minister

(Chinese characters)

1. Ancient official name: three public officials and nine ministers. Qing Xiang II. In ancient times, people were respectful names, such as Xunzi as "Xun Qing". 3. China Since the Tang Dynasty, the monarch has called his subjects. In ancient times, superiors were called subordinates, and elders were called juniors. 5. In ancient times, husband and wife called each other: Qing Qing. Very much in love describes the intimate relationship between men and women. 6. Last name. 7. Friends can also be called "Qing".

Font structure

Chinese character head-tail decomposition: radix-radix Chinese character component decomposition: radix-radix.

Read and write in stroke order: left and right, left and right, horizontal and vertical.

Detailed word meaning

1. I know. Oracle Bone Inscriptions-shaped, like the shape of two people eating. Shuowen:

"It comes from the hair, with the sound of soap (bρ)." "Hey, things are also made." Original meaning: eat.

2. The titles or titles of ancient senior officials. There were six Qing Dynasties before the Han Dynasty, and there were nine Qing Dynasties in the Han Dynasty. During the Northern Wei Dynasty, there was a young Qing Dynasty. Later dynasties followed, and the Qing Dynasty and Liu Qing were abolished at the end of the Qing Dynasty. Tianguan Zhongzai, local officials Situ, Zongbo, Xiaguan Sima, Sikou, Winter Lawsuit, etc. -Xu Shen's Shuowen in the Eastern Han Dynasty

Above the princes, the doctors are wise. -The Book of Rites. Note: "Go to the doctor and make it clear."

Qingdafu leopard-print ornaments. -"Guanzi Yidu"

The three great powers are all destined to be sons of heaven; Two countries and three ministers, two ministers are the emperor, and one minister is the king; A small country and two ministers live in their own hands. -"The Book of Rites Wang Zhi"

In the name of Qing Dynasty. -"Mandarin Jin Yu"

Five doctors and three priests.

Take Xiang Rugong as a great achievement and worship Shangqing. -"Historical Records"

Recommend words to celebrities. Don? Liu Zongyuan's Liuhe East Collection

(Yuan Keli) has been on the court for 12 years, so tidy up the Li Qing Temple to celebrate his arrival. -Mingji Chen Ru's "Fuma Festival Atlas Yuan Gong Family Temple"

Photo by Wang Gongqing. -Green? Xue Fucheng "sees oil paintings in Paris"

There are celebrities. -Green? Zhou Rong's Biography of the Taro Old Man

3. Another example: Qing Xiang (referring to the chief executive of the central administrative agency); Qing Er (another name for assistant minister; Shao Qing, second only to Jiuqing. The Qing dynasty is generally the name of the three products to the five products)

Jin Zuo is typical to me. -Ming? Qian's "Yuan Keli Awarded the Straight Doctor"

In ancient times, it was used as the second person to show respect or affection.

Today, you have a big plan, which is the same as loneliness. -"Purple Tongzhi Sword"

Today is the day of painting. -"Tong Zhi Han Jianji"

I don't want the Qing dynasty to govern the classics.

Speak clearly and do more.

People who care about the present are not careless.

In ancient times, the title of monarch to minister was Ai Qing.

6. Nicknames of ancient friends and couples.

Keiko champion. -"Gao Han Diji". Note: "Qing Zi, when people praise each other."

Wei ren called it. -"Historical Records, Biography of Assassins". Suoyin: "The respect of several people."

I didn't drive Qing away, but I forced my mother. -"Yutai Xinyi, ancient poetry is Jiao Zhongqing's wife"

7. general Before the Qin dynasty, the generals of emperors and generals all took Qing as their responsibility. [routine]

Your majesty has nothing in common. I will set up an army commander to take it. -"Zuo zhuan"

8. preach "Qing". Auspicious and blessed.

The works are harmonious and clear, and the emperor said: the clear clouds are rotten, which is embarrassing. -"History of Yu Xia"

9. Last name.

Kangxi dictionary

"Lower subset", "渧": Qing

Tang Yun: Go to Beijing for a haircut.

Ji Yun, Yun Hui and Zheng Yun: autumn scenery cut, softly.

Shuowen: Zhang Ye. From the sound.

