1. The Qin and Han Dynasties were the period when the official history of our country was founded and the new historiography came into being. Historiography has made an epoch-making development under the condition of great unity and the accumulation of pre-Qin historiography. Great achievements in historiography include general history, imperial history, academic history, custom history, historical criticism, gathering notes and so on. , but also made many achievements in content and writing form;

2. The appearance of Historical Records, a masterpiece of general history, as the basis of China's historiography, and Hanshu, a masterpiece of dynastic history, combined the historical features of the Chinese nation with those of imperial dynasties, forming a huge historical scale. On the basis of the establishment of official history, Dongguan Hanji and Hanji also made their own achievements;

3. The emergence of materialist thinkers such as Wang Chong and their attacks on "the connection between heaven and man" and "taboo theology" have great social significance and theoretical value in the development of historical thoughts in Qin and Han Dynasties. This shows that China's historiography has got rid of its immature appearance and started to mature under the unified historical situation.

B. during the Tang dynasty

1. The Tang Dynasty was a turning point and a prosperous period of China's ancient historiography. The number of historical books increased greatly, surpassing any previous period, and the compilation of official history made remarkable achievements. Among the 24 official history books, one third were compiled during this period, such as Liang Shu, Book of Northern Qi, History of South and History of North.

2. In the ideological and cultural field, historiography gradually got rid of Confucian classics and gained social recognition independently, and its historical consciousness, historical consciousness and historians' subjective consciousness were also strengthened, such as historians' beliefs, standards and values of good history, reflection on the system of compiling history and the theoretical and social values of historical criticism in this period;

3. The official revision system of history books was formally established, and the history museum was set up as a special historical revision institution to improve the corresponding official system, which showed that the monopoly of the royal family on historical revision was curbed. This practice is imitated by later generations and has far-reaching influence;

4. There are monographs on historical theory and three theories on history, and historical criticism tends to be mature, which indicates that the development of history has entered a more conscious stage. For example, Shi Tong, written by Liu Zhiji, a famous historian in the Tang Dynasty, is the first monograph on historical theory in the history of China.

5. The emergence of this new form of expression, Canon History Book, gave birth to China's first general history of canon system, which showed that institutional history was valued, enriched the connotation of historiography, expanded the field of historical writing, and opened up a new road for the development of China historiography. For example, Du You's General Code is the first general history book devoted to the study of laws and regulations of past dynasties in China history.

6. General history writing shows a revival trend, and historical books begin to develop. General history such as Du You's General Code, Ma Zong's General Calendar and Yao Kang's General History. Historical notes, such as Liu Su's "Da Tang Xin Yu" and Shan Li's "Supplement to National History".

C. In the Song Dynasty

1. The Song Dynasty is a period of continuous development of China's historiography, and also a period of further deepening of historical consciousness. Historians' consciousness of suffering, communication, historical criticism and historical identity has developed obviously.

2. Some achievements have been made in the compilation of official history, including the History of the Old Five Dynasties by Xue, the History of the New Five Dynasties by Ouyang Xiu and the Book of the New Tang Dynasty. In addition, there have also been masterpieces of general history, such as Sima Guang's Zi Tong Zhi Jian in the Song Dynasty and Zheng Qiao's Tong Zhi.

3. In the Southern Song Dynasty, Yuan Shu took Zi Zhi Tong Jian as the final edition of Zi Zhi Tong Jian, and created the final edition of Zi Zhi Tong Jian. Zhu took Zi Zhi Tong Jian as the outline style of Zi Zhi Tong Jian, which enriched the writing style of China's history books and was an important creation of China's historical compilation method.

4. Paying attention to contemporary social and historical issues is one of the outstanding characteristics of historical activities in this period, such as Li Xinchuan's "Yan Jiannian Ji" and Xu Mengzi's "Three Dynasties North Alliance". In addition, Yao Di's history books have also developed significantly, such as Yao Hui in Tang Dynasty, Yao Di in the Five Dynasties, Yao Di in the Western Han Dynasty and Yao Di in the Eastern Han Dynasty.

5. Outstanding achievements have been made in historical philology. No matter in errata, textual research and falsification, or in the achievements of catalogue books, or in the field of epigraphy and archaeology, there are remarkable works, especially epigraphy, which is unique and has made remarkable achievements, such as Ouyang Xiu's Historical Records and Zhao Mingcheng's The Story of the Stone.

6. The prosperity of historical criticism has produced some valuable theories and methods of historical criticism, which has had a positive impact on promoting the development of history and historical criticism. For example, Zhen Wu's correction of New Tang Book, his historical criticism and Zhu's theory of reading history.

D. Ming dynasty

1. The Ming Dynasty was the period when China's historiography went deep into the society. Private historiography flourished, unofficial history developed, and records flourished. Private history, such as Tan Qian's "Lack of Country" and Deng Yuanxi's "Shu Ming"; Unofficial history, such as Li Xunzhi's Three Dynasties, Yu's Collection of Allusions, etc. Records such as Records of Taizu and Records of Yingzong.

2. The prosperity of local chronicles and the rise of economic history is one of the outstanding characteristics of this period, and it is also a sign of the in-depth development of historiography in Ming Dynasty. The local chronicles of this period gained extensive sociality, resulting in Bianzhi and Wei Zhi. Economic history includes the history of river regulation, water transport and water conservancy, as well as the history of agricultural policy, salt policy and famine policy.

3. History has made great progress in popular form, and history education has been developed more widely. Popular formal historiography is the abstraction, abstraction and recompilation of predecessors' historical works, such as Yuan Shi Ji Jie and Shi Ji. The history education in Ming Dynasty has wider sociality than the previous generation.

4. The rise of historiography in the late Ming Dynasty is another feature of the development of historiography in the Ming Dynasty, with active historiography thoughts, and some outstanding historians, such as Wang Shizhen and Tan Qian, concentrated in this period.

E. Qing dynasty

1. The Qing Dynasty is a period of summary and continuation of China's traditional historiography and the rise of modern new historiography. The number and types of official history books in the Qing Dynasty exceeded those in the previous generation, and the control of history was stricter than that in previous feudal dynasties. Such as Ming History, Qing Shi Lu, Qing Hui Dian, Continuation of Three Links and Qing Three Links.

2. The development of historical thought has made a great breakthrough, showing the historical characteristics of evolution. For example, Huang Zongxi's spirit of historical criticism, Gu's historical thought of practical application, Zhang Xuecheng's historical theory, Gong Zizhen's historical thought with characteristics of the times and Liang Qichao's new historical theory all reflect the new development of historical thought in this period.

3. Historical textual research has made brilliant achievements, with three famous textual research experts, Wang Mingsheng, Zhao Yi, Qian Daxin and Cui Shu. In addition, Ruan Yuan has made brilliant achievements in historical philology.

4. The rise of frontier history and geography research, such as Zhang Mu's Mongolian Nomads and Yao Ying's A Journey to Kang Youwei. At the same time, new situations have emerged in the study of foreign history and geography, such as Wei Yuan's Chart and Huang Zunxian's Map of Japan, which have had a great impact on the inheritance of traditional historiography and the development of modern historiography.

5. Local chronicles have made outstanding achievements, including general chronicles, provincial chronicles and county chronicles. For example, the geographical annals compiled by officials in the Qing Dynasty are the unified chronicles of the Qing Dynasty. In addition, the private historiography in Qing Dynasty achieved unique achievements and made outstanding contributions. For example, Huang Zongxi's Confucianism Case in Ming Dynasty and Gu Zuyu's Historical Geography Summary.