First, the generation of lightning
When dust, ice crystals and other substances in the air roll in the cloud, they are positively charged and negatively charged through some complicated processes. Protrusions and metals on the ground will induce positive charges. With the gradual enhancement of the electric field, Lei Yun will form downward guidance, and objects on the ground will form upward backflow. When they meet, they will form a discharge to the ground. This is easy to cause lightning disasters.
Second, the main characteristics of lightning
Large impulse current, short time, large lightning current gradient and high impulse voltage: the alternating magnetic field generated by powerful current can induce hundreds of millions of volts.
Third, the damage caused by lightning.
When lightning strikes a building directly, the strong lightning current causes the water in the building (structure) to be heated, vaporized and expanded, resulting in huge mechanical force, which leads to the building burning or explosion. In addition, when lightning strikes the lightning receptor and the current discharges to the earth along the down conductor, the potential to the earth rises at this time, and it may jump to nearby objects, which is called lightning "counterattack", thus causing fire or personal injury. Induction on wires can cause strong damage to equipment. When the lightning is close to the overhead pipeline, the high-voltage shock wave will invade the room along the overhead pipeline, leading to the introduction of large current, which may cause equipment damage or personal injury. If there are flammable materials nearby, it is easy to cause a fire.
Fourth, how to pay attention to personal safety when lightning occurs.
1, when lightning strikes, turn off indoor electrical equipment such as TV, stereo, DVD player and computer, and disconnect the power supply and signal line.
2. During lightning, do not touch water pipes, barbed wire, metal doors and windows, external walls of buildings, and stay away from live equipment such as wires or similar metal devices. Close the doors and windows to prevent lightning intrusion.
3. During the lightning, don't walk in the open air with metal objects, don't play metal umbrellas, and don't ride horses or bicycles.
4, lightning, immediately looking for shelter in the wild. The concrete building with lightning rod is a good place for lightning protection.
When it thunders, don't crowd together in the wild, but hide in a big mountain hole.
6. When lightning strikes, you can't stay at the edge of tall trees and forests, around wires and flagpoles, beside haystacks, tents, rails, long metal railings, huge metal objects, hilltops, commanding heights and other places.
7. It is not advisable to swim outdoors during lightning.
8. When lightning strikes, if the masking conditions do not allow, you should immediately kneel down, bend forward, and put your arms around your knees.
9. Enter the building with good lightning protection device as soon as possible, close the doors and windows, and do not stay at the top of the building.
10, don't lean against the external walls and columns of buildings, and don't approach or touch the charged equipment such as metal water pipes, metal doors and windows.
1 1. If lightning arresters are not installed on the signal lines of power supply, telephone, TV, etc. Try not to watch TV, make phone calls or use other electrical appliances. It's best to unplug it.
12, don't take a bath at home, especially if the solar water heater is installed on the roof, which is not within the protection scope of direct lightning.
13. It's safe to sit in the carriage. Never get off the bus when lightning strikes. Very dangerous.
14, do not enter the isolation shed or sentry box without lightning protection measures to avoid rain.
15, more than three meters away from trees or telephone poles.
16, try not to use your cell phone.
17. Avoid all conductive objects, such as metal, charcoal, wet animals and plants, and don't wear wet clothes.
18, don't shelter from the rain under trees, especially trees in open environment, because they are likely to become the path of lightning discharge; Don't shelter from the rain next to tall buildings (such as towers); Don't take shelter from the rain next to collapsed and wet old buildings (such as ancient temples); Don't walk on the rails;
Lightning rod and its grounding down lead away from buildings.
19. If you are in the wild and have nowhere to hide, you should immediately squat down during a thunderstorm, put your feet together, put your arms around your knees, and bend your head downward to minimize your body volume and grounding area. If you have metal objects in your hand (such as umbrellas with metal poles, iron utensils, shovels, etc.). ), put them away quickly.
20. indoors, don't get close to heating pipes and water pipes; Don't continue watching or listening to TV or radio (especially those equipped with outdoor antenna), cut off the power supply, disconnect the outdoor antenna from the TV and connect it with a ground wire. For the sake of safety, it is best to stop using electric appliances such as lights, remove large items that are easy to conduct electricity, and try not to make phone calls.
