1. The theory of individual standard prevailed in the first half of 18- 19 century, represented by Rousseau, Locke, Pestalozzi, Froebel and others. Its basic view is that the purpose of education should be determined according to individual needs.

This theory holds that people are born with sound instinct, and the purpose of education is determined by human instinct and the needs of nature. The fundamental purpose of education is to make people's instinct and nature develop freely. Personal value is higher than social value, and the evaluation of educational value should be measured by its role in personal development.

The flourishing period of individualism is the period when the European bourgeoisie opposes feudalism. It is of historical significance to oppose the ideological imprisonment of religious theology, all the educational requirements imposed by feudal obscurantism, advocate the liberation of personality and respect human values. However, the individual-centered theory excludes the social restrictions on education and the social needs for talent training, which is incorrect.

Second, the theory of social standard came into being in the second half of19th century, represented by Comte, Durkheim and Herbart. Its basic view is that the purpose of education should be determined according to social needs.

According to this theory, individual development depends on society, and the result of education can only be measured by its social function. The quality of education results mainly depends on what and how much it has contributed to society. All activities of education should obey and serve the needs of society, and education has no other purpose except the purpose of society.

It is right to see that the purpose of education is restricted by society, but it is not comprehensive to completely deny that the purpose of education is restricted by individuals. ?

Third, both the individual-centered theory and the social-centered theory are wrong in dealing with the relationship between society and individuals. Only by unifying the needs of social development and personal development can it be scientific.

Extended data:

The value orientation of educational purpose includes not only the theory of individual standard and social standard, but also the theory of educational aimlessness, dialectical unity and life standard.

"Life-oriented theory" closely links the purpose of education with the life of the educated. They either put forward the theory that education should prepare for future life or the theory that education should adapt to life, because education is life itself. The typical representatives in this respect are Spencer and Dewey. ?

Spencer was a famous British philosopher, sociologist and educator in the middle and late19th century. For the first time, he clearly put forward the idea of "education prepares for life" (also known as "education preparation theory"). In Spencer's view, education should teach a person how to live, so that he can acquire all kinds of scientific knowledge needed for life and prepare for a full life.

According to the importance of people's activities, Spencer arranged education in the following order: preparing to save his own education directly, preparing to save his own education indirectly, preparing to be a parent's education, preparing to be a citizen's education, and preparing to receive education in various cultural activities in life. This is the starting point of formulating a reasonable curriculum system.

Because only in this way can students learn what they need to know and master most when their study time is limited. He clearly pointed out that the purpose of education is to prepare for a "full life", and the main task of education is to teach people how to live and to use all their abilities to be "the most beneficial person to themselves and others".

Dewey, a famous American educator, was dissatisfied with Spencer's educational view of preparing for a perfect life, and put forward famous viewpoints such as "education is life", "education is growth" and "school is society". Unlike Spencer, Dewey opposed to regard education as a preparation for future life. Dewey believes that education is the process of children's life now, not the preparation for their future life.

He said: "Life is development, and continuous development is life." ? Dewey pointed out that "school is mainly a social organization" when discussing "what is school" in My Education Credo. Since education is a social process, school is a form of social life. ""Therefore, education is a process of life, not preparation for future life. "

Therefore, the best education is "learning from life" and "learning from experience". This is Dewey's famous "process theory" about the relationship between education and life. He believes that education is to provide children with conditions to ensure their growth or complete life; Education is the social life itself and the continuous expansion and accumulation of personal experience.

Baidu Encyclopedia-Personal Standard Theory

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