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Comment on Fan's People's Education
The author Froebel is a famous educational theorist and practitioner in Germany and the founder of modern preschool education. He founded a new preschool education institution at that time and named it after the unique name of "kindergarten", which can be said to be the initiator.
The first article in the book is a general introduction, and the author writes it very abstractly. Only by calming down and reading carefully can we understand something and really benefit a lot. The author believes that everyone has the spirit of God, which is his essence. The purpose of education is to make human nature develop and embody in him, become consciousness, and make this consciousness play a role in people's life. What exactly does humanity mean? It is "what constitutes nature and appears permanently in nature". The essence is natural. "Without God and nature, we must turn to human wisdom and intelligence, and we can only build castles in the air." For children, curiosity, innocence and kindness ... are all natural and reflect the essence of children. Therefore, the purpose of preschool education is to fully embody and develop these natures. From the moment a child is born into this world, people should correctly understand and treat him according to his nature and let him use his abilities freely and comprehensively. Now, parents attach great importance to their children's education. They want their children to learn what others can't. There are more and more interest classes, summer classes and training classes. In early childhood education, it is not advisable to emphasize the use of certain abilities and limbs at the expense of other abilities and limbs.
Education should conform to the principle of nature, which is an important principle of Froebel's educational theory system. He asked children to develop naturally without interference from the earliest stage. Therefore, "education, training and all teaching should be tolerant and obedient, not absolute and indicative, because if the former educational method is adopted purely, the perfect development, stability or lasting progress of mankind will be lost." As an educator, if you always pretend to be a leader, give orders to students and interfere with them, then education and teaching will play a role of destruction and obstruction, and then hurt children.
In the life of children, the author also has his own unique views. Don't leave your child alone in bed or cradle without other moving objects, which will not only make the child weak, but also produce psychological tenderness and fragility. Children's beds should not be too soft from the early days, and feather pillows should not be used. However, after all, diet can only be a nutrient, and its sole purpose is to promote physical and intellectual activities. Children's food should be as simple as possible to meet the needs of children's life and enable them to reach the same level of physical and intellectual development. We shouldn't use crutches and ropes when teaching children to stand and walk. In the growth of children, he will find that he has the sense of education to leave, the strength to stand and the ability to learn these skills naturally. These views involve all aspects of life. Over-protection of children can't make them grow up best. Let go appropriately, let children learn to live in a "hard" environment and learn to be strong in difficulties. This is beneficial to their physical development and psychological training, making them independent, strong and confident.
Froebel divided the period of human education into two stages: infancy and adolescence. Childhood is divided into general infancy and infancy, and adolescence is divided into adolescence and student period. In early childhood, children will externalize what was internalized before. At this stage, sensory development is very important. In adolescence, external things become internal things, that is, the process of learning. Children have a strong curiosity and thirst for knowledge, which is their motivation to learn. The author believes that family education in this period is of great significance, and family life is a role model for children, which will have an important impact on their lives. The teaching task of students is mainly the school. In this section, Froebel discusses the nature, tasks, teaching contents and educational methods of the school.
"Wu En" is a set of movable toys designed by Froebel, in order to let children play games and other activities, because he attaches great importance to the role of games in children's growth. He believes that games are developed by children and are the highest stage of human development in this period. During the game, children can have fun. But unfortunately, as adults, we often can't understand this happiness well. For children's games, they not only do not actively participate, but also take various actions to stop them. I think playing with mud is too dirty, and playing with water will get my clothes wet ... In fact, these are all games that children like very much. Often only the games that these children choose spontaneously can show their inner world in the future. A child playing a game, a child absorbed in the game, is the best performance of a child's life. In addition, he also advocated creating activity conditions for children, such as letting children grow plants in their own gardens and organizing them to make them by hand. I think the plant corner set up in kindergarten now is a good example. Games are children's nature and a preview of their future life. Therefore, every adult should attach importance to the games in this period and give full support.
People's Education Edition tells us that there are various problems in early childhood education and there are many places worth learning. Although I haven't really understood the whole book, I think I should read it carefully in the future.
