Walden is the most influential American writer and philosopher in19th century.150th century has been popular all over the world. I don't know how many editions have been published. He emphasizes being close to nature, learning from nature and loving nature, and pursues a "simpler and simpler" simple life, and advocates that a short life is perfect because of rich thoughts. He spent decades observing and studying the succession of wild fruits, weeds and forests, and wrote a book "The Faith of Seeds".

Henry david thoreau's ancestors were French and emigrated from Guernsey to the United States. He is the last male heir of his family. His personality occasionally shows the characteristics derived from this bloodline, which is obviously mixed with very strong Saxon genius.

He was born in Concord, Massachusetts on July 18 17, 2007. 1837 graduated from Harvard University, but his literary achievements were not excellent. He is a man who breaks idolatry in literature. It is rare for him to thank the university for its benefits and despise it. However, he really benefited from it. After graduating from college, he and his brother taught in a private school and left soon. His father made pencils, and Henry studied the craft for some time. He believes that he can make a better pencil than he used at that time. After he finished the experiment, he showed his works to chemists and artists in Boston, obtained their certificates, and ensured that its excellent quality was equal to the best products in London. Then he went home contentedly. His friends congratulated him because he now found a way to get rich. But he replied that he would never make a pencil again. "Why should I make a pencil? I will never do what I did once again. " He continued his long journey and all kinds of research, and learned something new about nature every day, but he never talked about zoology or botany, because although he was tireless in learning the facts of nature, he was not curious about specialized science and literal science.

At this time, he was a strong and healthy young man. He has just come out of college, and all his friends are choosing careers or eager to start a well-paid position. Of course, he can't help thinking about this same problem. His determination to resist all ordinary roads and save his loneliness and freedom is really rare-it requires a great price and does not live up to the expectations of his family; Because he is completely honest and wants to be absolutely independent of himself and everyone, his situation is only more difficult. But Thoreau never hesitated. He is a natural dissident. He refused to give up his ambition in study and action for narrow skills or career. His goal is a broader mission, an art that can make us live a good life. If he despises and openly opposes other people's opinions, it is only because he is bent on harmonizing his behavior with his beliefs. He has never been lazy or willful. When he needs money, he is willing to do some physical labor similar to his temperament to make money-such as building a boat or a fence, planting, receiving skills, surveying, or other short-term jobs-instead of being employed for a long time. He has the habit of hard work, little demand in life, proficient in forest knowledge and very good at arithmetic. He can make a living anywhere in the world. He can meet his own needs more easily than others. In this way, he can ensure that he has leisure time.

He has a gift for measurement. Because of his mathematical knowledge and a habit, he always wanted to know the size and distance of objects he thought interested in, the size of trees, the depth of ponds and rivers, the height of mountains, and the distance between his favorite peaks and the sky-plus he knew the area near Concord in great detail, so he gradually became a land surveyor. For him, this profession has an advantage: it constantly leads him to new hidden places and can help him study nature. His calculation skills and accuracy in this job quickly won people's praise, and he never worried about not finding something to do.

He can easily solve those difficult problems about land survey; But he is troubled by more serious problems every day-he faces them bravely. He questioned every custom, and he wanted to put all his actions on an ideal basis. He is an extreme Protestant, and few people have given up so many things in his life like him. He didn't study any occupation; He has never been married; He lives alone; He never goes to church; He never elects; He refused to pay taxes to the government; He doesn't eat meat, drink or smoke. Although he is a naturalist, he never uses traps or guns. He would rather be an ideological and physical bachelor-for his own sake, this is undoubtedly a smart choice. He has no talent for getting rich, and he knows how to be poor. It may be that he gradually adopted his own way of life, without knowing it beforehand, but wisely agreed afterwards. Oh, I often think, "he wrote in his notes," if I am rich in enemies, my goals must be the same and my methods are basically the same. "He doesn't have to resist any temptation-no desire, no enthusiasm, no interest in delicate trifles. He doesn't appreciate the exquisite houses, clothes, attitudes and talks of people with advanced culture. He would rather have a good Indian. He thinks these elegant qualities hinder conversation. He hopes to meet his friends in the simplest posture. He refused to attend the dinner party because on that occasion, everyone stood in the way of another person and he met those people. And I get nothing from it. He said, "They are proud of the high price of their dinner; I am proud that my dinner is cheap. "At the dinner table, someone asked him which dish he liked, and he replied," The bowl closest to me. "He doesn't like the taste of wine, and he has no bad habits all his life. He said: "I vaguely remember that when I was a teenager, it seemed a little pleasant to smoke cigarettes made of lily pedicels." I usually prepared some of these things at that time. I have never smoked anything more harmful than this. "

