First, the physical and psychological characteristics of junior high school students
1. Physiological characteristics of junior high school students:
Junior high school students are the transitional period between childhood and adolescence. This stage is the second peak of children's growth and development. It is mainly manifested in three aspects: the change of body shape, the maturity of visceral function and sexual maturity.
Judging from the number of brain development, the increase of brain weight and brain volume in adolescence is not significant, because before 10 years old, the brain weight of children is 95% of that of adults. But qualitatively speaking, the development of the brain has made great progress during this period. China's brain wave research shows that there are two periods of brain development acceleration between the ages of 4 and 20. The first one occurs between the ages of 5 and 6, and the second one occurs around 13.
Young bones are in the growth and development stage, with many cartilage components, elastic and hard bones, which are not easy to be completely fractured and easily bent and deformed. The joint structure is basically the same as that of adults, but the articular cartilage is thicker and the articular capsule is thinner. The ligaments inside and outside the joint are thin and loose, and the muscles around the joint are slender, so its extensibility and range of motion are greater than that of adults. The flexibility and flexibility of joints are easy to develop, but the firmness is poor, and they are easy to dislocate under the action of external forces. ?
Puberty is prone to fatigue due to the sound development of nerves from time to time, short working duration. However, the flexibility of neural process is high, and the substance metabolism of neurons is vigorous and the synthesis speed is fast, so the recovery after fatigue is faster.
Sexual development began to mature, physiological changes, due to the traditional concept of our country, sex is relatively closed, making children particularly sensitive to it, enhancing their awareness of gender roles, often feeling unnatural shyness in front of the opposite sex, increasing group activities between the same sex, and relatively reducing group activities between the opposite sex.
2. Physiological characteristics of junior high school students
From the cognitive point of view, after students enter junior high school, the number of subjects increases, the subject knowledge system is more complete, and the knowledge they have learned is more systematic, thus promoting the development of students' thinking ability, obviously enhancing their abstract, generalization and logical reasoning ability, and greatly improving their learning transfer ability. The difference between interest and the way of understanding things becomes obvious, and the tendency of individualization in learning begins to appear. Another important feature of students' cognition is the enhancement of independent thinking and judgment. They often express their independent comments and opinions on people or things happening around them as "adults". The emergence of "adult consciousness" is an important feature of adolescent students' cognitive development.
In addition, students' cognitive development is also manifested in the enhancement of self-awareness. They can gradually and consciously take their own thoughts and behaviors as the object of understanding, and pay attention to self-evaluation besides caring about others' evaluation of themselves. With the improvement of students' cognitive level and self-awareness, they often resist the intervention of others with a stubborn attitude, and even have rebellious psychology.
Emotionally, because young students are in a period of rapid physical development and full of energy, they are full of energy, enthusiasm, attention and concentration for about 30 minutes. The ability of attention distribution has also improved, but the mood is not stable enough, and it is easy to fluctuate under the influence of external stimuli, with poor adaptability and weak resistance. Sometimes full of passion and impulse, sometimes pessimistic and disappointed, so it is easily affected by external unfavorable factors. Therefore, many psychologists believe that adolescence is the most difficult period for students' emotional development and the most worrying period for educators.
In terms of will, the self-control ability of young students has developed greatly. In general, they can combine their actions with the goals they want to achieve and work hard for them. However, because their emotions are easily influenced by the outside world, when their self-esteem is hurt or in order to meet some improper needs, they often lose their minds and control their behavior.
