The newly revised Chinese Teaching Syllabus for Full-time Senior Middle Schools puts forward such requirements for classical Chinese teaching: reading classical poems and simple classical Chinese, understanding the meaning of words and the ideological content of works, and reciting a certain number of famous articles. Focus on mastering the usage of 150 classical Chinese notional words, 18 classical Chinese functional words and important classical Chinese sentence patterns.
The requirements of the syllabus have two basic meanings: one is the requirements and methods of reading classical Chinese, and the other is the accumulation and mastery of basic knowledge of classical Chinese. Explain it separately at the next interview.
First of all, the requirements and methods of reading classical Chinese are simply reading, understanding and reciting. Reading, understanding, reciting and reading are the core, key and foothold of classical Chinese learning. The so-called reading, Mr. Zhu Ziqing once said: "Reading is a teaching process, and its purpose is to cultivate students' understanding ability and writing ability. When teaching, the old teacher reads first, then the students follow, and then the students practice reading and sometimes recite. Besides reciting, you can read books. It can be seen that in the teaching of reading aloud, in addition to the teacher's demonstration reading aloud, what students have to do is "follow", "practice reading", "recite" and "read". In other words, reading aloud is a learning process that students actively participate in and explore under the guidance of teachers.
Among them, reading is the key. To study, you must first listen to the old normal school. What should I learn from the teacher's model essay reading? Please see Mr. Liang Shiqiu recalling his teacher Mr. Xu Jincheng's lecture: xu teacher recited the full text after introducing the author, which was very interesting. ..... Both ancient and vernacular Chinese are like an actor reciting his lines, and he seems to vent all the meanings contained in the text. He speaks with rhythm, rhythm, emotion, momentum and cadence. After listening, we seem to have understood half the meaning of the original text. A good article has a golden voice, which may be exaggerated, but it must be catchy, but it is true. It can be seen from here that the tone, stiff eyes, feelings, momentum, cadence and implied meaning of the article should be expressed by reciting. While listening to the teacher's demonstration reading, students will soon get the first and most intuitive impression and understanding of the article, thus stimulating their desire to read aloud, so as to further "understand the meaning of words and the ideological content of works."
Tone, inflexibility, mood, momentum, cadence and the meaning contained in words can't be learned at once, but students gradually realize, comprehend and perceive it in the reading process of listening to the model essay, following it and practicing reading. Please pay special attention to the following points:
First, correct pronunciation. This is because there are many uncommon words in classical Chinese, as well as interchangeable words, polyphonic words and broken words. Generally speaking, these words are pronounced in the text notes, so read them carefully according to the phonetic notation. Here we should focus on the problem of "broken reading". The so-called "broken reading" is to distinguish different meanings or parts of speech by changing the pronunciation of words. For example, "clothing" is pronounced as Y when a noun is used, and Y when a verb is used (dressing); "Eating" means eating, while reading "Si" means giving others food. However, some broken sounds have entered modern Chinese, and there are also notes in general dictionaries, such as beautiful "good" (adjective) reading H m 4 o, favorite "good" (verb) reading H ao, difficult "difficult" (adjective) reading nán, and disaster "difficult" reading nàn and so on. However, there is no special distinction between some broken pronunciations, such as Ye Gong's "Ye", which used to be pronounced shè, but now it can be pronounced yè. Mastering broken reading is necessary to distinguish the meaning of parts of speech and deepen the understanding of classical Chinese.
Second, pay attention to pause. Including intra-sentence pause and inter-sentence pause. Being able to correctly distinguish between intra-sentence pauses and inter-sentence pauses shows a correct understanding of sentence levels and general ideas, which should be achieved through reading in the training of understanding words and sentence meanings.
In addition, we should pay attention to pronunciation, reading language, and so on.
In fact, reading aloud is a learning process based on preliminary understanding, which requires repeated familiarity with the text and gradual deepening of understanding until it can be recited.
We don't approve of tedious grammatical analysis and mechanical memorization of noun terms in classical Chinese learning, nor do we advocate the so-called rigid execution of words and sentences. We advocate learning classical Chinese, understanding in reading, understanding in reading, accumulating language materials in reading, and finally making classical Chinese a part of our language habits.
