After decades of efforts and many powerful measures, Russia has finally completely changed its backward education and become a very developed country with brilliant achievements.
As early as the late 1930s, illiteracy was basically eliminated and primary education was popularized in Russia. In 1939, 87.4% of people aged 9-49 can read. 1952 basically popularize seven-year compulsory education; In the early 1970s, eight-year compulsory education was popularized. Since 1980s, Russia has been trying to popularize 1 1 year compulsory education. At present, the literacy rate of residents aged 9-49 in Russia has reached 99.92%, and 860 out of every 1000 10 residents have received higher or secondary education. At present, there are more than one million illiterates in Britain, accounting for 2.3% of its total population, and there are still about 10%(2 1 10,000) adults in the United States who can hardly read or write.
On the other hand, at present, 87% of employees in Russian national economy have received higher and secondary education, of which 1 1.8% have received higher education. In addition, women's cultural and educational level has been greatly improved. For example, in 1939, only 90 women per 1000 received higher and secondary education, but now it has increased to 680, and the number of women with higher education has increased from 5 to 86. The number of employed women with higher education has increased from 9 per thousand in 1939 to 122 at present, almost equal to that of men. At present, there are more female students than male students in Russian universities, and the ratio is 1 1:9. In secondary specialized schools, the proportion of girls is even greater. In young families in Russia14, the education level of the wife is higher than that of the husband, which is often the reason for divorce.
Due to the rapid development of education, the quality of Russian citizens has been greatly improved, which has become a huge potential driving force for Russia to make a comeback in the future.
Russian education system
Russian national education includes preschool education, general secondary education, vocational and technical education, secondary professional education and higher education.
There are three types of schools that implement vocational and technical education: (1) vocational and technical schools, which recruit incomplete middle school graduates, study for 1 ~ 2 years, and train workers engaged in the simplest jobs; (2) Secondary vocational and technical schools recruit graduates from incomplete secondary schools, study for 3-4 years, train highly skilled workers and receive complete secondary education. In recent years, the first school has been gradually replaced by the second school; (3) Technical schools, which recruit complete middle school graduates with a schooling of 1 ~ 2 years, and train workers and junior technicians with complex skills. In addition, in order to improve the skill level of on-the-job workers, there is also an amateur vocational school for 3-4 years. The curriculum of secondary vocational and technical schools is roughly as follows: general education accounts for 40%, professional education accounts for 20%, and production technology training accounts for 40%. At present, there are 1 100 specialties to meet the needs of all sectors of national economy. Among the graduates, 65,438+00% outstanding graduates are allowed to apply for higher education directly, while other students have to work for more than three years before they can apply.