, he put forward the principle of "strict examination, rather short than excessive" and applied psychological tests to entrance examinations. In addition, he attaches great importance to students' ideological and moral education and pays attention to cultivating students' self-control ability and self-control.

teacher education

Guo Bingwen believes that normal students should not only have the basic qualities that ordinary college students should have, but also pay attention to the intensive study of teaching materials and teaching methods and the persistence of their aspirations. In Guo Bingwen's view, it is difficult for normal universities with a single discipline to train high-quality teachers, while comprehensive universities with complete disciplines can provide students with broader learning and development space. Therefore, Guo Bingwen believes that in order to cultivate high-quality teachers, higher normal schools must be merged into comprehensive universities, and normal education should be placed under the background of comprehensive university education, so that students can obtain more comprehensive development. Therefore, he imitated the school-running mode of his alma mater, Columbia University, and established a normal college, and put forward the viewpoint of "the integration of teachers and colleges".

Guo Bingwen believes that all teachers above the second level must have extensive basic knowledge, and should be double bachelors, masters and doctors. It is difficult for a normal college with a single subject to fundamentally improve the quality of teachers. Therefore, in a comprehensive university, all disciplines are complete and their knowledge is complementary, which is an ideal place to train teachers. Guo Bingwen pointed out, "Teachers' Colleges are run in universities, and the sources of teachers need not be limited to teachers' colleges." Excellent college graduates, after a certain training in educational theory, will certainly become excellent teachers.

University autonomy

Guo Bingwen advocates university autonomy and independent running. Schools are sacred halls of education and scholarship. They should be independent of political parties and should not be entangled with any political parties. "The school is an educational academic institution and a place to cultivate talents and revitalize science. Non-scholars cannot shoulder this heavy responsibility ","scholars do not interfere in politics "and" scholars do not belong to the party ".

Guo Bingwen advocates that scholars govern schools and develop democratic systems. The responsibility system and appraisal system should be implemented in school affairs, that is, on the one hand, all the responsibilities of the principal and prime minister should be established, on the other hand, all the major policies of the school should be submitted to the meeting of the school affairs Committee for decision. The school affairs meeting is equivalent to the legislative body of the school, and the resolutions made are implemented by the school administrative department after being approved by the principal. At the same time, various permanent or temporary special committees are set up to hand over all kinds of school affairs to faculty and staff. After improvement, a school governance model has gradually formed, in which the school board system, the principal system and the "three-meeting system" coexist, that is, the school board decides the school's major policies, the principal is in charge of school affairs, the board of directors, the professors' meeting and the administrative Committee perform their respective duties, and the major issues of the school are evaluated in the conference office, and the teaching, scientific research and discipline construction of the whole school are taught in the conference office, while the administrative Committee is in charge of school administrative affairs.

Guo Bingwen advocates academic freedom. As far as political thought is concerned, Nanjing, where the school was located at that time, was regarded as a heretical Red Party by the authorities, and the Kuomintang was also underground. However, Dongda accommodates teachers and students with various opinions, and the thoughts of the Three People's Principles, quintessence, reformism, liberalism, national socialism and communist socialism have gathered together to become a bastion of free thought.

Guo Bingwen put forward "automaticity" to cultivate students' independent personality and autonomy. For students in school, automaticity refers to self-study and independent research in study, self-reliance and self-care in life, and self-organization and sponsorship of various academic, cultural and sports activities. The influence of "automaticity" also cultivated students' autonomy and democratic modern Republic accomplishment. .

Education appropriation

Guo Bingwen raised funds for running a school through various channels, which enabled the school to get support and funding from all walks of life. Among them, it is one of the most important channels for the school board to raise funds. He also took advantage of various opportunities, either inviting people to give lectures in China or studying abroad, to actively expand the international influence of Southeast University in order to win the assistance of some famous people and institutions abroad. Guo Bingwen also imitated the way of running Harvard University in the United States and encouraged private donations to run schools.

education administration

educational

In Guo Bingwen's view, education management is for education. Between the management function of educational management and educational requirements, the achievement of educational requirements is the first, while the performance of management functions is subordinate and serves to promote educational activities and achieve educational purposes. Education management first exists as a means to achieve educational goals, and it is a tool to stabilize the order of education and teaching and serve the development of students. At the same time, educational management has not only instrumental value, but also ontological value. Specific organizational forms and management methods are an educational force in themselves, and should play its positive educational effect.

