/kloc-in the 7th century, the French bourgeoisie mainly believed in Calvinism (also known as Huguenot Sect) and Zhan Sen Sect. The feudal autocratic government and its spiritual pillar, the Catholic Church (the old church), practiced harsh ideological rule and brutally persecuted Protestantism. In education, Jesuits and Latter-day Saints are the dominant schools. Before the Great Revolution, education in France was mainly in the hands of the old religion, which was a tool for Catholicism to crack down on the "heresy" of bourgeois Protestantism and maintain feudal rule.
1. Primary education
After the Reformation, various sects in France struggled constantly, and they all wanted to use the school as a tool to spread their sects' teachings and win over the masses. They started primary schools one after another, which promoted the development of primary education in France to some extent.
In the primary education run by Protestants, Zhan Sen School is famous. There are many scholars and writers in Zhan Sen School, who are deeply influenced by Descartes' thought. They also start from the "original sin theory", but they think that because people have original sin, children's spirit is morbid, so they should adopt a sympathetic and gentle attitude towards their education, and should advocate education through teachers' role models and cordial conversations. In terms of learning content, it advocates learning the national language and modern language, as well as mathematics, geography and history. Use French in teaching. In teaching methods, we should oppose rote learning, pay attention to developing intelligence, adopt physics teaching and attach importance to practice. All these reflect the new concept of advocating science and opposing superstition. However, the school run by Zhan Sen only existed for more than 20 years, and was closed by the Jesuits in the 65438+60s.
In order to fight against Protestantism in education, Catholicism established the "Christian School Brotherhood" in 1682. In order to win over parishioners and educate Protestant children with Catholic ideas, the Brotherhood opened many free primary schools. In order to meet the requirements of the times and attract children, some new methods have been adopted, such as learning French first and then learning Latin; Implement classroom teaching and so on. But the punishment in the school is still very severe. In order to meet the needs of teachers, 1684 opened a teacher workshop, and attached a "practice school" to the workshop, which is the earliest normal school in Europe.
2. Secondary education
French middle schools in this period mainly include Jesuit middle schools and liberal arts middle schools affiliated to universities. This kind of school has a strong scholastic philosophy and lags behind the needs of the times. /kloc-at the beginning of the 0/7th century, the activities of reforming secondary education were carried out. 16 1 1 year, the "Holy Music Society of Jesus Christ" was established, and its members were mostly influenced by Descartes' thought. By 1626, more than 50 middle schools have been established. The characteristics of these middle schools are: (65,438+0) learning French but not Latin in the first four years of middle school; (2) Senior students study Latin instead of Greek; (3) adopt new methods to teach Latin (for example, pay attention to reading the original text and never recite grammar); (4) attaching importance to history teaching and linking history with geography; (5) Pay attention to mathematics, thinking that mathematics can "train intelligence and make people think well"; (6) Offering physics and chemistry subjects; (7) Pay attention to students' personality in teaching and oppose corporal punishment. School life is mild and free. 1773 years later, asylum schools replaced the Jesuits and dominated the secondary education in France. In the later French Revolution, many teachers of Sheng Le Club joined the ranks of bourgeois political parties.
3. Higher education
From17th century to18th century, higher education in France was controlled by the Catholic Church, and universities fiercely rejected Protestants. Protestant students are not awarded degrees, and Descartes' works are banned. After the rise of the Enlightenment, new ideas were suppressed. The theological seminary of Paris University once banned Rousseau's Emile and burned it in public. However, with the progress of the times, the content of university teaching has also changed to some extent, and some lectures reflecting progressive ideas have appeared, such as those on mathematics, natural science, civil law and natural law.