Xu Yue: Zhang Shan is wise. That's right, that's right. What people say is what they want.

Wang Lizhi: Three ministers in a big country and two ministers in a small country.

Yi Li Shu: A vassal and an official, but there are three ministers: Stuart and Nakazawa Tomohide, Sima and Guan Chun, Sikong and Qiu Guan.

Jade: Nine items in the Han Dynasty: Taichang, Guanglu, Taifu, Weiwei, Wei Yan, Kuaike, Zong Zheng, Sinong and Shaofu.

"Book of Jin Guan Bai Zhi": In ancient times, emperors and generals were all named as ruling ministers, called Zhengqing. Since the following week, they have been called "three fairies and nine fairies".

Rhyme Society: Since the Qin and Han Dynasties, the monarch has called his ministers to the Qing Dynasty.

"Zheng Yun": The monarch is called your minister, and the cover period is your minister.

"Rhyme Club": All enemies who call each other are also nobles. Since the Sui and Tang Dynasties, many generations have been called Qing Dynasty, so the Song Dynasty is called Qing Dynasty.

Biography of Ji Xiang in the Pre-Han Dynasty:No. is the number one scholar in Qing Zi.

Qing Zi, when people praise and respect each other, is still a son. Last name.

Custom: After Qing Yu.

English translation/ translator/ interpreter

1. honey; Dear; dear

2. Senior officials

Common phrases

1. is called q and ngq and ng.

[($ TERM, which is formally used for efforts between husband and wife or uncertain close friends, is later commonly used as an emotional form of address) You] "Qingqing" is a nickname between husband and wife. Later, it was widely used as the name of intimacy (sometimes ironically).

The fox knows too much, so he loses his tail. -A Dream of Red Mansions

It's like meeting you -Green? Lin Juemin and his wife's book.

2. Very much in love? Hello, hello.

【 very much in love 】 describes the love between husband and wife or between men and women.

3. Ai Qing

Nicknames of ancient monarchs for their ministers or friends.

History of figures in Qing dynasty

Watching TV and movies, in "On the Play", when an emperor comes out, he always says "Love Qing should stand up" and "There are many families in Qing ……", and everyone is familiar with it. Today we will talk about the topic of "Qing".

Let's first look at the structure of the word "Qing". "Shuo Wen Jie Zi" said: "Qing, Zhang Ye. Liu Qing: Tianguan, local officials Situ, Zongbo, Xiaguan Sima, Sikou, and Winter Lawsuit Kong. From, snoring. " The sound of "Bi" means "Gui", that is, the ancient container for holding things, round mouth, is generally made of bronze or pottery, but bronze is the main one. And qěng, sound q and ng, judging from Oracle Bone Inscriptions and Jin Wen, are two people kneeling face to face. "Mao" and "Wei" are together, that is, two people eat around the pole. This is the original meaning of "Qing", that is, the meaning of eating. It is incorrect to interpret Shuowen as "Zhang". A few times ago, we talked about the "appearance" of the prime minister. The original intention was to look, but later it became a person who helped you look after things, then it became a person who helped the priest look after things during the ceremony, and finally it became a high-ranking official position. The evolution of "Qing" has something in common with "Xiang". The original meaning of "Qing" is eating. As we all know, this kind of bronze ware is exclusive to nobles. If you can eat around it, you are at least a nobleman. Later, "Qing" gradually became "a person who accompanied the monarch to dinner." Being able to accompany the monarch to dinner was a very special and respected treatment in ancient times. At present, it is something to show off to have dinner with the country! "The Analects of Confucius and the hard-working townships" said: "If you give food, you must taste it first; If you give it to me, you will be familiar with it and will recommend it; If you are born, you must raise it. " The food given by the monarch is still like this, let alone eating with him. Let's take a look at a message in Zuo Zhuan's Two Years of Gong Xuan: In autumn and September, the Duke of Jin drinks Zhao Dun wine, and the Fu family will attack it. When Timis, the right official, learned of this, he hurried to the banquet and said, "It is impolite for me to pass the third master on your orders." Then help the following. We focus on this sentence, "I once gave a banquet to serve the monarch, which was indecent." Zhao Dun is an official of the State of Jin, similar to the Japanese prime minister. He can't drink more than three cups with the monarch, let alone eat. The "cake" in the Qing Dynasty, that is, "rice", is generally used for staple foods such as millet and millet, which is equivalent to the staple food rice today. There is a record in "The Gift of Public Food" that "the butcher set up six baskets of millet". It can be seen that Qing, a person who "eats with you", has a high status. Later, like Xiang, Qing became the name of the position of senior official. "The Book of Rites and the King System" says: "The princes are above the doctors." "Notes" said: "Go to the doctor and tell your mother." The Book of Rites also includes: three major forces, all under the command of the son of heaven; Two countries and three ministers, two ministers are the emperor, and one minister is the king; A small country and two ministers live in their own hands. By the Zhou Dynasty, Qing was already in a senior position. Lin Xiangru made a contribution to "safe return to Zhao", so "Zhao Wang ... worships the other party as a doctor"; Later, Lin Xiangru made great contributions to the Mianchi Club, so it was recorded in Historical Records: "Make great contributions to each other and worship them as masters." Shangqing's position is even worse than that of a doctor. After the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, especially during the Qin and Han Dynasties, "Qing" has always been a very valuable title, such as "Jiuqing" in the "three public and nine Qing" we often say. Taichang, Guangluxun, Wei Yan, Taifu, Tingwei, Dahonglu, Zong Zheng, Dasinong and Shaofu in the Han Dynasty were all 2,000-stone officials, similar to the current ministers of the central administrative organs, who were in charge of specific administrative affairs such as sacrifice, etiquette, military affairs, administration, justice, culture and education.

