In the Putonghua proficiency test, reading aloud is a comprehensive test form of candidates' Putonghua application ability. Most testers lost more points in this item. If you know the basic requirements of reading aloud and master the basic skills of reading aloud, I believe it will help everyone and achieve good results!
First, read aloud in Mandarin.
Reading aloud is different from speaking. It requires candidates to be faithful to the original work, and they are not allowed to add words, omit words, change words or read back. It is also required that the initial consonant, vowel, tone, light tone, retroflex, sound change and sentence expression all meet the standard of Putonghua pronunciation.
1. Pay attention to the phonetic differences between Putonghua and your own dialect. The phonetic differences between Mandarin and dialects are mostly regular. There are big and small rules, and there are often some exceptions in the rules, so we should sum them up ourselves. It's not enough to just summarize. You should look up the dictionary, look it up, strengthen your memory and practice it again and again. In practice, we should not only pay attention to the phonological differences, but also pay attention to the learning of light words and vowels.
2. Pay attention to the pronunciation of polyphonic words. One word with multiple tones is one of the important reasons for misunderstanding, which must be paid great attention to. Disyllabic words can be learned from two aspects. The first category is polysyllabic words. We should focus on understanding their different meanings and memorizing their different pronunciations from different meanings. The second category is polyphonic words with the same meaning, so we should focus on their different use occasions. In most cases, one tone is "wide" and the other is "narrow". Just remember the narrow one.
3. Pay attention to the misreading caused by similar or radical analogies. This kind of misreading is very common, because the glyphs from A to B are similar, and the pronunciation of a new word is analogized from the pronunciation of the radical itself, or from the pronunciation of more commonly used words in the radical. The so-called "scholar can only read half a word", which makes people laugh, refers to this misunderstanding.
4. Pay attention to the pronunciation of different words. In Mandarin vocabulary, some words (or morphemes in words) have the same sound and meaning, but they have two or more different pronunciations, which are called "different pronunciations". In order to standardize these pronunciations, the state organized the "Putonghua Phonetic Grading Committee" in 1950s to grade the pronunciations of words with different pronunciations in Putonghua. Decades have passed and several drafts have been changed. 1985. The state has published the Phonetic Evaluation Form for Variants of Putonghua, which requires that the pronunciation and phonetic notation of Variants of Putonghua involved in departments and industries such as culture, education, publishing and broadcasting should be based on this new phonetic evaluation form. When using the phonetic alphabet, it is best to compare it with reference books (such as Xinhua Dictionary and Modern Chinese Dictionary). Look at all the pronunciations, meanings and use cases of a word first, and then look at the pronunciations and use cases in the audition table. After comparison, if there is any discrepancy between the two, the audition form shall prevail. In this way, the purpose of pronunciation standardization is achieved.
Second, grasp the tone of the work.
1, reading comprehension is to be familiar with the work first and rationally grasp the ideological content and spiritual essence of the work. Only through thorough understanding can we have profound feelings, accurately grasp the artistic conception and rhythm of the works and correctly express the thoughts and feelings of the works.
First understand the author's thoughts at that time and the background of his works.
Second, a deep understanding of the theme of the work is the key to a deep understanding of the work.
Third, according to the characteristics of different genres of works, be familiar with the content and structure of works. For lyric works, we should be familiar with their lyric clues and emotional styles. For narrative works, we should be familiar with the plot and character of the works. For a short passage, it is necessary to analyze and understand it paragraph by paragraph, grasp the central argument and sub-argument, clarify the argument and discussion method of the article, or grasp the interpretation order and interpretation method of the article. In short, only by mastering the characteristics of different works and being familiar with the specific content of the works can we accurately grasp different reading methods.
2. The design scheme is to design how to express the thoughts and feelings of the original through the specific image of sound on the basis of a deep understanding of the content of the work.
First, we should determine the tone of reading according to different styles, different themes, different language styles and different audiences.
Second, the reading scheme of the whole work should be considered as a whole. For example, how to read the scenery in the works? Where is the climax of the work? How to arrange speed, height, stress and pause?
Third, the skills of reading aloud.
1, breathe
It is very important to learn to control your breathing freely, because the sound produced in this way is solid and powerful, with beautiful sound quality and travels far. Some people seem to be short of breath when reading aloud, even out of breath, because he uses chest breathing and cannot control his breathing freely. Reading aloud requires sufficient airflow, and generally adopts chest-abdomen breathing method. Its characteristic is that the chest cavity and abdominal cavity contract or expand with breathing, paying special attention to the movement of diaphragm. We can do slow and even breathing training to learn how to control breathing with abdominal muscles.
Step 2 pronounce
The key to pronunciation is the use of pronunciation. The voice of the reader should be soft, beautiful and expressive. To this end, we should first pay attention to protecting our voice, don't shout loudly for a long time, and don't stimulate our voice because of high temperature or too spicy diet. Secondly, we should pay attention to improving our ability to control and adjust the sound. The volume of sound is determined by the tightness of vocal cords, and the volume is determined by the vibration force during pronunciation. Don't shout from beginning to end when reading aloud. Furthermore, attention should be paid to adjusting resonance, which is an important skill to make the tone soft, loud and beautiful. When people speak, the airflow passes through the glottis, vibrating the vocal cords to produce sound waves, and forming different timbres through oral cavity or nasal cavity resonance. Changing the conditions of oral cavity or nasal cavity will make a great difference in timbre. For example, the tongue is in front and the resonance cavity is shallow, which can make the sound crisp; The back of the tongue, deep resonance cavity, can make the voice loud and powerful.