Public role

Guo Bingwen believes that education management should be public, because education is a cause with public value. It is not just an individual, group or region that benefits from education, but the whole society and country. Guo Bingwen believes that a country should actively develop a public education system for the whole public, and the primary responsibility for developing public education lies with the government. Guo Bingwen pointed out that in order to get rid of the hesitation of popularizing education, two major problems need to be effectively solved: first, the learning difficulty caused by written language should be solved; Second, we should solve the problem of teacher training and school construction funds.

localization

Guo Bingwen has a profound understanding of the western education system, and he yearns for the western public education system from the perspective of creating a beautiful country's future. However, unlike the idea of "abandoning tradition and totally westernizing" advocated by the leaders of the New Culture Movement, he also has a distinct cultural consciousness, emphasizing that the construction of the education system must keep a clear local thinking in the eyes of the world. In his view, as long as the world vision and local thinking are combined, on the one hand, the advantages of European and American systems should be properly adopted, on the other hand, China's education should be properly preserved and developed, so as to catch up and create a bright future for education and the country.

Sense of history

Guo Bingwen pays attention to the historical evolution of the education system, mainly not to record historical facts, but to understand the past of education, understand the origin of current education and think about the direction of future education governance. At the same time, he also used this way to remind education administrators to establish the historical consciousness of education management. First of all, Guo Bingwen believes that reality is a part of history and has evolved step by step through history. Guo Bingwen also believes that education management is largely not a management issue, but a historical issue. Many realistic educational management problems must go back to the past to understand the origin of reality and find out the causes of the problems. Secondly, Guo Bingwen believes that although reality evolved step by step from history, today is not necessarily better than ancient times. Thirdly, Guo Bingwen also stressed that current events have changed, and what is suitable for ancient times may not be suitable for today. He advocates a dialectical view of history, and is not superstitious about "winning the past today" or falling into "retro-ism".

Progressives

Guo Bingwen holds a progressive position on education reform. He did not simply reject or abandon the traditional educational concepts and contents, but sought creative transformation of the tradition on the basis of affirming the traditional values. While advocating emerging educational values and systems, we also pay attention to their limitations, practical adaptability and implementation conditions. Therefore, the school administrative reform must not be changed from strict compulsion to laissez-faire, but only "step by step". Similarly, Guo Bingwen also advocated caution on issues such as "the spirit of unity of all schools of thought" and "student autonomy" which were generally advocated by the education circles at that time, and should not be too hasty.

Personality assessment

"Father of Southeast University". (Sina. com)

"Mr. Guo Bingwen is the most influential alumnus in our school." (Worcester College, USA)

Mr. Guo Bingwen is a modern giant who promotes the educational exchange between China and the United States, and also a pioneer who comprehensively studies American education.

"In the eyes of people all over the world, China people have only Gu Weijun and Ke Sze Sao in the diplomatic field and only Guo Bingwen in the education field."

Anecdotes of characters

Open women's ban

Before the May 4th Movement, except for some private universities (including missionary universities), most colleges and universities in China only recruited boys but not girls. This phenomenon is called "female class" in the history of education. On April 7th, 1920, Nangao decided to formally recruit girls from 1920 summer vacation. Considering the possible resistance, Guo Bingwen, Cai Yuanpei, Jiang Menglin, Hu Shi and others agreed that the North and the South should act in concert to jointly open the "women's ban".

As soon as the news of accepting girls came out, there was an uproar in the ruling and opposition parties, and the gossip was unbearable. Even the more enlightened Zhang Jian and Jiang Qian, the old headmaster of Nangao, clearly expressed their opposition. After Guo Bingwen, Tao Xingzhi and others explained in many ways, the entrance examination for recruiting girls finally went on as scheduled. At that time, a girl named, with the encouragement of Chen Duxiu, Zhang and others, made a special trip from Shanghai to Nanjing to take the exam. According to her memory, she has weighed between Peking University and Nangao many times, and finally chose Nangao, which has a profound style of study, because Peking University is too bureaucratic. The breaking of the "women's ban" in higher education has promoted the democratization of education and opened a new page in the history of higher education in China.