Comment on Fan's People's Education II
I am an ordinary people's teacher. Work hard in the front line of teaching on weekdays. I am busy and spend less time on reading, but my desire for books is accumulating. Last semester, I was lucky enough to attend the studio of Huang, a special teacher. The "Happy Reading" activity in the studio ignited the students' reading enthusiasm and inspired me to find time to read. I saw the book People's Education in the reading list recommended by my tutor Huang, and I was deeply attracted by the title at once. A voice from my heart told me that I must choose it and read this book. Why? As a front-line teacher, shouldn't we care about people's education? The title of this book resonates with my educational philosophy. I eagerly read this famous educational book during the holiday, which can be described as "full of harvest".
First of all, I learned about Flofield's life story and broadened my horizons.
Froebel is a famous educational theorist and practitioner in Germany19th century, and the founder of modern preschool education theory. He was born in a rural priest's family in Germany. He lost his mother when he was a child. His father is busy disciplining him all day, and his stepmother is cold to him. Therefore, Froebel's childhood was lonely. Froebel's childhood experience made him devote a lot of energy to children's education, and also prompted him to establish the first kindergarten in the world, and made a complete and systematic exploration, research and practice of early childhood education, and wrote the famous educational treatise "Education of People", which left a great mark in the history of education.
Second, I understand the core idea of Froebel's education, that education should conform to the inherent law of children's development.
Reading through the book Human Education, we can see that Froebel is a devout believer. He believes that since human nature is a derivative of divinity and God is all-wise, all-powerful and universal, then human nature is also kind and has the natural possibility of development. This is a beautiful natural scenery. Based on his understanding of the goodness of human nature, Froebel came up with the basic principles of education. Education should conform to the inherent law of children's development as far as possible, provide a suitable environment for children's development, and should not destroy children's nature. Unless this nature is destroyed, no intervention should be taken. We can see that this kind of rule cognition still has a wide and powerful influence today.
Third, the book "Human Education" has a far-reaching impact on modern education in Germany.
Germany is a country lacking in resources, with the largest population among European countries, high scientific and technological development and low corruption. Many multinational companies, such as Volkswagen, Daimler, Siemens and BMW, have their headquarters in Germany. It has achieved today's achievements mainly by well-educated professional groups. German education is famous for its profound cultural background and perfect system. However, for children, rigorous Germans seem to be more tolerant. They respect each child's personality, and even for those "problem" children in the eyes of ordinary people, they can find out the shining side of children. German children's education can reach today's high level, which is definitely an indelible achievement of education pioneer Froebel.
4. In his educational practice, Froebel attaches great importance to emotional education and regards "education adapts to nature" as its consistent and important principle.
Froebel compared the education of human beings with the cultivation of natural objects, and pointed out that our approach is often correct in dealing with natural objects. Many people know that if animals and plants want to grow healthily and vigorously, they must be provided with a suitable and relaxed environment, and excessive intervention and imposition of will must be opposed. However, in dealing with people, people will take the completely opposite path. Although the growth of people and animals and plants follows the same law, people like to treat children as plasticine when educating them, thinking that they can be shaped at will. As a result, children's growth runs counter to their nature. For this reason, Froebel called on educators to adapt to children's nature when educating them and let them grow freely according to their own laws, just like we treat vines in the garden.
Fifth, the "student-oriented education" we advocate can be described as the inheritance and development of the idea of "people's education".
When I read this passage, I naturally think of the "student-oriented education" that we advocate in teaching today. "Student-oriented education" is a large-scale educational reform practice led by research projects and presided over by Professor Guo, doctoral supervisor of South China Normal University and director of Guangdong Institute of Educational Science. Student-oriented education advocates that education should be transformed from "teacher-oriented education" to "student-oriented education", that is, the education designed for teachers to teach well should be transformed into the education designed for students to learn well, so as to realize students' active, positive and healthy development. What is the mission of teachers from the perspectives of "education adapts to nature" and "student-oriented"? On the one hand, it provides a suitable environment and free time for students' growth, on the other hand, it provides professional good teachers for students' growth. If students are born with nature, then education should provide external freedom for the growth of these endowments. The first condition of external freedom is to have free time. Etymologically speaking, Schuler's Greek word "school" itself is derived from "leisure". In the eyes of the Greeks, going to school means getting rid of daily chores, having enough leisure and being able to experience and meditate intently. In this experience and meditation, people's mental ability has grown.
