Pollution sources that cause public hazards to livestock production mainly refer to proper treatment of animal manure padding, sewage and dead animals; The second is to protect livestock and poultry farms from the pollution of the surrounding environment, which mainly refers to avoiding the waste water, waste gas and waste residue generated by surrounding factories, agricultural fertilizers, pesticides and domestic sewage when selecting sites.
1 Environmental pollution sources of livestock and poultry farms
1. 1 air pollution
The industrial "three wastes" contain high concentrations of harmful gases such as sulfur dioxide and hydrogen fluoride, which seriously pollute the air. Livestock and poultry will get sick once they live in this environment.
1.2 soil pollution
Pesticides, pollutants in water and air will pollute the soil. Once livestock and poultry eat forage on polluted land, it will cause food poisoning and harmful microbial infection.
1.3 water pollution
Industrial wastewater, domestic sewage, agricultural sewage and air pollutants are the main sources of water pollution. The water is polluted and cannot be drunk; The pollution of pathogenic microorganisms can cause the spread and prevalence of some infectious diseases; have
The pollution of toxic and harmful substances can cause animal poisoning.
1.4 waste pollution in production
Livestock and poultry manure, padding, sewage and dead livestock and poultry carcasses cannot be treated in time, or improper treatment causes pollution.
2 Harm of environmental pollution in livestock and poultry farms
Environmental pollution directly harms the health of animals, can hinder the growth, development, reproduction and productivity of livestock and poultry, and lead to various diseases and deaths. Contaminants accumulate in animals or enter livestock products, which may
Directly endanger people's health.
3 Environmental protection measures for livestock and poultry farms
3. 1 scientific planning. Standardization construction
3. 1. 1 Scientific site selection should be built on a high, dry, well-drained, sunny and leeward, flat and slightly inclined site; The terrain should be open and tidy to facilitate the overall planning and layout. Sandy loam is suitable for soil, which is conducive to maintaining a relatively dry state and preventing the survival and reproduction of microbial and parasitic eggs. Adequate water source, good water quality, no pollution to the surrounding environment, convenient access and low equipment investment; Livestock farms should be located in the downwind of residential areas, not less than 100 ~ 300m away from the main traffic lines, and more than 300 ~ 500m away from the pollution sources of processing industry; There must be a reliable power supply.
3. 1.2 Reasonable layout
A complete livestock and poultry farm should be composed of functional areas such as management area, living area, forage area, production area, feces treatment area, livestock and poultry observation area, isolated observation and treatment area for sick animals, and harmless treatment area for corpses. All functional departments should be relatively independent and coordinated. Management area, living area and forage area should be located in the upper air outlet of the field area; The observation area for livestock and poultry, the excrement treatment area and the isolation observation and treatment area for sick animals should be located in the downwind of the site; The harmless disposal area of the corpse should be located in the downwind direction of the main wind direction all the year round, 4 O∞m away from the scene.
3. 1.3 standard building The building frame, lighting, ventilation, heat preservation and cooling facilities of livestock and poultry houses must be designed and built in accordance with relevant requirements to meet the best environmental conditions for the growth and production of livestock and poultry.
3.2 Properly handle production waste. Maintain good environmental quality.
3。 2. 1
Timely treatment of livestock manure, padding and other excreta. Livestock and poultry manure, bedding and other excreta should be regularly cleared out of livestock and poultry pens, piled up in the manure treatment area, and treated and utilized in time. Animal manure and padding can be composted to make them mature, and the generated bio-heat can kill bacteria and parasite eggs, which can provide high-quality organic fertilizer; Because animal waste contains useful
Nitrogen compounds, trace elements, vitamins, etc. It can be used as feed for cattle, sheep, fish and pigs. , but they must be treated and controlled before feeding; Biogas is produced by using animal manure and padding as raw materials, which turns waste into treasure and saves energy. Biogas residue is used in fertilizer fields to improve the environmental sanitation of livestock farms.
3.2.2 Strictly control the generation of sewage, and timely treat it for reuse.
It is necessary to strictly control the sewage output of livestock and poultry farms and reduce unnecessary pollution and waste. Sewage produced by livestock and poultry farms can generally be purified by precipitation (natural precipitation or coagulation precipitation), filtration, decomposition and other methods for recycling as production water, which can not only reduce environmental pollution, but also save a lot of water. Coagulation and sedimentation is a common sewage treatment method in livestock and poultry farms. It refers to adding coagulant with coagulation ability, such as alum, aluminum sulfate, ferrous sulfate, etc. , so that tiny suspended solids and colloidal particles in the water condense into flocs, accelerating precipitation. If the sewage from livestock and poultry farms is reused for drinking, it must be further treated.
3.3 Do a good job in environmental greening of livestock and poultry farms. Purifying and beautifying the environmental greening of farms can not only change the natural appearance and environment of livestock farms, but also help to reduce the odor escaping from farms and reduce air particles and microorganisms.
Materials, reduce external noise, reduce the pollution of harmful gases to livestock and poultry farms. Greening can improve the microclimate in the site and purify the air.
3.3. 1 Planting street trees and green lawns In order to create a comfortable microclimate environment in the field, some trees with large crowns, such as poplars and willows, are planted around livestock and poultry farms and on both sides of roads, and green lawns can also be planted in idle places in the field, which can not only beautify the green environment, but also purify the air in the field and surrounding environment and reduce the pollution of harmful gases.
3.4 Control noise hazards
Livestock and poultry production needs a quiet environment, and the site and surrounding environment should be kept free of noise pollution to reduce the harm of noise to animals.
3.5 Establish the supervision, inspection and evaluation mechanism of farm environmental protection.
In order to enhance producers' awareness of production safety, product quality and environmental protection, and ensure the safety production of livestock and poultry products and the surrounding environment from pollution, administrative law enforcement departments at all levels must strengthen supervision, inspection and management of environmental quality and safety of livestock and poultry farms, establish and improve the supervision, inspection, evaluation and restraint mechanism of environmental protection of livestock and poultry farms, and ensure the safe and healthy development of livestock and poultry farms.