Establish Dongda University

1920 On April 7, Guo Bingwen formally put forward the proposal of establishing Southeast University at the school affairs meeting. After discussion, he agreed unanimously. Guo Bingwen was resolute and immediately organized a proposal to change our school into the Southeast University Committee. After more than a year of running, despite several twists and turns, 192 1 was formally established in September, with Guo Bingwen as its president.

After several years' development, the popularity of National Southeast University has greatly increased. From the perspective of discipline structure, the coverage ranks first in China (Peking University only offers arts and sciences and law, while Sun Yat-sen University offers arts and sciences, law and agriculture). National Southeast University is first-class in domestic universities, both in terms of teachers and school facilities. Dr. Meng Lu, a famous American educator and director of the Asia Department of the World Education Association, visited universities in China and praised "National Southeast University as the first promising modern institution of higher learning established by the China government".

The founding of National Southeast University is the most brilliant page in Guo Bingwen's career. It is precisely because of Guo Bingwen's irreplaceable great role in the establishment and development of National Southeast University that he is known as "the father of Southeast University".

Board system

China introduced American university model from Southeast University, and Guo Bingwen tried to transplant American university model from the beginning. There are traces of American university model everywhere in the course selection system, board of directors and board of directors of Nangao-Dongda University. Compared with the European university model of Peking University, the American model of Southeast University has several remarkable characteristics: setting up a board of directors in school administration; On the function orientation of university, it faces the society and serves the society.

At the beginning of the preparation of Southeast University, Guo Bingwen learned from the experience of European and American universities in setting up boards of directors to seek social sponsorship and assist school affairs, and set out to set up a board of directors. The board of directors has great powers. According to 1924, the General Rules of the Board of Directors of National Southeast University was formally formulated, and its functions and powers include: deciding the major policies of the school; Review the school budget and final accounts; Elect the headmaster of the education authority; To decide on the addition, cancellation or change of school departments; Keeping privately donated property; Decide on other important matters of the school. It is the highest legislative and decision-making body of the whole school, and its status is even higher than that of the principal. This leadership system is the first time in national and public universities. 192 1 in March, the board of directors of southeast university was established by the resolution of the faculty meeting.

The board of directors not only strengthened the relationship between the school and the government, education and society, but also improved the popularity of Dongda University, which also provided great convenience for Dongda University to solve various specific problems such as funds, material supply and getting along with the local government. 1924, Dongda established the Biology Museum, of which 654.38 million yuan was raised by the school board; Mu Ouchu, the school manager, built the house of Dongda Agricultural Tools Research Institute with sole investment, and also donated 66,000 taels of silver to help Dongda teachers go abroad for further study.

However, the university board system also brings the problem of quick success and instant benefit. 1In March, 924, the board of directors of Southeast University suspended the project on the pretext of insufficient funds, and did not communicate with director Mao Yisheng in advance, which led to a wave of unrest. 192 1 year, the school board decided to move the business department to Shanghai and Jinan University without consulting Yang Xingfo, director of the business department. Yang flew into a rage when he saw the news in the newspaper, which was also the initial reason for the intensification of the contradiction between him and Guo Bingwen.

Under the decision of the school board, which department gives more money and which department gives less money, it operates completely behind the scenes, often ignoring the laws of education and causing dissatisfaction among professors. Fatally, Guo Bingwen took advantage of the defects of the school board system to maximize his power. He appointed private managers and failed to disclose his accounts in time. He asked Li Zhongxia, an accountant, to obey himself only, but Li Zhongxia took the opportunity to embezzle.

Raise funds to run a school

When preparing for the establishment of Southeast University, he used the experience of Wittig Library of Harvard University and Science Library of Columbia University for reference, and stipulated that if someone donated a building, the library would be named after another name. If funds are raised to build a library, its name will be engraved on a bronze medal and hung in the hall of the library.

