There are nine main operating modes of crowdfunding, namely:
1, donation mode
For more than ten years, NGOs have been using this model to attract donated funds for some specific projects. Since non-governmental organizations will constantly update investors on the latest progress of the project, such donors are more willing to participate for a long time and guarantee multiple donations. The main motivation of investors is socialization, which is usually a good foundation for maintaining a long-term donation relationship.
2. Reward mode
This business model is used by project owners to raise donations for specific projects and get (usually few) non-monetary rewards. This kind of return provided by investors has symbolic value. They are usually much lower than donations to ensure that the project has sufficient funds.
3. Pre-sale mode
If investors are interested in booking and paying in advance, it is feasible to put new products or services on the Internet and find investors. If feasible, it will replace the traditional market research and prove the effectiveness of market demand while providing working capital.
Investors are willing to participate in such crowdfunding projects because they hope that this product or service will come out. Another reason is that they can get a discount on the selling price.
4. Lending mode
By borrowing money for crowdfunding, companies borrow money from a group of people instead of banks. The role of the platform can be diversified. Some platforms are equivalent to middlemen and will also repay borrowers. Other platforms are only used as media, and borrowers and lenders will keep in touch directly after the transaction.
5. Social borrowing
Even if there is no income, some platforms may lend money to social projects. For example, enterprises in developing countries can get small loans without paying interest.
6.P2P loan
Although P2P lending is not necessarily based on goodwill, it is still an interesting new lending and financing model for traditional lending. It has some characteristics of crowdfunding lending, but the main difference is that borrowers and borrowers usually don't know each other. In P2P lending, investors' main motivation is to get (higher) returns. Interest rates are usually based on risk factors. The calculation of risk is based on financial data and personal guarantee.
7.P2B loan
Similar to P2P loan, P2B provides a loan platform for SMEs. So far, this form of crowdfunding has attracted the favor of government funds for joint investment, such as the British government.
8. Equity crowdfunding
When a company wants to attract a group of people to invest together instead of a business angel or an individual, this financing method is called equity crowdfunding or public investment.
Some investors are mainly interested in projects that are consistent with their own values, and are interested in projects that involve local interests or can create new jobs for the local area. Others really understand the market, the project or the company's business, and are eager to bring money and expertise to help the project succeed.
9. Mixed mode
The mixed mode is also very common, and some platforms have tried the mixed mode of loan and pre-sale. A certain proportion of the funds will be used for loans (interest repayment), and the rest will be used for pre-financing the production of products or services. In addition, for entrepreneurs, the mixed mode or mixed mode of investment forms such as crowdfunding is also beneficial.
Extended data:
According to the Measures for the Administration of Equity Crowdfunding (Trial):
Article 7? Platform access to the equity crowdfunding platform shall meet the following conditions:
(1) A company or partnership established in People's Republic of China (PRC) (China) according to law;
(2) Its net assets are not less than 5 million yuan;
(3) Having professionals suitable for private equity crowdfunding business, and at least two senior managers with more than three years' experience in the financial or information technology industry;
(4) Having a legal Internet platform and other technical facilities;
(5) Having a sound business management system;
(6) Other conditions stipulated by the Securities Industry Association.
Article 8? Platform responsibilities The equity crowdfunding platform shall perform the following duties:
(1) Diligent and conscientious, urging both investment and financing parties to carry out crowdfunding activities in accordance with the law and fulfill their agreed obligations;
(2) Real-name authentication of both investors and financiers, and necessary verification of the authenticity of user information;
(3) Conducting necessary audits on the legality of financing projects;
(four) take measures to prevent fraud, found fraud or other damage to the interests of investors, timely announcement and termination of related crowdfunding activities;
(five) the establishment of a special account for fund management during the raising period, if there are other provisions of the Securities Association, such provisions shall prevail;
(6) Properly keep the information of both investors and financiers, financing records, investor suitability management and other relevant materials for a period of not less than 65,438+00 years;
(7) Continue to carry out crowdfunding knowledge popularization and risk education activities, and sign an investment risk disclosure book with investors to ensure that investors are fully aware of investment risks;
(eight) according to the requirements of the securities industry association to submit information on equity crowdfunding business;
(nine) keep business secrets and customer privacy, except for legal reasons, shall not disclose the relevant information of financiers and investors;
(ten) to cooperate with relevant departments to carry out anti-money laundering work;
(eleven) other duties stipulated by the securities industry association.
Article 16 Filing documents The equity crowdfunding platform shall apply to the Securities Industry Association for filing within 5 working days after its establishment, and submit the following documents:
(1) An application form for filing the equity crowdfunding platform;
(2) A copy of the business license;
(3) The latest audited financial report or capital verification report;
(4) A copy of the ICP filing certificate of the Internet platform;
(5) Organizational structure, staffing and professional qualification certificate of the equity crowdfunding platform;
(6) Business management system of equity crowdfunding platform;
(seven) the internal control system of the equity crowdfunding platform in terms of investor protection, fund supervision, information security, prevention of fraud and conflict of interest, risk management and investor dispute handling;
(8) Other materials required by the Securities Industry Association.
Article 17? Relevant documents require that the equity crowdfunding platform should ensure the authenticity, accuracy and completeness of the documents and materials provided when applying for filing.
Article 18? Verification method The Securities Industry Association can verify the filing materials by interviewing senior managers of the equity crowdfunding platform, expert review and on-site inspection.
Article 19 If the filing application materials provided by the equity crowdfunding platform are complete, the Securities Industry Association will accept them after collecting all the materials. If the filing application materials are incomplete or do not meet the requirements, the equity crowdfunding platform shall make timely corrections according to the requirements of the Securities Industry Association.
During the filing period, if there are major changes in the filing matters, the equity crowdfunding platform shall promptly inform the Securities Industry Association and apply for changing the filing contents.
Article 20? If the filing application for private equity crowdfunding business meets the requirements after examination, the Securities Industry Association shall make filing confirmation within 20 working days from the date of acceptance.
Article 21? If the registered equity crowdfunding platform is dissolved, revoked or declared bankrupt according to law, the Securities Industry Association will cancel the registered equity crowdfunding platform.
Baidu encyclopedia-crowdfunding