□ Significant difference between urban and rural areas: the proportion of off-campus expenditure in rural areas is 16.6%, while that in urban areas is 42.2%.
Although there is little difference between rural areas and cities, during the summer vacation, the average time for rural areas to participate in disciplinary off-campus education is 19.7 hours, which is higher than that in cities.
□ Whether it is subject tutoring or interest classes, with the strengthening of family economic strength and the improvement of parents' academic qualifications, the participation rate of off-campus education is also increasing.
With the continuous development of China's social economy, the growth of people's demand for education and the development of market forces, families are investing more and more in their children's education. On the other hand, with the widening income gap and the family's pursuit of personalized and diversified education, the educational opportunities and resources enjoyed by students from different families inside and outside the school began to differentiate.
What is the current family education expenditure in China? What is the structure of family expenditure inside and outside the school? What is the educational burden rate of different families? What is the difference between urban and rural areas and between regions? What is the participation rate and cost of out-of-school education for primary and secondary school students?
Not long ago, Peking University China Institute of Education and Finance (hereinafter referred to as "Peking University Finance Office") officially released the results of the 2017 China Education Finance Family Survey (hereinafter referred to as "the survey"), the first large-scale family education expenditure survey in China. This survey is the first round completed by Peking University Finance Office in cooperation with China Family Finance Research and Research Center of Southwestern University of Finance and Economics in 20 17. The contents of the survey include early education of children aged 0-3, admission of children aged 3-6, attendance rate of students aged 6- 16 and above, admission choice, family education expenditure, government subsidies, etc. The survey covers 363 counties in 29 provinces except Tibet, Xinjiang, Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan, involving 400 1 family members 1270 12, including 27,279 households in rural areas and 65,438 households in urban areas, respectively.
With the help of this research, the Finance Office of Peking University hopes to uncover the "cover" of China's family's off-campus education expenditure, analyze the opportunities and choices faced by different families under the dual allocation mechanism of public education resources and market education resources, and the influence of market-oriented education providers on schools within the system, so as to further promote relevant academic discussions and research.
The annual expenditure on family education from preschool to high school is nearly 2 trillion yuan.
China's family education expenditure is relatively high, which is an important part of the total investment in education. According to the survey data, in the next semester of 20 16 and the first semester of 20 17, the total expenditure on preschool and basic education in China was about 190426 billion yuan, accounting for 2.48% of GDP in 20 16, much higher than that in 20 16.
Since 2005, a series of major changes have taken place in China's educational financial system and mechanism. Judging from the proportion of education investment in GDP, the financial investment in public education has been increasing, and the proportion of fiscal education funds in 20 12 reached 4.3%, achieving the goal that the national fiscal education funds accounted for 4% of GDP. By 20 16, the national financial education funds will reach more than 3139.6 billion yuan, accounting for 4.22% of the GDP and 80.7% of the total national education funds. On the other hand, according to official statistics, the non-financial education expenditure in 20 16 years was 749.2 billion yuan, accounting for 1% of GDP and 19.3% of the total national education expenditure.
Professor Rollin Wang, director of the Finance Department of Peking University, thinks that since the statistics of education funds in China are not included in the family's expenditure outside school, according to the proportion of non-financial education funds in the past national education funds statistics, it is worth discussing that the financial education funds and non-financial education funds in China are "one leg thick and one leg thin".
First-tier cities and Northeast China spend the most on family education.
The survey shows that there are great differences between urban and rural areas and regions in the level of family education expenditure in China. Among them, the first-tier cities and the northeast are the highest, and the third-and fourth-tier cities are only half of the first-tier cities.
According to the survey data, the average family education expenditure of preschool and primary and secondary education in China is 8 1.43 yuan, including 3,936 yuan in rural areas and 1.0 1 10,000 yuan in cities. By school segment, the national average is 6,556 yuan, the rural average is 3 155 yuan, and the urban average is 8 105 yuan. The national average of primary schools is 6,583 yuan, 2,758 yuan in rural areas and 8,573 yuan in urban areas; In junior high school, the national average is 899 1 yuan, the rural average is 4466 yuan, and the urban average is 1. 1 ten thousand yuan; The national average of ordinary high schools is 1.69 million yuan, rural 1.22 million yuan and urban 1.82 million yuan; The national average of secondary vocational schools is 1.700 yuan, rural 906 1 yuan, urban 1. 1.400 yuan.