At that time, Guo Bingwen learned that Changchun, the former province of Jiangsu Province, had made a will before committing suicide, and donated part of his legacy to Nankai University to build a school building. So he personally wrote to Qi, the later governor of Jiangsu Province, urging him to donate the Dongda Library and do good deeds before his death. Qi was deeply moved and donated 6.5438+500,000 yuan to build a library in the name of his father. Later, more than 7000 yuan was raised in cash/kloc-0 and 26 kinds of books12, which greatly improved the learning conditions of Dongda University.

China science society

The most typical performance of "Nangao" in the world scientific community is probably the overall existence of the Chinese Science Society. The Science Society of China was born in the same year as Nangao, two months earlier than Nangao, and was established in the United States in June of 19 14. At that time, a group of China students studying in the United States, led by Ren Hongjuan, Yang Xingfo and Zhao Yuanren, saw that "the strength of European and American countries is the result of applied scientific inventions" and established the Chinese Science Society with the aim of jointly developing China science. When Nangao was founded, the backbone members of the Chinese Science Society were still studying in the United States. Because Guo Bingwen made many friends during his stay in the United States, he also served as the president of the China Federation of Students Studying in the United States. So at his call, when these people returned to China, many people were invited to teach in Nangao. 19 18, the Chinese science society moved back to China, with its headquarters in Nanjing. Its main members have applied for Nangao and Nangao-Dongda successively, becoming a gathering place for key members of the Science Society. When Nangao reorganized Dongda on 1920, Mei Guangdi, Chen Zhongfan, Tang Yongtong, Chen Hengzhe and Lu Zhiwei of liberal arts, Ren Hongjuan, Zhu Kezhen and Zhang of science, Zou Bingwen and Hu Xian of agriculture, Mao Yisheng of engineering, Tao Xingzhi of business and education were all members of China Science Society.

Because of the close relationship between Nangao-Dongda and China Science Society, Nangao-Dongda was called "the base camp of China Science Society" at that time. This relationship also formed the characteristics of "emphasizing science" and quickly became "a major base for scientific development in China".

Easy long storm

Jiangsu province, where Southeast University is located, has always been under the control of direct warlords. 1924 12.22 The Beijing government ordered a crusade against Jiangsu, the direct governor of Qi, and Qi was forced to retire to Shanghai.

Qi's condemnation brought bad luck to Guo Bingwen. As a national southeast university, 2/3 of the budget is borne by Jiangsu Province, so Guo Bingwen had to have a good relationship with Qi, and Qi did give Guo Bingwen support. In this way, the communication between Guo and Qi became the attachment to the direct warlord in the colored glasses of party struggle. 192565438+1October 6th, the Beijing government hastily passed a resolution in the State Council to remove the president of Guo Bingwen National Southeast University, and the Ministry of Education issued the first instruction, which was published in the newspaper the next day.

Most people are puzzled by Guo Bingwen's dismissal, and even Guo Bingwen himself doesn't know why. Although Guo Bingwen has a close relationship with Qi, the governor of Zhili in Jiangsu Province, for the sake of the survival of the school, Guo Bingwen's ideas of "scholars don't interfere in politics" and "scholars don't belong to the party" are well known. It was not until early February that Jinghua Daily published Wu Zhihui's letter to Shao Piaoping that everyone knew that it was Wu Zhihui, Wang Jingwei, Li Shizeng and other Kuomintang people who claimed that Guo Bingwen was "Wu Fupei in education" and belonged to "immediate people". At this time, after the second direct service war, all the direct warlords have fallen, so someone came out to catch the direct "learning" valve and step down.

It is just an excuse to say that Guo Bingwen is "Wu Fupei in education". The real reason is the intensification of the contradiction between Guo Bingwen and party member Yang Xingfo, a national who is a professor at Dongda University. Because he is honest and frank, he often criticizes Guo Bingwen's work, and his words are sharp, and the contradiction between Guo and Yang is increasingly sharp. In order to prevent Wu from making a comeback and stabilize the overall situation, Zhang He, the victorious leader of the Ministry, and Feng Yuxiang, the former general directly under the Ministry who defected at the front, invited Duan, the leader of the Anhui Department, to temporarily take charge of the Beijing faction. On the one hand, I invited Sun Yat-sen to go north to discuss state affairs. Therefore, some elites in the Kuomintang, such as Wang Jingwei and Wu Zhihui, made friends with Duan and others during this period, and their words naturally carried a lot of weight.