2 1. If the lightning is getting more and more violent, it is safer to close the doors and windows, put out the fire, spread a thick blanket or a long wooden stool in the center of the house, and then put your family on it.
22. If electrical equipment is found to be burnt by lightning, cut off the power supply as soon as possible and find an electrician to check and repair it. When it is impossible to judge whether there is a power outage, it should be regarded as a power outage. At the same time, inform the electrician to check and deal with it, and keep the site safe. Don't let people or livestock near it, and the distance should be more than 8 meters.
23, in case of lightning accident, should actively carry out artificial respiration and chest compressions and other first-aid measures.
2. Lightning protection and electricity safety publicity There are many thunderstorms in summer. What kind of lightning protection knowledge should I master?
1. When you are in a building near lightning, please refer to the following suggestions:
(1) Don't move on the building.
(2) Don't use the shower.
(3) Close the surrounding doors and windows.
When you are near lightning, you are outdoors or in the wilderness. Please refer to the following suggestions:
(1) Don't stay at the top of the mountain, the ridge, the swimming pool, the lake or the seaside.
(2) Don't stay in small buildings, garages and carports without lightning protection facilities.
(3) Don't stay in front of the iron fence, under the metal clothesline, under the overhead metal body and the rail.
(4) It is necessary to quickly find buildings with lightning protection devices, vehicles with metal roofs and ships with metal shells to stay; If you have to hide under a tree, you need to keep a distance of more than 5 meters from the trunk and branches. If you don't have the above conditions, you should kneel down, bend forward and tuck your knees in your hands.
First of all, you should try to avoid answering your cell phone in any area in thunderstorm weather.
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If you are indoors, please close the window, at the same time, turn off the TV, computer and other household appliances, and disconnect the power supply and signal line. If you have a radio or other equipment that uses an outdoor antenna at home, be sure to take back the antenna.
If you happen to be outdoors in a thunderstorm, please don't walk in the open air with metal objects, and it is best not to ride bicycles and motorcycles. If you are in the car, please turn off the radio or radio station immediately.
If you are in the wild, you should immediately find a building with lightning rod, steel frame or steel plate concrete as a shelter. In the absence of shelter, avoid standing on the top of the mountain, on the water surface or in other open areas, especially don't get close to solitary trees in these areas.
3. How to prevent lightning and use electricity safely;
1, educate children to save electricity and use electricity safely.
2. Educate children to learn lightning protection.
3. Exercise children's judgment and imagination on things and enhance their safety awareness.
Activity preparation:
Courseware "How to Prevent Lightning"; The layout of the scene to avoid thunderstorm and lightning (that is, the playground): a big tree, a telephone pole and a house. Formation of rain: cut into small strips with silver wrapping paper and hang them on the roof of the site to fall; Preparation for situational exercises: Tie Yi, clothes with holes; 40 rabbit headdresses and 40 wooden baskets; Music "It's raining".
Activity flow:
Activity introduction: Today, we invited Huang to visit her home. Now, let's go.
Second, the scene of avoiding thunderstorm and lightning:
1, just on the way, suddenly there came the sound of a thunderstorm and lightning (playing music with a tape recorder), "Children, it's raining and thundering, so hide quickly". Observe carefully where the children are hiding.
The rain stopped, so we walked on. We came to Huang's home and sat down. Her mother gave us a warm welcome.
Third, ask questions around the scene of avoiding thunderstorm and lightning just now:
1. What happened to us on the road just now?
2. How do you prevent rain and lightning? Hiding in where?
Today, the little cute met the same thing as us. Now, let's see how she does it.
Fourth, watch the courseware "How to Prevent Lightning".
V. Discuss with children around the content of the courseware:
1, the little cute in the story. Where does she hide from lightning?
2. Where does the handsome guy hide from lightning?
3. Who is cute and handsome? Let children discuss freely and exercise their language expression and judgment.
4. The teacher summed up how to prevent lightning.
(1) Don't run under the big tree to avoid thunderstorm and lightning.
(2) Don't hide under the telephone pole.
(3) Don't hide in high-risk places.
(4) Don't hide in wet places.