In this learning process, reading, memory and understanding are carried out simultaneously. What we mean by knowing classical Chinese mainly refers to the overall understanding and grasp of the content of the article. This understanding and grasp should be: ① around the whole content; (2) Pay attention to the communication of meaning; ③ Focus on the chapters of the article. As for reciting, it is also determined by the particularity of classical Chinese learning. Memorization of words, understanding of words and expressions, and grasping the ideological content of works can all be achieved by reciting. Moreover, concepts and rules are not the most important in language learning. You can speak, write and read without memorizing rules. Language learning means practicing, using and then understanding. Therefore, Chinese learning needs reciting, while classical Chinese learning emphasizes reciting more.
Being able to "read classical poetry and simple classical Chinese, understand the meaning of words and the ideological content of works" mainly depends on the continuous accumulation of recitation. Therefore, the newly revised Chinese syllabus for primary schools, junior high schools and senior high schools stipulates the number of reciting. Among them, primary school recited 80 ancient poems, junior high school recited 20 classical Chinese poems, 50 ancient Chinese poems, senior high school recited 20 classical Chinese poems and 50 poems. It is not difficult to memorize all these articles to meet the requirements of reading classical Chinese.
We advocate reading classical poetry and classical Chinese, and basically recite them in class. Reciting, of course, also pays attention to methods. The chunk memory method I summarized in the past is one of them. For example, meaning chunks: the way to remember chunks according to the meaning of the article; Outline chunk: the method of memorizing outline chunks of hierarchical content is applied; Keyword chunk: grasp the main idea and outline of the article through keyword chunk, and in turn master the memory method of words; Abbreviated sentence chunks: the way to abbreviate sentences into phrases to form chunks; In addition, there are sentence groups, central sentence blocks, related word blocks and so on. Limited to space, we won't discuss it.
Reciting depends on constant stimulation and reinforcement. Mr. Feng Zikai warned his children to learn and pay attention to a method of "reading". The traditional stroke of reading Chinese characters is 22 paintings, so he asked each poem to be read 22 times. In this way, the mantra will be familiar and will never be forgotten. In the past, private schools paid attention to "memorizing", that is, after memorizing a familiar article, they had to repeat what they had learned before, that is, repeating the second article, 1-2, the third article, 1-3, and so on. We may be dismissive of these "dead" readings, but we can't rule out this persistent reading spirit and a reasonable way to strengthen memory. Moreover, it is also the need of quality education to make use of the unique memory of adolescence, memorize several chapters and lay a solid foundation.
Secondly, the accumulation and mastery of the basic knowledge of classical Chinese. This can only be said to be the most basic requirement. The key points are: (1) point out the basic knowledge in three aspects: classical Chinese content words, classical Chinese function words and classical Chinese sentence patterns; (2) The basic quantitative regulations are made: 150 notional words, 18 function words and important sentence patterns; ③ Emphasize the orientation of "usage in the text".
The accumulation and mastery of knowledge should be carried out in reading. What needs to be emphasized is that no matter the content words, function words or sentence patterns in classical Chinese, you can't recite and memorize terms alone. Instead, we should put words, words and sentences in a certain language environment, and master these basic knowledge by reading the text, understanding and mastering the typical example sentences in the text. Mastering the basic knowledge of words and sentences is the need of reading ancient poems. After reading a batch of ancient poems, some basic usages of words and sentences are also involved. In this way, as long as you see a certain sentence pattern of a word, a typical example sentence will appear in your memory immediately. If you look at Preface to Lanting Collection, "I am almost self-sufficient, but I don't know that my old age is coming", how to say the word "Zeng", even if there is no annotation in the text, I immediately associate it with "I can't damage my father's mountain" and "I am not weak" and "Yugong Yishan". The usage of these three "Zeng" is the same, and they all aggravate the later "I don't know". After practice makes perfect, there will be no such transformation process, and it is completely a state of preparedness. Over time, it solidified into a part of personal knowledge system, and the ability to "read classical poetry and simple classical Chinese" naturally formed.
Learning classical Chinese requires some necessary historical and cultural knowledge, which is conducive to dredging sentences, understanding the meaning and knowing the source. Historical and cultural knowledge is subdivided into astronomical geography, festivals, etiquette system, official evolution, school imperial examinations, classics and religions, science and technology, names, food, clothing, housing and transportation, and many other basic aspects. Although these outlines are not expressly stipulated, when reading the corresponding ancient poems, we should pay attention to the introduction and explanation in the text notes, and some of them are also reflected in the usage of words and sentences.
Reading ancient poems should be a very pleasant learning process. Through time and space, we can talk with ancient people with lofty ideals and wise men, so as to understand our country, our nation and our history, and turn the accumulation of historical culture into a part of our own humanistic quality and our life. It should be everyone's wish, and we hope to turn this wish into the practice of reading.