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Aesthetic anchor western art "art lovers series"
By showing the important figures in the history of aesthetic education in the world and their views on aesthetic education, this paper discusses the relationship among aesthetic education, art education and aesthetic education, and expounds the new situation and missing phenomena in the development of aesthetic education in China one by one in combination with the background of the times, as well as the related attempts of mass aesthetic education communication methods.
Keywords: Confucius/Baum Tong Jia/Schiller/Cai Yuanpei/Aesthetic Education/Art Education/Aesthetic Education/Interest Education/Art Lovers/Children's Art Education/Adult Art Education/Aesthetic Education Communication.
First, important figures and their views in the history of aesthetic education in the world.
1, Confucius (55 BC1-479 BC) was the earliest thinker who advocated aesthetic education.
Viewpoint: "Poetry is vigorous, courtesy is polite, and joy is fun".
As early as the Western Zhou Dynasty, an ancient civilization in China, there was the "system of rites and music" of the Duke of Zhou. At the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, Confucius founded the ancient education system. He taught his disciples "six arts", namely, etiquette, music, calligraphy, counting, shooting and imperial. China's ancient aesthetic education thought of "combination of propriety and music" and "combination of beauty and goodness",
The combination of ritual and music also became the way to govern the country and standardize social order at that time.
2. Baum Tong Jia (17 14- 1762) is a German philosopher and aesthetician.
Viewpoint: The perfection of perceptual knowledge is beauty, and aesthetics is the art of thinking in a beautiful way.
Baum Tong Jia is not only the founder of aesthetics, but also defines aesthetics as "the science of perceptual knowledge".
1750 and 1758, Baum Tong Jia divided aesthetics into theoretical aesthetics and practical aesthetics in the first and second volumes of his book Aesthetics.
The aesthetic object is defined, and the three conditions for the perfection of perceptual knowledge are achieved: harmonious ideological content, consistent order arrangement and perfect expression. 1
First, innate natural aesthetics: innate literacy and emotional ability; Second, aesthetic training: the innate aesthetic power, if not regularly trained, will fail and disappear; Third, aesthetic guidance and aesthetic theory: seeking truth in credible and untrustworthy fields. 1
Schiller is a British philosopher.
Viewpoint: Game impulse is "aesthetic impulse to create images".
There are two kinds of people's impulses, perceptual impulse and rational impulse, both of which make people be forced (pressured) and not free. 2
Third party impulse, that is, game impulse. "Make people free materially and spiritually." 2
"Only when a person is completely human can he play; Only when people play, he is completely human. " (2)
4. Cai Yuanpei (1868- 1940) is a democratic revolutionary, thinker and educator.
Viewpoint: Cai Yuanpei's definition of "aesthetic education" in 1930 is: "aesthetic education is an education that applies aesthetic theory to education and aims at" cultivating feelings ".
"Science cares about inquiry, so don't be true or false; Morality cares about execution, so don't be good or evil; Beauty depends on appreciation, so don't be ugly. " three
"We must have an ordinary occupation to meet the needs of physical health; In my spare time, I must read literature, listen to music and visit art galleries in order to reconcile knowledge and safety. In this way, we can know the value of life. " four
The views of the sages on aesthetic education have become the theoretical and practical basis for future generations to think about aesthetic education.
Second, the relationship between aesthetic education, art education and aesthetic education
Aesthetic education belongs to humanistic education, and it is a world outlook education that combines philosophy, art and religion. At the same time, aesthetic education is also a process of cultivating people to know the world, discover the truth and obtain the truth. Although the former sages have different views, they all point out that aesthetic education has a guiding and enlightening role, which affects the shaping of people's minds and has a positive effect on social development.
As a country with a cultural heritage of 5,000 years, China has a long-term coexistence of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism, and a multi-ethnic, multi-regional and multi-cultural system, which has created diverse aesthetic concepts and tastes. After a long period of accumulation, Chinese civilization has formed its own unique and complete artistic system and context.
However, with the development of the times and the change of the international situation, the western "modern aesthetics" has brought great influence to China society. From the "Three Renaissance Masters" to the current "Van Gogh" craze, the aesthetic opinions of various western art schools still hold the vane and discourse power of world art.
Aesthetic education is a good "filter" in the process of our cognition, learning and absorption. If we can have firm cultural self-confidence, we can take its essence and discard its dross. With discernment, we can discard the false and retain the true, and apply what we have learned. Only by finding the intersection of other mountains' stones and their own culture can we realize innovation and transformation, thus promoting the deepening and development of art.
Aesthetic education is an education that combines aesthetics with educational methods, combines cultural accomplishment, rich psychological structure and aesthetic consciousness, and is an education that is harmonious with emotion and reason. Through aesthetic education, through the reconciliation of knowledge and emotion, the transformation from discovering beauty to creating beauty is realized.