Step 3 Pronunciation
The skill of enunciation is not only related to the clarity of syllables, but also to the roundness and fullness of sounds. To pronounce words clearly, we must first master the standard pronunciation of commonly used words. When reading aloud, you should be familiar with the initials, finals and tones of each syllable and pronounce them according to their standard sounds. Secondly, we should try our best to overcome the problems of vague pronunciation and unclear words. First, we were careless in the initial stage and didn't pay much attention to the exact location of the pronunciation organs. Second, we don't pay much attention to the mouth shape and tongue position in the final stage. Third, we pronounce words too fast and don't have enough time. Reading aloud is different from speaking at ordinary times. In order to make each syllable clear to the audience or examiner, the pronunciation must have a certain intensity and duration, and each phoneme should be in place. Practicing tongue twisters at ordinary times means practicing the basic skills of enunciation.
Step 4 suspend
When reading aloud, some sentences are very short, just pause according to the punctuation marks written. Some sentences are long and complicated. Although there are no punctuation marks in the sentence, you can also make some short pauses in order to express your meaning clearly. But if the pause is improper, it will destroy the structure of the sentence, which is called reading sentences. Avoid reading broken sentences in the reading test, and candidates should pay special attention. There are several types of correct pauses:
(1), punctuation pause. Punctuation marks are the pause symbols of written language, and also the important basis for language pause when reading works. The pause rules of punctuation marks are generally as follows: the pause of periods, question marks, exclamation marks and ellipsis is slightly longer than that of semicolons, dashes and hyphens; The pause time of semicolon, dash and hyphen is longer than that of comma and colon; Commas and symbols have a longer pause time than normal periods. The pause above is not absolute. Sometimes in order to express feelings, you can stop where there is no punctuation and stop where there is punctuation.
2. Grammatical pause. Grammatical pause is a natural pause in the middle of a sentence. It is often a short pause to emphasize and highlight the subject, predicate, object, attribute, adverbial or complement in a sentence. Learning grammar helps us to pause and break sentences correctly in reading and express the ideological content of the works correctly.
3. Emotional pause. Emotional pause is not limited by the relationship between written punctuation and sentence grammar, but is entirely based on emotional or psychological needs. It is dominated by feelings and decides to stop according to emotional needs. Its characteristic is that the sound breaks the feelings unchanged, that is, the sound breaks the feelings.
Step 5 emphasize
Stress refers to those words, words or phrases that play an important role in expression and meaning and should be particularly emphasized when reading aloud. Stress emphasizes meaning by emphasizing sound, which can add weight to colorful and vivid words. Pressure has the following conditions:
1. Grammatical stress. Grammatical stress is a syllable that is naturally stressed according to language habits. Most of these stressed syllables are determined according to the usual language rules. Generally speaking, grammatical stress has no special emphasis.
2. Stress. Emphasis on stress is not limited by grammar, but determined by the key points to be expressed in the sentence. It is limited by the examinee's will and its position in the sentence is not fixed. Emphasizing the function of stress is to reveal the inner meaning of language. Due to different expression purposes, stress will fall on different words, thus revealing different meanings and expressing different effects.
3. Emotional stress. Emotional stress can make reading colorful, energetic and infectious. Emotional stress often appears in places with strong inner rhythm and emotion.
6. Speed of speech
When reading aloud, candidates can properly grasp the speed of the reader's forum, which can arouse the mood and atmosphere of the work and enhance the expression effect of the language. The content and genre of the work determine the speed of reading aloud, in which the content is the main one.
(1), grasp the speed according to the content. The speed of reading aloud should be adapted to the situation, and should be handled according to ideological content, story plot, personality, environmental background, emotional tone and language characteristics. Of course, the speed of speech is not static in a work, and it should change according to the specific content.
② Grasp the speed of speech according to genre. In order to ensure the consistency of reading test materials and grading standards, almost all the 50 selected works are narratives. Narrative has notes and words. Generally speaking, the notes should be read faster and slower.
7. Tone
Intonation refers to the rise and fall of the voice in a sentence, in which the rise and fall at the end is the most important, which is generally closely combined with the tone of the sentence. When the examinee reads aloud, if he can pay attention to the rise and fall of intonation, his pronunciation will have a beautiful tone, which will make him sound beautiful in music and express different thoughts and feelings in more detail. There are various intonations, mainly as follows:
(1), treble. The rising tone is often used in interrogative sentences, rhetorical questions, short imperative sentences, or sentences expressing anger, nervousness, warning and summoning. When reading aloud, pay attention to the front low and then high, and the tone rises.
(2) falling tone and suppressing tone. Falling tone is generally used in exclamatory sentences, imperative sentences or sentences expressing feelings such as firmness, self-confidence, praise and wishes. This tone is usually used to express deep sadness and indignation. When reading aloud, pay attention to the tone gradually decreasing from high to low, and the last word is low and short.
3. Single tone. Generally speaking, it is often used to describe, explain or express hesitation, thinking, indifference, memory, mourning and other sentences. When reading aloud, it is always straight and slow, with no obvious height change.
4, tortuous tone. Twists and turns are used to express special feelings, such as satire, ridicule, exaggeration, emphasis, pun, special surprise and so on. When reading aloud, from high to low and then to high, some special syllables in the sentence are particularly aggravated, increased or elongated, forming tortuous changes.