He would rather reduce his daily needs and be self-sufficient-this is also a kind of wealth. When he travels, he uses the railway, but sometimes he has to cross areas that are irrelevant to his current goal. He often walks hundreds of miles, avoids staying in hotels and pays for accommodation in the homes of farmers and fishermen. He feels cheaper, and now he feels happier. At the same time, it is easier for him to get the person he wants and inquire about what he wants.

His words and deeds are the truth. He is born perfect, so he always falls into all kinds of dramatic situations. In any case, all onlookers want to know what attitude Henry will take and what he will say; He doesn't disappoint people, and always uses his unique judgment whenever there is a sudden change. 1845, he built himself a house in Xiao Mu and lived there for two years, leading a life of work and study. This kind of behavior is out of his nature and suitable for him. No one who knows him will blame him for deliberately putting on airs. He is no different from others in thought and action. He used up the benefits of this lonely life and gave it up at once. 1847, he disapproved of some expenses of public funds, so he refused to pay taxes to his city and was put in prison. A friend paid the tax for him and he was released. The next year, he was threatened and might encounter the same trouble. However, because his friend paid the tax for him despite his protest, I don't think he resisted any more. No matter what resistance or ridicule, he doesn't take it seriously. He expressed his opinion coldly and fully, and did not pretend to believe that it was also a common opinion. It doesn't matter if everyone present insists on the opposite opinion.

It is said that Plotinus thinks his body is shameful, and there is probably a good reason for his attitude-his body doesn't listen to instructions, and he doesn't have the skills to deal with this material world, which abstract and rational people often do. But Thoreau was born with the most suitable and useful body. He is not tall. Very solid, light skin, strong and serious blue eyes, serious attitude-he has a beard on his face in his later years, which suits him very well. He has keen facial features, strong body and can bear hardships and stand hard work, and his hands are strong and agile when using tools. Moreover, his body and spirit cooperate very well, and he can measure the distance with his feet, which is more accurate than other people's rulers. He said he looked for paths in the Woods at night, and his feet were better than his eyes. He can estimate the height of two trees with his eyes, which is very accurate. He can estimate the weight of a cow or a pig like a livestock dealer. There are many scattered pencils in a box, and he can take them out quickly by hand, just a dozen at a time. He is good at swimming, running, skating and rowing, and he can probably overwhelm any villager in the long walk from morning till night. And the relationship between his body and spirit is more subtle than we thought. He said that every step of his leg. He is the one who wants to leave. As usual, the longer he walks, the longer his work will be. He will stop writing if you let him stay at home.

He has strong common sense. Just like the romantic story written by Scott, the weaver's daughter Ross Flamock praised her father's words, saying that he is like a ruler, which can measure linen and diapers, so he can also make carpets and tapestries. He always has new strategies. When I planted trees, I bought a bucket of acorns. He said only a small part was good. He began to check them and pick out the good ones. But he found that it took a lot of time. He said, "I think if you put them all in water, they will sink." After we tried, it really happened He can design a garden, a house or a stable; He will definitely lead a "Pacific expedition"; Can give wise advice on the most serious personal or everyone's events.

He lives in the present, and there are not many burdensome memories that make him feel bitter. If he gave you a new suggestion yesterday, he will give you another suggestion today, which is also revolutionary. He is a very diligent person. All organized people cherish time, so does he; He seems to be the only leisure class in this city; He is willing to take part in any hiking trip as long as it looks pleasant; He is always willing to take part in conversations until late at night. His cautious and regular daily life never affects his keen observation, and he can cope with any new situation. He said: "You can sleep next to the railway and never be woken up;" Nature knows what sounds deserve attention. It decided not to listen to the train whistle. Everything respects the pious mind, and nothing will interrupt our desire. " He noticed that he had encountered such a thing many times: after receiving a rare plant from a distance, he would soon find the same plant in the place he frequented. Good luck; Only gamblers can touch it, and he often makes such good luck. One day, he was walking with a stranger. The man asked him where he could find the Indian arrow lock. He answered "everywhere", bent down and immediately picked up one from the ground. Thoreau had a bad fall and sprained his foot on Mount Washington in Turkmen Valley. Just as he got up from there, he saw the leaves of a rare compositae for the first time.