Building socialist spiritual civilization requires all-round development of "morality, intelligence, physique and beauty". Aesthetic education has become an indispensable part. At the national level, schools are called upon to improve students' perceptual ability and aesthetic taste through aesthetic education and protect their imagination and creativity. The Ministry of Education issued relevant management plans, requiring schools and the government to jointly promote the development of aesthetic education and establish an aesthetic education evaluation system.
However, due to the lack of necessary evaluation mechanism and supervision, the achievement orientation formed over the years makes the campus culture still dominated by traditional knowledge education. "Aesthetic education" is still generally regarded as a professional education that is only useful for "art students". The importance of aesthetic education in shaping people's comprehensive quality has not been paid enough attention, and it is only when some knowledge-based talents collide with art in some fields that they become so "out of date".
Therefore, aesthetic education cannot be simply understood as art education. Aesthetic education, as an emotional education, is the cultivation and shaping of noble personality. It is precisely because of this that aesthetic education cannot be rushed. Spread the idea of beauty like a seed, and when it germinates in your mind, it will definitely play its positive role when needed.
Third, the new form of Chinese aesthetic education under the background of the development of the times.
The demand and development of aesthetic education are closely related to the progress and development of the times. Nowadays, China is developing rapidly, science and technology are changing with each passing day, and the degree of marketization, informationization and material civilization is constantly improving. At the same time, people are more and more hungry for spiritual civilization. It is also urgent to improve moral and personality cultivation through aesthetic education and promote harmonious communication between people, so as to realize the construction of a good social atmosphere and spiritual home.
Fast-paced and high-pressure living conditions lead to less and less interest in history and culture. On the one hand, the government opened the exhibition hall for free, on the other hand, the audience looked around and didn't know what to say. Whether to go to a scenic spot or a museum when traveling is still a multiple-choice question. Due to the lack of aesthetic consciousness and appreciation ability, people form a sense of distance to art and show indifference to things they don't understand.
Aesthetic education involves the improvement of the quality of the whole people, which cannot be completed by schools and educational institutions alone. More public resources need to be mobilized for multi-directional guidance. Take the popularity of collection programs as an example. Now many media have set up collection columns. The popularity of this kind of programs makes people have an objective understanding of China's cultural relics and a certain degree of understanding of the art market and artistic value. At the same time, he became interested in the historical background of the collection and related artists, which set off a national collection fever. The popularization of knowledge in the field of collection has also become an important way of aesthetic education.
Nowadays, besides school education, "interest education" has become a new form of aesthetic education in China. China's "interest education" is characterized by polarization. Art lovers, from the "literary youth" in the past, are transitioning to middle-aged and elderly people and children. The physiological characteristics and demand characteristics of this group also put forward new challenges and new topics for aesthetic education.
1, aesthetic education for children
Among them, a feature of children's aesthetic education is that the enlightenment period is getting earlier and earlier. Various "children's art centers" all over the city have become the bases of children's aesthetic education. After the craze of English and Olympic Mathematics, children's "creative art" has become the first choice for parents. Through art study, it has been widely recognized by parents to realize children's aesthetic enlightenment education, develop children's emotional intelligence, intelligence, expand thinking and cultivate innovative consciousness.
But at the same time, the aesthetic environment and atmosphere around children have not been established simultaneously. Therefore, the best place for children to go on weekends is the playground, not the museum or art gallery. Incidents of "Xiong Haizi" destroying artworks and public facilities still occur from time to time. The reason why education is divorced from children's behavior is because the cognition of aesthetic education is not comprehensive enough. Aesthetic education is not the same as art education, but the initial intention of changing people's behavior consciousness of beauty through aesthetic education has not been well spread.
Previously, there were problems circulating on the Internet: foreigners could not understand China, including: "China's parents always sent their children to study art when they were young, but when they grew up, they said they wanted to be artists, but their parents were crazy. "The content. Although it sounds like a joke, this phenomenon is indeed common. The root of this phenomenon is that parents ignore the ability of aesthetic education to transform the world outlook when cultivating their children's interest. It is natural for children who receive aesthetic education to want to be artists when they grow up.
The new teaching mode of children's "creating art" has been basically popularized now. Educators' research and development and upgrading of course content will be an important factor for this art teaching form to maintain its vitality and influence. With the popularization of children's creative courses, Van Gogh's Starry Sky has also become a well-known art work. Van Gogh fever has resurfaced in children's circles. This also reminds us that the role of art periphery, art derivatives and art promotion model can not be ignored.
