Neo-Confucianism is the founder of material, while liberal arts is the enrichment of spirit. In other words, science is the knowledge of learning theories and methods, and it is the premise, while liberal arts is the supplement. Some people always think that there is a difference between arts and sciences, but this is not the case. Science only pays attention to interest and talent, which is suitable for. The main subjects of science are: mathematics, physics, chemistry and biology, as well as geology, geography and computer software. Science (code: 07) 070 1 First-level discipline: Mathematics 07010/Basic Mathematics 070 102 Computational Mathematics 070 103 Application of Probability Theory and Mathematical Statistics 070 104. 0 1 theoretical physics 070202 particle physics and nuclear physics 070203 atomic and molecular physics 070204 plasma physics 070205 condensed matter physics 070206 acoustics 070207 optics 070208 radio science 0703 first-level discipline: chemistry 07030 1 inorganic chemistry 070302 analytical chemistry 07. 0303 organic chemistry 070304 physical chemistry (including chemical physics) 070305 polymer chemistry and physics 0704 first-level discipline: astronomy 07040 1 astrophysics 070402 astrometry and celestial mechanics 0705 first-level discipline: geography 07050 1 physical geography 070502 human geography 070503 cartography. The first-level discipline with GIS 0706: atmospheric science 07060 1 meteorology 070602 atmospheric physics and atmospheric environment 0707 first-level discipline: marine science 07070 1 physical oceanography 070702 marine chemistry 070703 marine biology 070704 marine geology 0708 first-level discipline: geophysics 070806. 5438+0 solid geophysics 070802 space physics 0709 first-level discipline: geology 07090 1 mineralogy, petrology, mineralogy 070902 geochemistry 070903 paleontology and stratigraphy 070904 structural geology 07 10 first-level discipline: biology 07100/kloc. Kloc-0/002 Zoology 002 Biology 07 1005 Microbiology 07 1006 Neurobiology 07 1007 Genetics 07 1008 Developmental Biology 07 1009 Cell Biology 071. Biophysics 07 10 12 Ecology 07 1 1 First-level discipline: system science 071system theory 07 1 1 02 System analysis and integrated management: management. Therefore, in most cases, management is nothing more than a daily work, an extremely trivial behavior, an ancient and ordinary organizational behavior. Under the guidance of this awareness, people are likely to turn management into an arbitrary personal behavior, or a continuation of traditional habits, or even an increasingly chaotic phenomenon, and finally all the blame is attributed to management. Because management is only generalization, formalization and superficiality, no one clearly knows the true face of management. As a result, management seems to be a "panacea", and success and failure are both managed; It worked. I don't know why. I failed. I don't know why. Too advanced experience is afraid to use it, too traditional methods are unwilling to use it, but there is no method that suits you. The successful experience of others is not necessarily successful when it is transferred to you, but the process of others' failure is not necessarily their own failure. Due to the diversity and complexity of management behavior, it is very difficult to give an accurate definition of management, mainly because everyone has mastered a part of management, but has never been able to understand management from a global perspective. Although the definition of management has not been universally recognized and unified, there are still many scholars who have given different explanations of "management" from different angles: Taylor published the book Principles of Scientific Management in 19 1 1. The "father of scientific management" thinks: "Management is to know exactly what you want others to do and let them do it. Here, Taylor only emphasizes the concept from the perspective of personal understanding. Although he talked about the purpose, efficiency and methods of management, he did not involve specific organizational behavior. This is only the most superficial understanding of management in the general sense. Therefore, although the scientific management theory has produced a great sensation effect after its birth, it only refines the management function and does not further refine it. As a matter of fact, a lot of work is unscientific, therefore, ultra vires behaviors often occur. Fa Yueer, the "father of management", pointed out: "Management is an activity shared by all human organizations (whether family, enterprise or government), which is mainly composed of five elements: planning, organization, command, coordination and control. Therefore, management means planning, organizing, guiding, coordinating and controlling. "Here, Fa Yueer pointed out the specific functions of management from the organizational process of management, but he just integrated the functions of management, but there is still no unified definition of the essence of management. Planning, organization, command, coordination and control are only general functions of management, and cannot explain the essence and specific functions of management. Cüneyt, a master of management and a management scientist, said: "Management is all kinds of activities carried out by one or more people in order to coordinate the activities of others in order to achieve the effects that a single activity cannot achieve. Therefore, management is to design a good environment for people to accomplish the set goals efficiently in the group. " Here, Cüneyt emphasized the importance of coordination and the importance of people in management. The importance of Cüneyt's definition of management lies in that he specifically pointed out the problems of management system, rather than management. Simon, a decision-making management scientist, came to the conclusion from the perspective of decision-making: "Decision-making is the core of management, and management is composed of a series of decisions, or management is decision-making." Here, Simon emphasizes the decision-making function of management. In his view, all the work of management is to face the reality and the future, and make various decisions in the face of the environment and employees. Decision-making theory has a further understanding of the essence of management, liberating management from general transactional work and reflecting it at the height of decision-making. However, because the decision-making process is quite complicated, Simon's