Thoreau devoted his genius to the fields and scenery of his hometown with all his love, so that all educated Americans and overseas people were familiar with and interested in them. He was born by the river and died there; He knows the river from its source to where it meets the Merrimack River. He observed it for many years, whether in summer or winter, day and night, every hour. The water conservancy commission appointed by Massachusetts recently made a survey, and he has obtained the same result from private experiments a few years ago. Everything that happens on the river bed, on the river bank, or in the air on the river; All kinds of fish, they lay eggs, their nests, their attitudes, their food; Once a year, the ground flies flying in the air one night were swallowed up by fish, and some fish actually swelled to death; Small pebbles piled up in shallow water, huge nests of small fish, sometimes a truck can't hold them; Birds that often come to the stream, herons, wild ducks, crested ducks, blue lakes and parrots; Snakes on the shore, shooting kangxiang rats, otters, mountain rat and foxes; Turtles, turtles, clams, toads and crickets on the river bank-he is familiar with them, just as they are residents of the city and creatures of the same kind; So if people describe one of the creatures alone, especially its size, or show its bones, or soak a squirrel or a bird specimen in alcohol, he thinks it is absurd, or thinks it is an atrocity. He likes to describe the style of the river and describe it as a legal creature, but his narrative is always very accurate and always based on the facts he observed. He knows the ponds in this area as well as the river.

Another tool he used to conquer all obstacles in science was patience. He knows how to sit there motionless and become a part of the stone under him until all the fish, birds and reptiles that have avoided him come back and continue to do their usual things, and even out of curiosity, they will come and stare at him.

Walking with him is both a pleasure and a privilege. He knows this place as well as a fox or a bird. He has his own road and can pass freely. He can see every footprint in the snow or on the ground and know which animal has walked this road before him. We must absolutely obey such guidance, which is very worthwhile. He can put plants in the book with an old music score; He has his diary and pencil in his pocket, a small telescope for observing birds, a microscope, a big pocketknife and a string. Wearing a straw hat, sturdy shoes and sturdy gray trousers, he can venture through short oak trees and oxtail, or climb a tree to find the nest of Ying Chao or squirrels. He waded across the pond on foot in search of aquatic plants, and his strong legs were also an important part of his armor. On the day I mentioned, he went to look for gentian flowers and saw them across the wide pond. After examining the little flower, he concluded that it had been in bloom for five days. He took out his diary from his chest pocket and read out the names of all the plants that should bloom on this day. He wrote these down, just like a banker promised when his bill would expire, and the orchid wouldn't open until it reached the DPRK. He thought that if he woke up from a coma, in this swamp, he could tell what day it was from the plants, and he wouldn't wait outside the southern sky. Red-tailed birds fly everywhere; Soon, the beautiful toucan also appeared. Its bright scarlet is so dazzling that a person who looks at it rashly has to wipe his eyes. Its voice was beautiful and clear, and Thoreau compared it to a camp where his hoarse throat was cured. Before long, he heard a crow, which he called a "nightingale". He never knew what those birds were. He searched for them for twelve years. Every time he sees it again, it always goes to a tree or bush, and he can't find it anymore. Only this kind of bird sings as well at night. I told him to be careful. As soon as Fang Yi finds out and records it, there may be nothing else to show him in life. He said: "What you have been looking for all your life but can't find, you will meet head-on one day and get a glimpse of the whole leopard. You look for it like a dream, and once you find it, you will become its prisoner. "

It is entirely natural that he decided to study natural history. He admits that he sometimes feels like a hound or a leopard. If he was born among Indians, he must be a cruel hunter. But he was bound by his own Massachusetts culture, so he studied botany and ichthyology and hunted in this gentle way. His intimacy with animals reminds people of Thomas Fowler's record about beekeeper Beightler: "Either he tells the bees many things, or the bees tell him many things." The snake coiled around his leg; The fish swam to his hand and he pulled them out of the water; He grabbed the mouse's tail and pulled it out of the hole. He protected the fox from the hunters. Our naturalist is absolutely generous. He has nothing to hide from anyone: he is willing to take you to the place where herons often go, or even to his most precious plant swamp-maybe he knows that you will never find that place again, but he is willing to take the risk anyway.