However, China has a tradition, or a habit, that is, he likes to move some noble titles down, that is to say, titles that used to be noble have gradually become titles among the general public. A typical example is "xianggong", which is a proper term for people in the Tang Dynasty to call prime minister. After the Ming and Qing Dynasties, it became a wife's address to her husband. Another example is "official", which was used to address officials in the Tang Dynasty. After the Song Dynasty, it became an honorific title for a man with a certain status, and it became a title for a wife to her husband in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Another example is "Mr. W". At the beginning of Wei and Jin Dynasties, it was the abbreviation of "Mr. Yuan Waiqi was a constant servant" and "Mr. Yuan Waiqi was an assistant minister", which was an official position. After Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, it became the title of landlord and rich man. Qing dynasty is also an example.

As a senior position in Qin and Han Dynasties, "Qing" had a new usage in Wei and Jin Dynasties. At that time, the younger generation called the elders, and the younger generation called the superiors with "public"; Call each other "Jun" among peers or between equivalent positions; Familiar or close friends, as well as superiors calling subordinates, all use "Qing". This is a typical downward movement. There is a passage in the biography of heather Lu Xiaohui:

Xiaohui once assisted the Five Dynasties, established himself in the Qing Dynasty, and helped the following work, which will be sent. Or Xiao Hui said, "A long history is precious, and modesty is not appropriate." Answer: "I am rude, so I can't treat people with courtesy." I have never known a scholar-bureaucrat, nor have I asked him why. Xiao Hui said, "A noble man cannot be noble, but a lowly man can be noble. How can life be important in your arms? " Call people all your life.

"Noble people can't be called Qing, and humble people can be called Qing", that is to say, people who are nobler than themselves can't be called Qing, and only people who are lower than themselves can be called Qing. This is also an obvious example. Off-topic, the name "Ke Qing" of "Qin Keqing" in A Dream of Red Mansions is not a good name, because it implies that Qin Keqing is a "lowly person".