The survey shows that the average expenditure on family education is different not only between urban and rural areas, but also between different regions and towns. Taking the average expenditure on family education in compulsory education as an example, according to the eastern, central and western regions, the northeast region is the highest, which is 1. 1 ten thousand yuan; 5567 yuan in the west, about half in the northeast; 8657 yuan in the eastern region and 6382 yuan in the central region. Within cities and towns, according to the first, second and third tier cities, first-tier cities 16800 yuan, second-tier cities1/200 yuan, and other cities are 7037 yuan, accounting for less than half of the first-tier cities.
The investment of public finance in compulsory education has reduced the differences between different families.
The average family education burden rate (refers to the proportion of education expenditure per student to the total family consumption expenditure-editor's note) is not only different in urban and rural areas, but also in family conditions. In the compulsory education stage, different families' demand for education began to differentiate within the scope of economic conditions, while in the ordinary high school stage, different families' demand for education was relatively similar.
In the pre-school and basic education stage, the average burden rate of family education expenditure is 13.2%, including 10.6% in rural areas and 14.3% in cities. By school segment, the average burden rate of preschool students' family education is 10.7%, 8.4% in rural areas and1/0.7% in cities. In primary school, the average burden rate of family education is 10.4%, 7.5% in rural areas and1/0.9% in cities. The average burden rate of family education in junior middle school is 15.2%, 13.6% in rural areas and 16% in cities. In senior high school, the average burden rate of family education for ordinary senior high school students is 26.7%, 30.9% in rural areas and 25.6% in cities and towns.
In the compulsory education stage, families are divided into four groups from low to high according to their total consumption expenditure level for one year. The education burden rate of families with the lowest consumption level is 14.7%, which is close to the national average education burden rate of urban families. Families are divided into five groups according to the educational level of children's mothers. The burden rate of family education varies from 10.2% to 16. 1% according to the mother's education level, and generally increases with the improvement of education level.
In the stage of non-compulsory education, families are also divided into four groups according to their total consumption expenditure level for one year. The average burden rate of preschool education in the lowest group is 16.6%, and that in the highest group is 8.8%. According to the parents' educational level, the burden rate of preschool education ranges from 8. 1% to 12.9%. Looking at ordinary high schools, they are divided into four groups according to the family consumption level from low to high, and the burden rate ranges from 42. 1% to 22. 1%. According to the educational level of parents, the burden rate ranges from 33.5% to 24.6%.
It can be seen that in the non-compulsory education stage, the difference in the burden rate of family education expenditure with different economic levels has widened, with the difference between the lowest and highest families in preschool stage being 7.8% and that in senior high school being 20%. However, this difference is relatively small in the compulsory education stage, which shows that the public financial investment in the compulsory education stage has indeed reduced the burden on families and reduced the differences between different families.
On the other hand, families also have differentiated needs for education. In the compulsory education stage, with the improvement of parents' education level, education expenditure increases. There is a similar trend in preschool. Different from pre-school education and compulsory education, the burden rate of family education in ordinary high schools is mainly affected by the family economic level. The higher the economic level and the education level of parents, the lower the proportion of education expenditure.
In the compulsory education stage, off-campus education accounts for 1/3 of family education expenditure.
In the compulsory education stage, the proportion of out-of-school family education expenditure is relatively high, reaching one-third of the family education expenditure. The structure of family education expenditure is quite different between urban and rural areas, but there is little difference between regions and within cities and towns.
The focus of this survey is the family education expenditure in the basic education stage. Family education expenditure is divided into two parts: on-campus education expenditure and off-campus education expenditure. Expenditure on campus mainly includes tuition fees, miscellaneous fees and other selective and expandable fees. Family off-campus expenditure mainly includes educational products and services purchased by families from institutions or individuals online and offline, including off-campus training for disciplines and interests.
In the pre-school stage, the average expenditure per student in school accounts for 88.8% of the total education expenditure, and the expenditure outside school accounts for11.2%; In the primary school stage, the expenditure on campus accounts for 6 1.7% of the education expenditure, and the expenditure off campus accounts for 38.3%. In junior high school, the expenditure on campus accounts for 67.5% of the education expenditure, and the expenditure off campus accounts for 32.5%. In the ordinary high school stage, the expenditure on campus accounts for 73.3% of the education expenditure, and the expenditure outside the school accounts for 26.7%. It can be seen that in the compulsory education stage, the proportion of off-campus expenditure for family education is relatively high, reaching about one third.