6. Scenario drill: Suddenly, there was a burst of smoke in a corner of Huang's house, and there was a burning smell.
Discuss with children how to use electricity safely.
1, find out the signs of smoking (it turned out that Huang was naughty and forgot to turn off the power when ironing clothes with an electric iron, which burnt the clothes).
2. Discuss with children how to use electricity safely at home. Ask the children to express their opinions. At this time, it is necessary to use clever guiding language to develop children's imagination and judgment on things. 3. The teacher summed up how to use electricity safely:
(1), don't play with the plug of electrical appliances, please help plug it in and out if necessary.
(2) Don't touch the power switch with wet hands.
(3) Before learning to operate, you can't just press the knob and various buttons on the electrical appliance. Some household appliances can only be operated by adults and cannot be touched casually.
(4) Pay attention to saving electricity, turn off the lights conveniently, turn off the lights when no one is around, and turn off the TV in time after watching.
4. How to prevent electric shock accidents How to prevent electric shock in bad weather should pay attention to the following points: 1. In bad weather such as strong winds and thunderstorms, we should try our best to reduce going out.
If you have to go out and walk, observe the terrain carefully, walk carefully and avoid stepping on wires. Avoid walking around power facilities such as telephone poles and iron towers, and bypass fallen wires.
Don't walk barefoot when going out. 3. indoors, in case of thunderstorm and windy weather, turn off the running household appliances in time and unplug the power supply; Don't go barefoot to repair live lines or equipment at home; If the home is accidentally flooded, the power supply should be cut off immediately to prevent the household appliances being used from accidents due to water ingress and insulation damage.
4. When walking outdoors in rainy days, pay attention to observation, and don't touch the metal parts of street lamp poles, signal lamp poles and landing billboards. Where there is water, we should go around. 5. After discovering that power facilities such as distribution panels and box-type substations are flooded, it is necessary to inform the power supply department in time and handle them without other personnel approaching.
How to give first aid after being struck by lightning? After being struck by lightning, the following measures can be taken for first aid: 1. The injured person lies flat, unbuttoning his buttons and belt. 2. Immediately perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation and chest compressions until the patient wakes up.
3. Holding hands or acupoints, such as Renzhong, Xuan Shi, Yongquan and Mingmen.
5. How to prevent lightning and use electricity safely? First of all, we must understand the nature of lightning. Lightning should be a natural phenomenon, but if it is not controlled and prevented, it can also be regarded as a natural disaster, which will cause casualties and property losses.
Although it is an irresistible natural factor, its harm and consequences are also very serious, but strengthening prevention and control can also be avoided. Therefore, before the summer thunderstorm season comes, it is very important and necessary to strengthen the study of lightning-related safety knowledge in order to make corresponding safety precautions.
First, the generation of lightning When dust, ice crystals and other substances in the air roll in the clouds, they are positively charged and negatively charged through some complicated processes. Protrusions and metals on the ground will induce positive charges. With the gradual enhancement of the electric field, Lei Yun will form downward guidance, and objects on the ground will form upward backflow. When they meet, they will form a discharge to the ground.
This is easy to cause lightning disasters. Second, the main characteristics of lightning are large impulse current, short time, large lightning current gradient and high impulse voltage: the alternating magnetic field generated by powerful current can induce hundreds of millions of volts.
Third, the harm caused by lightning When lightning strikes a building directly, the strong lightning current makes the water in the building (structure) vaporize and expand when heated, thus generating huge mechanical force, which leads to the burning or explosion of the building. In addition, when lightning strikes the lightning receptor and the current discharges to the earth along the down conductor, the potential to the earth rises at this time, and it may jump to nearby objects, which is called lightning "counterattack", thus causing fire or personal injury.
Induction on wires can cause strong damage to equipment. When the lightning is close to the overhead pipeline, the high-voltage shock wave will invade the room along the overhead pipeline, leading to the introduction of large current, which may cause equipment damage or personal injury.
If there are flammable materials nearby, it is easy to cause a fire. Four, lightning protection 1, lightning, to turn off the TV, stereo, DVD player, computer and other indoor electrical equipment, and disconnect the power supply and signal line.