At this stage, children still have the following psychological contradictions: (1) The contradiction between longing for independence and realistic dependence. The most prominent psychological change of children entering adolescence is that they have a sense of adulthood and seek to re-establish relationships with parents, teachers and other adults on the basis of equality. This mentality is called "psychological weaning" in psychological development, that is, getting rid of psychological dependence on adults. However, they want to be independent, but they do not have independent economic foundation and material conditions; They want to get rid of dependence, but they don't have enough self-care ability; They want adults to treat them as adults, but many words and deeds are still childish, so that the more they want to get rid of dependence, the more they can't do without care and help; In the process of pursuing independence, teenagers still have "self-contradiction" between their ideal self and their realistic self, and they are full of illusions about the future. However, due to the relatively slow development of social maturity and lack of social life experience, they often encounter conflicts between their ideal self and their real self. This contradiction between longing for independence and realistic dependence often leads to psychological conflict, confusion and anxiety. In order to eliminate this contradiction or achieve psychological balance, they often confront their parents or adults in a childlike way, deliberately "sing the opposite" with adults, or adopt an indifferent attitude. ? (2) The contradiction between psychological atresia and understanding. Children entering adolescence are closed to adults. This kind of atresia is one of the most significant psychological changes when children enter adolescence. So they want to have their own rooms, separate bookcases or boxes, and some even lock drawers, boxes and diaries. While closing their hearts, they are particularly eager to understand and feel that they and their parents and teachers will always be "lovers". They feel that they can't really understand themselves, and they often feel lonely psychologically. This contradiction between psychological atresia and seeking understanding often makes teenagers feel distressed and even depressed and anxious.
Second, parents guide their children to learn some methods.
1. Establish harmonious and equal family relations.
After children enter junior high school, parents should have such awareness that children can only take responsibility when they grow up. Therefore, you and your children are equal, and children are important members of the family. He has the responsibility and obligation to participate in the management and construction of the family.
Establish harmonious and equal family relations: First, respect and trust each other. Anything related to children, whether it is life or study, should listen to the children's own opinions as much as possible. Even if we think it is incorrect, we should respect his ideas, give sincere suggestions and not rudely deny them; Second, children should participate in some important things at home. In the process of participation, children can reflect on themselves and establish a sense of responsibility; Can enhance the relationship between family members; Can develop their thinking; It can give children learning goals and motivation. Third, we should create a happy environment, especially in the morning. We should be relaxed and happy, happy in the morning and happy all day. Happiness can promote thinking and physical development. Fourth, parents should not do everything for their children, let them make their own decisions, cultivate their sense of responsibility and reduce their dependence. When a child makes a clear decision or commitment, tell him to be responsible for his actions and possible consequences. This can avoid unnecessary complaints and complaints afterwards. Yingchuan was willing to learn piano at the age of 6, and his father also hoped that he could learn a musical instrument to improve his quality of life. After arousing the children's interest, my father told Yingchuan that learning piano is as difficult as learning other skills. Please think it over and tell me tomorrow morning. Once you learn it, you must overcome the difficulties and stick to it. Yingchuan made a promise. Two years later, Yingchuan was tired of practicing every day and showed reluctance to learn. His father talked to him and challenged him: "You promised me. We are men, and we must work hard to fulfill our promises. " Since then, 9-year-old "Man" has studied hard and now plays the piano very well. Fourth, families organize outdoor activities or sports activities.
2. Discover and cultivate children's interests.
Interest is the basic point and motivation of a person's study and work. All celebrities' achievements in a certain field stem from their interests and unremitting efforts.
Edison was the greatest inventor in the19th century. Edison's achievement is attributed to his mother's exploration and cultivation of interest. Edison was very naughty when he was young. He didn't study hard. The teacher doesn't like him very much. He even taught him a lesson with a belt. Because his performance in school does not meet the requirements of teachers, and he always asks a lot of "absurd" questions, and his exam results are also very poor. Finally, the teacher simply kicked him out of school. Fortunately, Edison's mother is a wise mother. She found that Edison's study was different from that of other children. He is very active and has strong hands-on ability. He doesn't like to carry several boxes. So his mother adopted a unique teaching method. She turned the process of education and learning into a game, allowing Edison to discover problems and learn knowledge. Edison liked this way of learning very much. He became so interested and enthusiastic about learning that his mother could not teach him any more soon. However, this enthusiasm for learning inspired by his mother lasted his whole life. Edison continued to study, explore and experiment, and finally became the most famous self-learner. He completed 1093 inventions in his life, and most of them contributed to society as products in real life.
In fact, many self-taught people give full play to their interests.