More gains from reading this book are too numerous to enumerate. I waded through the long river of books in reading and realized the true meaning of education in meditation. Reading is to communicate with ancient wise authors with books; Reading is a kind of training for the soul, and reading is also the inheritance of the thought of educating the prophet. Reading is happy, reading is happy, and the more happiness and happiness, the better. With the joy and joy of reading, I devoted myself to extraordinary education. "May be enough."
Comment on Fan Wensan of People's Education
Froebel is a world-famous educational theorist and practitioner, one of the advocates of new education in the19th century, and the founder of modern preschool education theory. He was born in a rural priest's family in Germany. He lost his mother when he was a child. His father is busy with parish affairs all day, and his stepmother is indifferent to him. Therefore, it is lonely to accompany Flepp's childhood. The misfortune of childhood made Froebel have a special affection for children, and also prompted him to establish the first kindergarten in the world, establish a complete preschool education system, and write the famous educational treatise "On Human Nature", thus creating a new era in the history of education.
Influenced by the representatives of German absolute idealism (Schelling, Fichte, etc.). ), Froebel's educational thought has a very strong theological color; Influenced by French enlightenment thinker Rousseau and Swiss democratic educator Pestalozzi. In his educational practice, Flepp attaches great importance to emotional education, and regards "education conforms to nature" as its consistent and important principle.
Froebel believes that man, as a rational creature, is God's creation like stones, plants and animals, and is governed by the same law of development, and has the same essence as all things, that is, the spirit of God. In other words, everything in the world is unified with God, and humanity should also be unified with divinity. Since human nature is a derivative of divinity, and God is omniscient and universal, human nature is also kind and has the natural possibility of development. Based on this view of good nature, Froebel believes that education should be tolerant and obedient, conform to the inherent laws of children's development as much as possible, provide a suitable environment for children's development, and should not destroy children's nature. Unless this nature is destroyed, no intervention should be taken.
Froebel also used metaphor to demonstrate the principle that "education adapts to nature". He wrote on page 10 of Human Education: "In order to further accept the lessons of nature, vines should be pruned. But pruning itself will not bring grapes to the vines. On the contrary, no matter how well-intentioned, if the gardener does not conform to the nature of plants very patiently and meticulously in his work, then the vine may be pruned and completely destroyed, at least its high yield and fruiting ability will be destroyed. " After comparing human education with the cultivation of natural objects, he pointed out that our approach is often correct in dealing with natural objects. Many people know that if animals and plants want to grow healthily and vigorously, they must be provided with a suitable and relaxed environment, and excessive intervention and imposition of will must be opposed. However, in dealing with people, people will take the completely opposite path. Although the growth of people and animals and plants follows the same law, people like to treat children as plasticine when educating them, thinking that they can be shaped at will. As a result, children's growth runs counter to their nature. For this reason, Froebel called on educators to adapt to children's nature when educating them and let them grow freely according to their own laws, just like we treat vines in the garden.
Back to our middle school education, if we need to cultivate a healthy, lively and vital person who faces modernization, the world and the future, then we should also follow the principle of "education conforms to nature" when running schools. Rousseau once put forward the view that "education is growth", which means that growth itself is the purpose of education, and there is no other purpose except growth, such as getting high marks in exams, going to famous schools, seeking a good career and so on. Of course, it is not unimportant to get high marks, go to a prestigious school and find a good job, but they should not be the ultimate goal of education. The ultimate goal of education is to make students grow up healthily and become excellent people, and other goals can naturally be achieved.
From the viewpoints of "education adapts to nature" and "education is growth", what is the mission of the school? Is to provide a suitable environment for the growth of students, on the one hand, to provide free time for the growth of students, on the other hand, to provide professional good teachers for the growth of students. Take the growth of vines as an example. Freedom is like abundant sunshine and rain, and teachers are like professional gardeners.