management decision-making theory has not gone further, so that it is impossible to grasp the important role of management decision-making in practice. Drucker, the "father of modern management", combined with his own management practice, said: "Management is a kind of practice in the final analysis. Its essence lies not in knowledge, but in behavior, and its verification lies not in logic, but in results. Therefore, the only authority of management is achievement. "Drucker here emphasizes the practical characteristics and practical effects of management. Strictly speaking, Drucker's understanding brought people's nihilism of management back to reality and avoided the behavior of management for the sake of management. Too much emphasis on the effectiveness of management may also lead to the effect of not paying attention to objective laws and getting quick success, but it will be counterproductive in reality. Dale, an American management scientist, believes that management should also increase the function of "innovation", which is the need of contemporary management and enterprise competition, and the need of survival and development in the fourth wave of technological revolution. Here, Dell emphasizes the innovative characteristics of management in combination with the requirements of knowledge economy. Indeed, management is a challenge to face reality, but this challenge is different from conventional behavior. It uses wisdom to solve complex contradictions in reality. What is wisdom? This is the shortest path between things. Generally, the traditional behavior is effective, but it is not necessarily the most regular behavior. It can only be achieved through "innovation". Therefore, management must be an innovation. Others think that management is a factor of production or resource, just like land, labor and capital. In fact, since Taylor's scientific management theory was born, management has become an indispensable and most important factor in social development. Successful management and failure management mean the importance of management. To sum up, it can be seen that even management scientists have different understanding of management, which shows the complex characteristics of management behavior and the influence of human cognitive differences. In fact, the purpose of management is very simple, that is, to get the maximum benefit with the least investment. However, in the process of management, it is often difficult to achieve this goal because of the uncertainty of many specific issues. So, is management really too complicated to be defined? No, first of all, management must not be a dogma, but a scientific method; Secondly, management is not just a simple organizational behavior, but a creative human organizational activity, and the management behavior itself determines that the management goal will not end. Therefore, the diversification of management definition not only reflects the different research positions, methods and angles, but also reflects the immaturity of management science. This shows that the lack of a unified definition of management is a realistic result, because if there is a unified but incomplete definition, management will be dogmatic, and the lack of a clear definition will make people unable to accurately understand and grasp the characteristics of management. Generally speaking, up to now, there is no exact definition of management. If management is understood too simply, it will lose its guiding significance in the management process because of the complexity of things and the unclear path; However, taking management as an all-encompassing knowledge or dogma will be divorced from the real environment of management, making management behavior more complicated and unable to really solve problems. As Andezejie Hook kinski pointed out in the book "Management Masters-World-class Management Thoughts", many management scholars' theories "have serious pragmatic characteristics, which are not only reflected in their concern about whether their theories have been applied, but also in their intentional refusal to answer basic questions like the nature of organizations, as many severe critics have pointed out. "Wait a minute. There are many more, so I won't go into details. My understanding of management can give. Generally speaking, management is a practical activity that human beings use science and technology, scientific means and scientific analysis methods to meet people's rational needs, establish public order, and effectively and reasonably design the behavior and resource allocation of individuals and organizations. Or specifically, management is a kind of human intelligent organizational behavior that integrates science and artistry, takes design and change as the core, aims at communication, coordination and establishment of public order, and takes personal ideals, organizational performance and social progress as its own responsibility. The above is part of my new book "Big Vision-Enterprise Analysis and Practical Management in China". I won't say much because it's homework, but I need to emphasize that the definition of management I give here is the latest, most authoritative, most comprehensive and detailed one so far. Economics: Before the publication of The Essence of Economics, there was still no decent definition. Even came up with "narrow economic definition" and "broad economic definition". "Economics" has a typical definition: the science that studies how to effectively accumulate wealth and weigh the optimal allocation and use of various favorable resources. This definition seems complete, but it really can't stand scrutiny. For example, what is effective accumulation of wealth? What is the standard to measure the optimal configuration? What are favorable resources? I don't like to comment too much on other people's views and opinions. Because the basic definition of "economy" and "economics" is an important theoretical issue related to the cultivation of a new generation of Scientific Outlook on Development, and it is also a fundamental issue related to whether economics conforms to scientific development. So, let me briefly talk about the definition of "economics" extracted from "The Essence of Economics": the essence or definition of economics is the science of human beings to measure and rationally use energy. As an economist said, "Economics is how to choose". Then decide for yourself which definition is more suitable for the development of economics. Different choices may lead to different results.