When Guo Bingwen saw the news, he cancelled his plan to return to Ning and sent a telegram to the Ministry of Education and Dongda University. I didn't complain, but told the school to maintain the normal operation of the school. I hope that the Ministry of Education will let the new principal Hu Dunfu take office as soon as possible to avoid "school closure and students dropping out".

However, Southeast University is already in an uproar. The East University Students' Autonomy Association immediately issued a declaration of all students, expressing strong opposition to Guo's exemption; Most teachers in Dongdong also called the Ministry of Education in the name of all the staff. Dongda Administrative Committee immediately called Huang Yanpei and Jiang Menglin, asking them to come forward to maintain.

Many famous people in the society also oppose the removal of Guo. Wang Chaoyang, the former president of the First Normal School in the Soviet Union, made a generous statement when calling the education sector: "It is really shocking that President Dong Daguo was dismissed for no reason. From then on, the academic community will also be involved in the trend of political parties. " "Dare to tell the whole country, express the truth together, leave a first-line personality for the academic community and extend the vitality for the education sector." Tao Xingzhi, who had resigned from the faculty of Southeast University at that time, even pointed out that this was the "forerunner of implementing party spirit education" by the Kuomintang.

Under the pressure of strong public opinion, Hu Dunfu, the new president appointed by the Ministry of Education, has repeatedly said that he will not resign as the president of Dongda University.

1 925 February1day, the board of directors of Dongda University held another meeting, decided to deny the order of the Ministry of Education to change the post, and invited Guo Bingwen to take up his post as usual, and invited him to study abroad first. A temporary committee composed of the Board of Directors of Dongda University and the Commercial University Committee assists the administrative committees of the two universities in maintaining school affairs.

In mid-February, the Republic of China Daily published an open letter from Wang Jingwei in reply to East University students. In his letter, he said: "The relationship between Guo and Qi () was not concealed when Qi was not defeated, that is, as Guo Pingtian and Ming (Wang Jingwei claimed to be) said, they also claimed to participate in Qi's diplomatic secrets." Wang Jingwei's letter annoyed Guo Bingwen, who originally thought that "justice is in people's hearts and there is no need to haggle over every ounce". He immediately published an open letter on February 2 1 day to refute Wang Jingwei: "Wen (Guo Bingwen claimed to be himself) and Zuxia went to the United States in the same boat in 19 19, and never met again. Why come?" Then 19 19, when we went to the United States in the same boat, Dongda was not born yet, and Su Du was Li (Chun) instead of Qi (Xie Yuan), so why did he attend Qi Du's secret talk? If this letter is written in one step, then this letter is a castle in the air and stolen in one step. "This letter made Wang Jingwei feel embarrassed about" being friends with himself ",and at the same time, he was suspected of being irresponsible and plummeted. Then, Guo Bingwen captured Wang Jingwei's army, which not only made it difficult for him to end up, but also made him clean: "Wen thought that his usual personality was the first step, and there was no such thing. "I pray that the original letter published in the Republic of China Daily can be made clear so that we can prove whether it is the first step to dispel doubts." The result is gone. According to some data, the reason why Wang Jingwei tried so hard to push Guo Bingwen to step down was actually to be the president of Southeast University. Later, the situation changed and he failed to do so. Guo Bingwen also died that month, first studying in the United States, and then attending the World Education Conference in Britain.

However, Guo Bingwen's sudden departure did not calm the storm. On March 9, Hu Dunfu, who originally claimed not to take office, suddenly came to Dongda University and went to the principal's office to ask the clerical staff to hand over the school seal. When the students in class heard the news, in a rage, some students punched Hu. In March 1925, 1 1, the Ministry of Education ordered the cancellation of the board of directors of Dongda University. On June 19, Professor Dongda held an emergency school affairs meeting, convened the administrative government, and returned the instructions from the Ministry of Education.

1925 April 18, the Beijing government still decided to appoint Hu dunfu as the president, and the momentum of Neusoft revived. Hu asked the Jiangsu provincial government to send guards to protect him, but was rejected.