Find and cultivate children's interests: first, encourage children to do more things, as long as they can, and find their own interests in the process of doing it (one of my students, in junior high school, didn't like studying very much, didn't like doing homework, and was lazy, so after entering junior high school, he suggested that parents start with housework and encouraged him to learn architecture when he found his aesthetic and spatial sense was good, and later his children made great achievements in architecture). Second, actively guide children to participate in various activities, exercise their self-confidence and stimulate various abilities (Xiaonan junior high school has been in the middle and lower reaches of learning. In a foreign language word competition, he won the first place in his class and found that he was interested in foreign languages, so he was encouraged to study hard and continue to participate in municipal and provincial competitions. Success again and again inspired his interest in learning, which made him go all the way up and got the second place in the senior high school entrance examination. Third, often argue with children consciously. Stand in the wrong position, let the children win the argument, and then praise and encourage them in time. Build confidence and stimulate interest in learning; The fourth is to encourage children to talk more (when my son was young, he was not interested in Chinese and was poor, so I consciously asked him to tell me about ancient Chinese, idioms, eating or reading articles in his spare time, which made him feel a sense of accomplishment, and later Chinese became his strength); Fifth, we often use hints. When children are not sure about their goals and can't find their interests, we can often convince them by hints that they are a special person and will have a future. This can make children feel good about themselves all the time, and they will also have stricter requirements for themselves and be interested in learning. Sixth, we should guide them correctly. Every child has something important to him. We can link this interest with his current learning task, so that he can have a personal experience of the value of learning. Set a reasonable and slightly challenging learning task, so that he can experience the joy of success after hard work, avoid him shrinking or even giving up because he feels incompetent, and gradually guide the child to focus on the knowledge itself. In daily life, children can be consciously exposed to some subject concepts, let him understand their meanings, gain an emotional sense of success, let him know how to attend classes and what to do every day, further enhance their learning mood and form a virtuous circle.
3. Guide children to learn to plan,
Everything is established in advance, and it is abolished if it is not foreseen. When you have a plan, it is easy to get good results. It is beneficial to children's life to form a good habit of planning everything. Children in junior high school are in adolescence, so we should be careful not to teach them to make plans or replace them, but to guide them to learn to make their own plans. First, starting from life, getting together every day or the night before can let children make plans for the day. At this time, if parents have different opinions, they can negotiate with their children. The second is to let children plan their family economy for one year, so that children have a sense of ownership and cultivate economic awareness; The third is to let children make plans for going out; The fourth is to encourage children to make long-term and short-term study plans, which must be in line with their reality and have time to play. All plans should be supervised by the whole family. In the long run, it can not only cultivate good study habits, but also cultivate children's will to stick to it.
4. Guide children to form good habits
Bacon said: "Habit is really a tenacious and huge force, which can dominate life."
Ushinski, a famous Russian educator, said: "Good habits are the capital that people store in the nervous system. This kind of capital is constantly increasing in value, and people enjoy its interest all their lives. " Bad habits are "morally indefensible debts, which can torture people with increasing interest, paralyze their best initiative and make them morally bankrupt." Junior high school is the key period for children's thinking development and understanding to become perfect and habits to form, but this is not the best time for parents to cultivate habits, but the best time for children to improve their habits themselves. At this time, parents need guidance and children need to improve themselves. How to guide children to form habits? I think, first, let children clearly form the role of good habits, you can learn from other people's experience.
Sean Covey is currently the vice president of Franklin Covey's retail store, which is one of the top authorities on time and life management in the world. Sean Covey's Seven Habits of Outstanding Teenagers is a real gift to teenagers' hearts. No matter what problems you encounter in life, this book can bring you hope. Seven habits of excellent teenagers:
Habit 1: Be proactive and responsible for your own life.
Habit 2: Set goals before you act, and confirm your mission and life goals.
Habit 3: Do the important things first, prioritize and do the most important things first.
Habit 4: Win-win idea, with the attitude that everyone can succeed.
Habit 5: Understand others first, and then strive for others to understand yourself. Listen sincerely.
Habit 6: Cooperate and cooperate to achieve better performance.
Habit 7: Don't chop wood by mistake when sharpening a knife, let yourself have a rest and charge regularly.
Habit 123 is self-improvement, which can be called "personal success". Habit 456 involves emotional relationships and teamwork, which can be called "success in the public sphere". Before becoming a competent team member, you must first improve your personal behavior. Habit seven is the habit of letting yourself rest and recover, and supports the other six habits.