2. During lightning, do not touch water pipes, barbed wire, metal doors and windows, external walls of buildings, and stay away from live equipment such as wires or similar metal devices. Close the doors and windows to prevent lightning intrusion.
3. During the lightning, don't walk in the open air with metal objects, don't play metal umbrellas, and don't ride horses or bicycles. 4, lightning, immediately looking for shelter in the wild.
The concrete building with lightning rod is a good place for lightning protection. When it thunders, don't crowd together in the wild, but hide in a big mountain hole.
6. When lightning strikes, you can't stay at the edge of tall trees and forests, around wires and flagpoles, beside haystacks, tents, rails, long metal railings, huge metal objects, hilltops, commanding heights and other places. 7. It is not advisable to swim outdoors during lightning.
8. When lightning strikes, if the masking conditions do not allow, you should immediately kneel down, bend forward, and put your arms around your knees. 9. Enter the building with good lightning protection device as soon as possible, close the doors and windows, and do not stay at the top of the building.
10, don't lean against the external walls and columns of buildings, and don't approach or touch the charged equipment such as metal water pipes, metal doors and windows. 1 1. If lightning arresters are not installed on the signal lines of power supply, telephone, TV, etc. Try not to watch TV, make phone calls or use other electrical appliances. It's best to unplug it.
12, don't take a bath at home, especially if the solar water heater is installed on the roof, which is not within the protection scope of direct lightning. 13. It's safe to sit in the carriage. Never get off the bus when lightning strikes. Very dangerous.
14, do not enter the isolation shed or sentry box without lightning protection measures to avoid rain. 15, more than three meters away from trees or telephone poles.
16, try not to use your cell phone. 17. Avoid all conductive objects, such as metal, charcoal, wet animals and plants, and don't wear wet clothes.
18, don't shelter from the rain under trees, especially trees in open environment, because they are likely to become the path of lightning discharge; Don't shelter from the rain next to tall buildings (such as towers); Don't take shelter from the rain next to collapsed and wet old buildings (such as ancient temples); Don't walk on the rails; Lightning rod and its grounding down lead away from buildings. 19. If you are in the wild and have nowhere to hide, you should immediately squat down during a thunderstorm, put your feet together, put your arms around your knees, and bend your head downward to minimize your body volume and grounding area.
If you have metal objects in your hand (such as umbrellas with metal poles, iron utensils, shovels, etc.). ), put them away quickly. 20. indoors, don't get close to heating pipes and water pipes; Don't continue watching or listening to TV or radio (especially those equipped with outdoor antenna), cut off the power supply, disconnect the outdoor antenna from the TV and connect it with a ground wire.
For the sake of safety, it is best to stop using electric appliances such as lights, remove large items that are easy to conduct electricity, and try not to make phone calls. 2 1. If the lightning is getting more and more violent, it is safer to close the doors and windows, put out the fire, spread a thick blanket or a long wooden stool in the center of the house, and then put your family on it.
22. If electrical equipment is found to be burnt by lightning, cut off the power supply as soon as possible and find an electrician to check and repair it. When it is impossible to judge whether there is a power outage, it should be regarded as a power outage. At the same time, inform the electrician to check and deal with it, and keep the site safe. Don't let people or livestock near it, and the distance should be more than 8 meters.
23, in case of lightning accident, should actively carry out artificial respiration and chest compressions and other first-aid measures. Safe use of electricity: 1. Avoid overloading the household power cord and replace the worn and aging power cord to avoid accidents.
2. The total risk and home risk of household power supply should be reasonably configured to protect household appliances. Every family must have some necessary electrical appliances, such as test pens, screwdrivers, rubber pliers, etc.
4. In any case, it is forbidden to replace the fuse with copper or iron wire, and the size of the fuse must match the capacitor. 5. The power plug and socket should be safe and reliable, and damaged ones should not be used. The power cord connector should be wrapped with insulating tape.
6. When household appliances are continuously connected to the power supply, disconnectable switches or connectors must be adopted. It is forbidden to insert the wire directly into the socket hole. 7. Be sure to cut off the power supply when moving household appliances to prevent electric shock.
