How do high school political textbooks (and the whole Marxist philosophy textbook system inherited from the Soviet Union) define "metaphysics" and "dialectics"?
How did the word "metaphysics" come from, and how did its original word metaphysics come from?
What does the concept of "metaphysics" usually mean in the history of western philosophy? What is the difference between it and the meaning in Ma Zhe's textbooks? Why?
Metaphysics and epistemology are two major themes in the history of philosophy development. Metaphysics here refers to the exploration and exploration of the true nature of the world, or the most fundamental thing. Inaccurately speaking, it can be understood as various abstract problems. As a non-professional and daily user, it probably feels good to understand this.
This concept has different definitions in different stages of the history of philosophy. For mainland students, we should first distinguish the original meaning of the word metaphysics from its meaning in the philosophical tradition. If they are still interested in metaphysics, they should read introductory books on metaphysics.
Now, the pair of metaphysics and dialectics in Chinese mainland Mazhe's textbooks can be traced back to German classical philosophy, especially Hegel, the master of dialectics. Both Marx and Engels accepted the core logic of Hegel's dialectics (unity of opposites and negation of negation). Soviet philosophy textbooks naturally followed this opposition, while domestic philosophy textbooks also came directly from the Soviet Union.
Philosophers who accept dialectics will think that the previous metaphysics is rigid, without dialectics, development and movement. Therefore, metaphysics is often used as a derogatory term, referring to an isolated and static way of thinking. But actually metaphysics refers to a certain kind of problem. It is obviously inappropriate to use this word to refer to the thinking mode of "one-sided, isolated and static …" without introducing the original meaning of this word. At least this is a textbook, not a debate between one philosopher and another. I believe many students, including teachers, don't know how to explain metaphysics literally, and what is the relationship between this literal explanation and one-sided, isolated and static way of thinking.
The following is an introduction to the etymology and history of Metaphysics and Metaphysics.
Metaphysics is used to translate the word metaphysics. The origin of the word metaphysics is roughly like this. Aristotle left many works, including physics, politics and biology ... some of them have no titles (Aristotle himself called this one the first philosophy). Later editors put this book behind physics and wrote metaphysics (the original text is τ? μετ? τ? φυσικ? βιβλ? α (ta meta ta physika biblia) means "books after physics" [1]), which means "after physics". Some people (such as some scholars in ancient Arabia) think that this means exploring the philosophical problems behind physics. In fact, it is also possible that the editor is only explaining the order (such as the order of reading or learning), indicating that the book is behind the physics book. Of course, there is nothing wrong with saying that metaphysics is a deeper inquiry than physics.
Later, metaphysics was used to refer to topics similar to those discussed by Aristotle in this book, but what metaphysics actually includes was different in the Middle Ages, early modern times, Kant and later, and it is still a controversial issue. Therefore, it is more convenient to simply explain it as a question about the reality of the world. In addition, it can also be understood by subtraction, such as distinguishing metaphysics from epistemology, which is to discuss how knowledge and truth explore problems.
Metaphysics comes from Yi Chuan? On the copula: "Metaphysics refers to the Tao, while metaphysics refers to the device. The difference between Tao and Qi is very similar to the difference between philosophical problems and technical problems, so it is quite appropriate to use metaphysics to translate metaphysics. (This is also the Japanese translation of Tetsujiro Inoue (1856–1944)). )
As for the textbook system of the Soviet Union, metaphysics and dialectics are opposites. Metaphysics here expresses the dissatisfaction of dialectics philosophers with the old metaphysics, and uses metaphysics to describe people with rigid thinking. But today, we don't have to follow this special reference. Only by accepting dialectics can we get rid of isolated and static thinking. Metaphysics does not necessarily mean that it is dead when studying a certain kind of problem, but that some metaphysics in a certain period is considered dead by dialecticians. Dialectics is also a philosophical view of world reality, which actually belongs to the field of metaphysics. At the same time, dialectics also discusses the issue of epistemology.
Metaphysics, metaphysics, only means the exploration of the world reality, and has nothing to do with dialectics and rigidity. I'm afraid that the teachers who teach politics now don't even explain, and they may not know the literal meaning of "metaphysics" or the origin of metaphysics at all, and then the students don't know, so they take these four words as the opposite of dialectics and keep them in their hearts as bad things. This is a very bad education.