The second is to help children form good habits and help them stick to it. Psychology tells us that the temporary neural connection formed by new conditioned reflex is always unstable before "stereotypes"; But the neural connection formed by the old conditioned reflex will always have some instinctive regression before it is completely disintegrated. Therefore, the formation and change of study habits can't be slacked off until the complete victory is achieved. Stick to it until bad habits collapse and good habits take root. Don't nag, lose your temper or preach, but remind in time, be sincere and kind.
Third, parents should be firm. Parents help their children set goals and move forward unswervingly. Every time you move towards your goal, you should be decisive and persistent. After the short-term goal is achieved, you can review the "achievements" that your child has achieved, and then set the next goal to help you struggle again. We must also prevent recurrence.
The fourth is to set an example for children. Children's good habits depend on the performance of their parents or other family members. Parents should pay attention to their behavior habits. If they want their children to have good study habits, parents and other family members should set an example when their children study and study consciously, such as reading books and newspapers. It is better to discuss problems with children and study together.
5. Face the child with appreciation.
Motivation is the best stimulant, and appreciation and praise are the basis of motivation. Only by constantly discovering the advantages of children can you appreciate children and inspire them. This is not only effective for ordinary children, but also effective for excellent children. Genius also needs to get the motivation for further development from its own achievements. If its achievements are not recognized in time, genius will wither because of lack of motivation. For those children with poor grades, it is even more necessary to use this method to cultivate their self-esteem and self-confidence.
Message from parents: (How to discover the advantages of children)
The teacher's method is really useful. The change in my relationship with my child is also due to the search for her advantages. My daughter gets angry or doesn't do her homework when she has too much homework or too many questions. Before, I didn't know how to reason with her: "It is a good thing to encounter problems, and you can constantly eliminate obstacles on the way forward, nothing." But my daughter is still unhappy and doesn't want to do her homework. I had butterflies in my stomach, but that time, I touched her. She smiled and said, "Daughter, your mother understands your feelings very well, and you are anxious when you encounter problems. This shows that you are a self-motivated child, and all children who want to work hard are in such a hurry, so play first, do something you like, and then come back to do your homework, okay! " Kissed her on the forehead. Actually, my daughter didn't play, but did her homework happily. At that moment, my heart was so happy.
Every child has many advantages and is very cute, but if we look at them with appreciation, you will find that all children are excellent. With your appreciation, children will work hard and their academic performance will improve.
6. Establish children's self-confidence.
Self-confidence is the motivation for children to learn. How to build children's self-confidence? I suggest you try from the following aspects: First, parents should have confidence in their children. Let children do everything boldly; Second, when children face an exam or a depressed game, parents should give encouragement in time to convince them that they are the best; Third, parents should use a magnifying glass to find the bright spot of their children and help them build confidence in overcoming difficulties; Fourth, when children encounter difficulties, give them appropriate help, make them believe that God never shuts one door but he opens another, enlighten them with the story of a blessing in disguise, and make them believe that sometimes bad things will turn into good things. Make children succeed in their efforts and enhance their self-confidence in success; Fifth, share your experiences with your children. I must have encountered similar situations when I was a child. How did I deal with it then or what problems have I encountered now? This actually sets a good example for my children.
In short, learning is a kind of ability, and the quality of academic performance is related to many factors. As parents, remember not to show:
1. Complaining, criticizing and blaming children's performance in study and life is easy to make children have rebellious psychology.
2. Often reprimand children, fail to see the advantages of children, always see the shortcomings of children, and often criticize children with harsh and rude language.
3. Ignore children's physical and mental health and blindly ask children to score high and rank high.
4. Blindly increase the study time and the burden of schoolwork, so that children can bear too much psychological and physical pressure and fight the war of fatigue and attrition.
In the process of children's daily life, study and homework, parents take their place.
6. Don't trust children, often see children, let children have a strong antipathy.
Children are a book, a constantly changing book. Parents may understand today, but they may not understand tomorrow. Therefore, parents who have the ability should persist in studying and read this book to their children all their lives in order to grow up with their children.