He knows the value of fantasy, which can improve and comfort life; He likes to turn every idea into a symbol. What you say is worthless, only its impression is valuable. Because of this, his poetic appearance will always arouse others' curiosity, if you want to know more about his inner secrets. He has reservations about many things, and some things are still sacred to himself. He doesn't want ordinary people's eyes to see them. He is good at covering up his experience with a poetic veil. Anyone who has read Walden will remember how he recorded his disappointment in a mythical format-

"I lost a pig and a dog, a chestnut horse and a turtledove a long time ago, and I'm still looking for them. I have told many travelers about them, described their footprints, and they will answer whatever they call them. I met one or two people, who heard the barking and hoofbeat of hounds, and even saw the turtledove disappear into the clouds; They are also eager to get them back, as if they had lost them themselves. "

His riddle is worth reading. To tell the truth, sometimes I don't understand what he said, but it is still very appropriate. His reason is so rich that there is no need to make empty talk. One of his poems, Compassion, reveals the warmth under the heavy armor of asceticism and its rational skills. His classical poem Smoke reminds people of Szimonidesz, which is better than any of his poems. His biography is in his poems. His usual ideas make all his poems hymns, praise all the reasons, praise the Holy Spirit who gave him life and controlled his spirit-

I used to have only ears, but now I have hearing;

There used to be only eyes; Now I have a vision;

I have only lived for a few years, and now I live in every moment;

I used to know only knowledge, but now I can tell the truth.

Especially in this religious poem.

Actually, now is the time when I was born.

Only now is my prime of life;

I never doubt silent love,

It wasn't bought with my value or poverty,

It pursued me when I was young and pursued me when I was old.

It guided me and brought me to this night.

He has a tendency to magnify this moment; In front of an object or several integrated objects, he wants to see all the natural laws. Some people don't have the observation of philosophers and can't see the consistency of everything; In their eyes, his tendency is of course ridiculous. In his view, size doesn't matter at all. The pond is a small ocean; The Atlantic Ocean is a big Walden Lake. He quoted the laws of the universe in every little thing. Although his original intention was to be fair, he seems to have an idea lingering in his mind that contemporary science inspired its perfection, but he only found that those famous scientists ignored a certain point, did not identify a certain plant species, did not describe its seeds, or counted its flowers.

If his genius is only thoughtful, he is suitable for this kind of life; But he is so energetic and hard-working, it seems that he should be born to create a great career and give orders; I feel very sorry that he lost his rare mobility, so I have to think that his lack of ambition is one of his shortcomings. Because of his lack of ambition, he didn't design everything for the whole United States, but became the leader of a berry-picking hiking team.

Botanists all know that there is a kind of flower-our summer plant, called "eternal flower", like "Compositae"-born on the dangerous cliff of Tiller Mountain, and almost even the antelope are afraid to go up. The hunter was lured by its beauty and love (because Swiss girls cherish this flower very much), climbed up and picked it, and sometimes found him dead at the foot of the mountain. Botanists call it snowdrop grass, but Swiss call it edelweiss, which means "purity". In my opinion, Thoreau wanted to harvest this plant all his life, and it should be his. His research is so large that it takes a long life to complete, so we didn't expect him to die suddenly. America doesn't know-at least it doesn't know how great a national she has lost. This seems to be a sin, which makes him leave without finishing the work, and no one can finish it for him; For such a noble soul, this seems to be an insult-he died before he really showed his peers what kind of person he was. But at least he's satisfied. His soul should be accompanied by the noblest soul; He learned all the talents and skills in this world in his short life; No matter where you are, as long as you have knowledge. A person who has morality and loves beauty must be his loyal readers.