"Cultural Creation in the Forbidden City" is a milestone in the promotion and dissemination of art derivatives in China. Through art derivatives, the Forbidden City has made a masterpiece that thousands of miles of rivers and mountains walk down the altar, into thousands of households and into the lives and hearts of the younger generation. It is precisely because of this that this monument will not be forgotten by the years, but will last forever and stand at the forefront. This not only drives the collection of the Forbidden City into people's field of vision, but also attracts more people to enter the Forbidden City, explore more history and feel the charm of Chinese civilization.
2. Adult aesthetic education
In adult interest education, aesthetic education has also made some achievements. It is worth noting that "learning some art" has become a very fashionable thing after middle-aged and elderly people retire. All kinds of art courses in universities for the aged are in short supply, and art courses are overcrowded. Online art teaching courses are also popular because of their convenience and repeatability. There are also many high-end enthusiasts who join the painter training class. It can be said that middle-aged and elderly people have become the most important part of the ranks of art lovers.
Analyzing the reasons, art study is still an art activity with relatively low input cost. As the most appealing advertising slogan, "zero-based art" dispels adults' psychological worries about learning art. Various teaching methods of "short time and quick results" make art lovers find the feeling of "doing as the Romans do" after a period of study. Therefore, the adult art education market presents a very active situation.
But at present, adult art education is still dominated by art teaching. Aesthetics, art history, painters, painting schools and other knowledge closely related to art have not been popularized.
Sheikh's six laws, "charm" comes first. In the process of artistic creation, the author's artistic perception will be presented through his works. As an art lover, we should not only pay attention to painting itself, but also cultivate and shape aesthetic consciousness and artistic accomplishment.
In addition to professional art classes, there are also some life courses related to aesthetics in the market. Such as: makeup, image design, color consultants, clothing, etc., are also deeply loved by the masses. These courses meet everyone's needs for image and temperament improvement. Among its fans, there are also many art lovers. Because they don't fully grasp the aesthetic principles such as visual science and chromatics, they have different degrees of distress that they can't apply them flexibly in practice after listening to the course for a long time.
Change behavior consciousness through aesthetics, understand and love art; Cultivate sentiment through aesthetic education, so that everyone can feel beauty, know beauty and understand beauty; It is the ultimate goal of aesthetic education to enrich life and make the spiritual world full of beauty through hobbies. Therefore, the teaching of adult aesthetic education in artistic literacy should still be paid attention to.
Fourth, mass aesthetic education communication.
The author himself is also a disseminator of aesthetic education. We are trying to do an educational course to popularize aesthetic knowledge through the network platform. The first theme, "Art Lovers Series", is to share with you the daily problems encountered by art lovers. Advocate art lovers to understand art and pay attention to aesthetics. From paying attention to a painting to paying attention to life. In the process of artistic creation, emotions should be integrated. It also includes appreciating the artistry of works of art, the story behind the works, the connotation of works of art and its far-reaching influence.
At the beginning of the column, the target group of "art lovers" was chosen because although artists are the core of aesthetic communication, art lovers are a mass group. As the saying goes, water can carry a boat and also overturn it. The correct guidance of this group will contribute to the further spread of aesthetics. If our art lovers can have the same qualities and feelings as the "ticket lovers" of Beijing Opera, our artistic environment and atmosphere will also rise. Only when "artists" are no longer regarded as an alternative group can those talented children's dreams of becoming artists be supported by their parents and society. Only by forming a good ecological and healthy and harmonious artistic atmosphere can our art market usher in real prosperity.
Throughout the ages, aesthetic education has been constantly mentioned in various historical periods. It shows that this is a long-term and arduous task. The formation of people's ideological consciousness and aesthetic consciousness has extremely complicated background and reasons, so it must be popularized on the basis of maintaining differentiation if it is to be popularized. Aesthetics cannot pursue a pattern or a standard. Through aesthetic education, different people can discover and perceive different beauty.
Aesthetic education is helpful to better inherit and develop China culture and art; It is conducive to the good cultivation and mental outlook of China people; With perfect aesthetic consciousness, you will not fall into a state of contradiction; Because we can grasp the essence of things, distinguish right from wrong, beauty and ugliness, and will not be easily influenced by any new ideological trend.
Aesthetic education is closely related to everyone. Every artist should actively participate in it, devote himself to the development of aesthetic education, wash people's hearts and noble sentiments through aesthetic education, and make the world and people's lives healthier and better. (End)
References:
1 Debaum's Aesthetics, edited by Gao and Qi Xiangde, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Press 20 18.
(2) Xu Hengchun's translation of De Schiller's Educational Letters; Beijing: China Federation of Literary and Art Circles Publishing Company 1984.
3 Gao Pingshu's Collected Works of Cai Yuanpei's Aesthetic Education Changsha: Hunan Education Press 1987.
4 Cai Yuanpei's "The Cultivation of China People" Zhang Jian's interpretation of Harbin: Harbin Press 20 12.
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