Secondly, there is a significant difference between urban and rural areas, and there is little difference between regions and within towns. Taking primary schools as an example, the average expenditure on campus is 476 1 yuan, accounting for 61.7% of the average family education expenditure; The off-campus expenditure was 2,957 yuan, accounting for 38.3%. From the perspective of urban and rural areas, the proportion of off-campus expenditure in rural areas is 16.6%, and that in urban areas is 42.2%. From the perspective of the eastern, central and western regions, there is little difference in the proportion of off-campus expenditures. The highest in the eastern region is 42. 1%, and the lowest in the central region is 34. 1%. 37.2% in the northeast and 36.3% in the west. From the inside of the town, there is not much difference. The highest first-and second-tier cities are 44.2% and 44.4% respectively, and the average of other cities is 38.8%.
Nearly half of primary and secondary school students have participated in off-campus education.
The survey shows that the overall participation rate of primary and secondary school students in off-campus education is 47.2%, and the average cost of students' participation in off-campus education is about 56 16 yuan. According to the estimation of students' scale in different periods, the overall scale of China's off-campus education industry has reached more than 458 billion yuan. In primary school, extra-curricular education of subjects and interests accounts for 86.9% of family extra-curricular expenditure, 8 1.3% in junior high school and 87.3% in ordinary senior high school. It can be said that a large part of the family's off-campus expenditure is invested in off-campus education.
As far as off-campus education is concerned, the participation rate of primary and secondary school students in China is 37.8%, including 2 1.8% in rural areas and 44.8% in cities. In terms of provinces, the area with the highest participation rate is over 60%, and the area with the lowest participation rate is less than 20%. During the school period, the average class time is 5.4 hours per week, the longest time in the province is more than 7 hours, and the shortest time is less than 3 hours. During the summer vacation, participants averaged 14.8 hours per week, with the longest time in the province exceeding 25 hours per week and the lowest less than 10 hour per week. Although there is little difference between rural areas and cities, during the summer vacation, the average time for rural areas to participate in disciplinary off-campus education is 19.7 hours, which is higher than that in cities.
As far as the cost of participating in off-campus education is concerned, the average cost of primary and secondary school students in China is 502 1 yuan. The primary school fee is 4 139 yuan, 5,426 yuan for junior high school and 6,288 yuan for senior high school. Rural expenses 1580 yuan, urban expenses 5762 yuan. As far as interest-based off-campus education is concerned, the participation rate of interest-based off-campus education for primary and secondary school students in China is 21.7%; 5.4% in rural areas and 29% in urban areas. By province, the area with the highest participation rate is close to 50%, and the area with the lowest participation rate is lower than 10%. Attend an average of 3.5 hours a week during school and 7.4 hours a week during summer vacation. The average cost of students participating in interest-oriented off-campus education is about 3554 yuan, which is 1692 yuan in rural areas and 3694 yuan in cities.
It can be seen from the participation rate, participation time and cost that families mainly choose subjects and exams when choosing off-campus education. In addition, from the family background, whether it is subject tutoring or interest classes, with the improvement of family economic strength, the participation rate has been increasing. Similarly, with the improvement of parents' academic qualifications, the participation rate of off-campus education is also increasing.
Different family backgrounds lead to the differentiation of educational opportunities and resources enjoyed inside and outside the school.
With the popularization of free compulsory education, the expenditure of families on the education system, especially the public education system, began to decrease and converge. However, this does not mean that different families have the same investment in children's education. The greater the income gap, the greater the difference in educational needs of families with different income levels.
When the quality of the public education system fails to meet expectations, some families with higher incomes will turn to the private education market to seek better educational resources; On the other hand, after the implementation of the free policy, public schools tend to provide standardized and standardized education, which leads to the fact that some families' differentiated needs for education cannot be met in the public education system. If the local private schools are more developed, these families may choose to send their children to private schools, which will lead to a growing division between public schools and private schools. If the choice of private schools is limited, these families may also choose to send their children to extra-curricular cram schools, which leads to the differentiation of market education resources obtained by different families outside school education.
The educational opportunities and resources enjoyed by students from different family backgrounds inside and outside the school began to divide, resulting in an imbalance in the allocation of new educational resources. Does the market-oriented education provider have an impact on the traditional schools within the system? What kind of influence will this bring to students and families?