There are many interesting stories about the usage of "Qing" in Wei and Jin Dynasties, all of which are recorded in Shi Shuo Xin Yu, such as:

Wang Taiwei doesn't make friends with Yu Zisong. Qing Yu said nothing. The king said, "You can't be a gentleman." Yu said: "I am your own person, I am your own person. I use my own method, and I use your own method. "

Wang Yan has no friendship with him, and his position is not as prominent as that of Wang Yan, so he is called "Qing", and Wang Yan is somewhat reluctant. Look at another one:

Wang Anfeng's wife will always be Qing Anfeng. An Feng said: "A woman is a husband. It is disrespectful to be polite. Don't reply in the future." The woman said, "I love Qingqing because I am Qingqing. If I am not Qingqing, who will be Qingqing? "

Because Qing has a sense of inferiority, and in the relationship between husband and wife, the husband is inferior to his wife, so the wife calls her husband "Qing" in turn, which means "it is disrespectful to treat her with courtesy." However, his wife takes the meaning of intimacy in "Qing", so "Qing" means "calling Qing by the name of Qing" Let's say "very much in love" from this story. The word "Qingqing" has also become a nickname between husband and wife. For example, at the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China, the first sentence of the revolutionary martyr Lin Juemin's letter to his wife was "reflect your thoughts like a meeting".

By the Tang Dynasty, the usage of "Qing" had a new change: officials called each other "Qing", which was somewhat similar to calling each other "comrades" within the party today. There is also a very famous story, which is recorded in Old Tang Shu Song Jing Chuan, Zi Tongzhi Jian (Volume 207) and Record of the Day (Volume 26), among which the description in Old Tang Shu is the most detailed:

Jiing had a banquet at the court. Shiyi's brothers were all fierce Qing, and there were three grades. Jiing had six grades in this order, and the next one. Yi is afraid of Jing, but he is too happy with his intention. He bowed in vain and said, "Why should I be the first man?" Jing said, "The talent is poor, but the quality is poor. Zhang Qing thought he was the first. Why? " At that time, courtiers used two courtiers, neither of whom was an official. Hu Yi called them Goro and Changzong called them Liulang. Zheng, assistant minister of Tianguan, said to Jing, "Why is Zhong Cheng called Wu Langqing?" Jing Yue said, "Officially, it's just for Qing; If it's a close relative, it's Zhang Wu. The first step is not an easy domestic slave. How can He Lang have it? Zheng is embarrassed! "

"Speaking by officials is just like Qing" proves the custom of calling each other "Qing" among officials in the Tang Dynasty.

With the passage of time, after the Tang Dynasty, the usage of Qing changed, especially within the scope of the government: "Qing" became the exclusive title of emperors and monarchs to their subjects. This title, on the one hand, takes the meaning of superiors to subordinates and elders to subordinates in Wei and Jin Dynasties, as well as a kind feeling; On the other hand, it also absorbed the usage of "Qing" in Tang Dynasty, which was widely used between officialdom and imperial court. Because of this, when we watch ancient TV dramas, we stop to use words like "Qing Qing" and "Ting Anne" from time to time.

Remember your last name.

The 15th generation Sun Zuyi wants to declare

Following Yu Qing's "Custom Tongqing Surname", I want to have an article about Yu Qing according to the customs handed down today. Textual research on changing surnames without children.

"Four Encyclopedias Contents, Divisions, Miscellaneous Categories, Customs and Meanings, Ten Volumes, Appendix I" Volume Note: His surname has been lost since the Song Dynasty. Scattered in Yongle Dadian, this is an article attached to the Song Dynasty. But "Guan Yitong" in Sikuquanshu should have his own surname. If it is changed to plain text, it is a pawn, so it is impossible to see it.

"Historical Records" and "Biography of Customs and People's Feelings": At first sight, Zhao Haoqi Wang Cheng gave him a pair of splendid white walls. Goodbye and worship as Shangqing, hence the name Qing Yu. Accordingly, future generations will almost take the official as the surname, and the old saying goes that the name is the surname, which is either wrong or wrong.

Clear the official name. During the Spring and Autumn Period, there were ministers in Zhou Zong and vassal states. They were senior officials, divided into three levels: upper, middle and lower. Used as a title during the Warring States Period. Equivalent to the position of prime minister, the emperor is very optimistic about him. "Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals. Xiaxian: [Wei Wenhou] sees Huang Zhai and sits in the hall talking to him. Huang Zhai said nothing. " "Duan Gan's mother did not follow, and Lu did not follow. Today, women want to be officials, but if they want to be rich, they will become ministers. Since they are honest with me, they will also blame me. Is it difficult? Historical Records Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru: "Take Xiang as a great contribution, and worship Shangqing at the right hand of Lian Po. "