It is forbidden to move household appliances by dragging wires; It is forbidden to pull the plug by dragging the wire. 8. Wet hands can't touch live household appliances and can't be wiped with a wet cloth.
6. Safe use of electricity, gas, lightning protection and poisoning prevention. 1. unswervingly adhere to the policy of "safety first, prevention first"
"Safety first, prevention first" is the basic policy of production and construction of electric power industry enterprises, and it is the basis and guarantee for the sustained, rapid and healthy development of electric power industry. In the period of establishing and developing socialist market economy, we must continue to adhere to this policy. Electric power enterprises should deal with the relationship between safety and benefit, safety and quality, speed, safety and diversification in all their work. When there is a contradiction, they must first obey safety. We should correctly handle the relationship between security and reform, and between security and development, so that reform can promote security, development must be safe, and security reform and development can be carried out smoothly.
Electric power enterprises and institutions should put an end to personal deaths and vicious accidents that have a significant impact on society, put an end to major equipment damage accidents, and greatly reduce general accidents.
Two, fully implement the responsibility system for production safety at all levels with the chief executive as the first responsibility for safety.
The administrative heads at all levels of electric power enterprises and institutions, that is, the legal representatives, are the first responsible persons for the safety work of their own units and departments, who are fully responsible for the safety work, coordinate and personally ask about major issues of safety production. Administrative deputies at all levels must do a good job in safety work within their respective responsibilities and bear corresponding safety responsibilities. It is necessary to establish a responsibility system for the safety of all kinds of personnel at all levels, so that every leader, every functional department and every professional post has a clear responsibility for safety and performs their duties. To improve the safety production guarantee system, all departments should work closely together to do a good job in safety.
Third, improve and perfect the safety supervision system.
Electric power enterprises and institutions should improve safety supervision institutions, enrich safety supervision personnel, and form a perfect top-down safety supervision network within enterprises. Safety supervision can only be strengthened, not weakened. The Ministry of Electric Power Industry shall exercise safety supervision over the electric power industry; All networks and provincial bureaus (companies) exercise safety supervision functions on their subordinate enterprises. The safety supervision personnel of an enterprise belong to the production personnel and bear the responsibility of safety supervision. Administrative leaders at all levels should actively support the whole process of safety supervision of electric power production and construction, and should not interfere at will, so that safety supervisors can really have the right to work.
7. Lightning protection and electricity safety publicity There are many thunderstorms in summer. What kind of lightning protection knowledge should I master? 1. When approaching the lightning, you were in the building. Please refer to the following suggestions: (1) Don't move on the building.
(2) Don't use the shower. (3) Close the surrounding doors and windows.
2. When approaching lightning, you are outdoors or in the wilderness. Please refer to the following suggestions: (1) Don't stay at the top of the mountain, the ridge, the swimming pool, the lake and the seaside. (2) Don't stay in small buildings, garages and carports without lightning protection facilities.
(3) Don't stay in front of the iron fence, under the metal clothesline, under the overhead metal body and the rail. (4) It is necessary to quickly find buildings with lightning protection devices, vehicles with metal roofs and ships with metal shells to stay; If you have to hide under a tree, you need to keep a distance of more than 5 meters from the trunk and branches. If you don't have the above conditions, you should kneel down, bend forward and tuck your knees in your hands.
First of all, you should try to avoid answering your cell phone in any area in thunderstorm weather. Frequent colds should be checked for rhinitis, bank cards can be exchanged for Q coins safely and quickly, communication is unlimited, mobile phones can be used in the Q era, magical expressions can show ever-changing moods, and you can see through the autumn. QQ can show your true self. If you are indoors, please close the window, at the same time, turn off the TV, computer and other household appliances, and disconnect the power supply and signal line.
If you have a radio or other equipment that uses an outdoor antenna at home, be sure to take back the antenna. If you happen to be outdoors in a thunderstorm, please don't walk in the open air with metal objects, and it is best not to ride bicycles and motorcycles.
If you are in the car, please turn off the radio or radio station immediately. If you are in the wild, you should immediately find a building with lightning rod, steel frame or steel plate concrete as a shelter.
In the absence of shelter, avoid standing on the top of the mountain, on the water surface or in other open areas, especially don't get close to solitary trees in these areas.