If students are born with nature, then education should provide external freedom for the growth of these endowments. The first condition of external freedom is to have free time. Etymologically speaking, Schuler's Greek word "school" itself is derived from "leisure". In the eyes of the Greeks, going to school means getting rid of daily chores, having enough leisure and being able to experience and meditate intently. In this experience and meditation, people's mental ability has grown. Therefore, schools should not arrange their homework too densely, but give students more time for free activities, which is in line with their nature and develops their talents.
Another element of a suitable environment is a good professional teacher. In fact, education is an influence in essence. The core of a good education is to have a group of teachers with noble morality and exquisite business, and influence students through them. Of course, teachers should preach, teach and dispel doubts, but more importantly, they need to form a field through which students' words and deeds and world outlook can be influenced. What is a prestigious school? A prestigious school has an educated and visionary principal, who has condensed a group of good teachers with both ability and political integrity and influenced a group of good students with both ability and political integrity.
In short, education should conform to nature, take the growth of students as the ultimate goal, provide sunshine and rain (free time), and equip students with professional gardeners (professional good teachers). With all these aspects, the core competitiveness of school development will be mastered.
Comment on Fan's People's Education
This book is divided into five chapters. The first chapter is an overview. First of all, Froebel put forward his educational view from his own philosophical view. He pointed out that the function of education should conform to human nature, so as to inspire and push it to consciously and consciously express God's spirit perfectly and develop it. Secondly, he put forward the principle that education should conform to nature. Starting from this principle, he asked children to develop naturally without interference from the earliest stage, and paid attention to the development of children's personality. At the same time, he also put forward the viewpoint that man is developing constantly, and emphasized the continuity between different stages of human development. Chapter II People in Early Childhood. Froebel elaborated on the development and cultivation of early childhood and the development and education of early childhood. He pointed out that infancy is both a sucking period and a nurturing period. For babies, the key is to use their body senses and limbs.
Chapter III Adolescents. Froebel mainly discussed two issues: the development and education of adolescence and the influence of family life on children. He believes that adolescence is the desire to internalize external things into your own, and this desire may be satisfied through games. But it is their family life that can fully satisfy this desire. For adolescent children, family life is their mode of life, which will have a strong impact on his life. Parents should let their children learn to share family affairs, and should not refuse their children's spontaneous help, but should support and affirm their children and let them develop naturally and healthily. In addition, he believes that children's emotions have also developed accordingly during this period. Chapter iv students. Froebel analyzed and discussed the nature and purpose of the school, the teaching content and the relationship between the school and the family. The fifth chapter is the general overview and conclusion. Froebel pointed out that because we suppress children's spiritual tendencies too much, we interfere with children's nature very harmfully, especially recognizing that what is delayed and neglected in children's development and education is irreversible. For this reason, he stressed the need to pay attention to the universal formation of children's spirituality and the formation and development of true humanity.
In a word, the book systematically constructs the theoretical system of early childhood education. Although we don't agree with his idealism, he advocates that education should adapt to children's nature, oppose compulsory education and education that inhibits children's development, attach importance to children's active activities, develop children's creativity, attach importance to the development of children's personality, and emphasize the importance of early education to people's life development and the role of family education. Advocating the continuity of education at all stages of human development is of revolutionary significance not only to the mechanical and rigid education mode prevailing in German education at that time, but also to the present kindergarten education and family education.
Comment on Fan's People's Education
This summer vacation, I was lucky enough to read the book People's Education published by People's Education Publishing House. This book is a famous educational treatise, which discusses the important role of preschool education and school education respectively. The author Froebel is a famous German educational theorist and practitioner, one of the advocates of new education in the19th century, the founder of modern preschool education theory, and is called "the father of preschool education". His pre-school education theory and practical activities are the main aspects of his life activities. This book is a general exposition of preschool education and school education in childhood, which has a lot of enlightenment for our primary education. In the book, Froebel advocates that education should adapt to children's nature, oppose compulsory education and suppress children's development, attach importance to children's active activities and develop children's personality, emphasize the importance of early education, and advocate the continuity of education in all stages of human development.
In this book, Froebel expounds the importance of preschool education, which will have a far-reaching impact on the development of preschool education in the future. Froebel divided the age range involved in human education into three stages: infancy, adolescence (early adolescence) and student period (late adolescence). In his view, educated people, at all stages of development, will inevitably show various functions that they must achieve according to their own mission. Preschool education plays a very important role in the whole human education system, and early childhood is a very important stage in the process of human development. The book says: "A person's whole future life is rooted in this life stage until the moment when he is about to leave this world again, no matter whether this future life is pure or dirty, gentle or rough, hardworking or lazy ... His (her) future relationship with parents, family, brothers and sisters, society and mankind, nature and God mainly depends on his (her) innate talent of children. If a child is injured at this age, if the germ of his future life tree is damaged, then he must pay the greatest hardships and efforts to grow into a strong person, and must overcome the greatest difficulties to avoid the deformity caused by this damage on his way to development and training in this direction. Therefore, he organically integrated preschool education into the whole process of human education, regarded it as the beginning of real human education, and made clear the importance of family education. Froebel put forward the important role of family education in pre-school education in the book "People's Education". In early childhood, people's education is mainly entrusted to parents and families, and children and family members form a complete and inseparable unity. Therefore, it is necessary to provide parents who lack educational knowledge with guidance on content and methods. I think it is very necessary for parents to know some knowledge, methods and strategies about how to educate their children. Parents' education has a great influence on children's future development. Parents should consciously learn some parenting methods at ordinary times to avoid the bad influence of wrong education on children, harm to a better life and obstacles to life growth.
Children's education should conform to the principle of nature, which is an important principle in Froebel's educational theory system. He asked children to develop naturally without interference from the earliest stage. Therefore, "education, training and all teaching should be tolerant and obedient, not absolute and indicative, because if the former educational method is adopted purely, the perfect development, stability or lasting progress of mankind will be lost." Froebel compared the gardener to pruning the vines: "The vines should be pruned, but pruning itself will not bring grapes to the vines. On the contrary, no matter how well-intentioned, if the gardener does not conform to the nature of plants very patiently and meticulously in his work, then the vine may be pruned and completely destroyed, at least its high yield and fruiting ability will be destroyed. " Teaching must conform to children's nature and be guided patiently, and children cannot be forced to educate and suppress. Consistent with the idea of letting children develop naturally without interference, Froebel attaches importance to children's personality development; "As a child of man and God, everyone contains and embodies the whole human nature, but he is expressed and shaped in everyone in a completely inherent, special, personal and unique way ..." In the practice of education and teaching, we should fully respect the development of students' personality, put people first, teach students in accordance with their aptitude, do everything possible to protect their enthusiasm for doing things, give them affirmation and support, and respect their correct views.
The book also says that games play a very important role in preschool education. In fact, for our primary education, games are also an effective way to promote classroom teaching, especially for junior students. Because games will directly affect children's life and education, games can improve children's interest in learning. A child who has the ability, calmness and perseverance to keep playing games is bound to become a person with the ability and perseverance to improve the happiness of others and himself by self-sacrifice. In order to let children play games and other activities, Floppel designed a logical game and homework system from simple to complex, from unity to diversity, step by step, and supporting movable toys, so he became famous for his kindness, which is of great significance to the development of children's intelligence and creativity. In addition, he also advocated creating activity conditions for children, such as letting children grow plants in their own gardens and organizing them to make them by hand. Therefore, schools should carry out more interest activities for students, so that students can cultivate good hobbies, and teachers should guide them to do meaningful things and improve their overall quality.
As a famous educator in history and the founder of modern preschool education, the great value of his theory has long been valued by foreign educators. To develop education in China and establish the Socialism with Chinese characteristics system, we should not only study the history and present situation of education in China and summarize China's educational thoughts, but also study the history and present situation of foreign education and learn from foreign educational thoughts. This educational masterpiece has a great influence in the history of Chinese and foreign education, and it is of great guiding significance to our daily education and teaching practice, and it is well worth reading.
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