1. Tsarist Russia began in Ivan III of Russia, Russia. His achievement is not only that Russia became a country independently, but more importantly, he set up the banner of "heir of the Roman Empire" for the descendants of tsarist Russia. Therefore, Ivan III of Russia of Russia is a well-deserved founder of a new era in Russia.
It should be said that since Russian Ivan III of Russia married the last princess of Byzantine Empire, the face of Moscow Grand Duchy has taken on a new look. Because of this, the Grand Duchy of Moscow is the legal heir of Byzantium, nominally the capital of Russian city-states, and Ivan III of Russia of Russia has naturally changed from the Grand Duke to the unified monarch of the city-states, and the Russian city-states should be incorporated into the territory of Moscow in a proper way.
After Ivan III of Russia of Russia married Sophia, the last princess of Byzantine Empire, the Grand Duchy of Moscow not only converted to Zhengdong, but also studied the religion, customs and political system of Byzantine Empire, and adopted the national emblem of Byzantine Empire as the national emblem of Russia. Since then, the double-headed eagle has become a symbol of Russia.
1480, Russia became an independent country, and Ivan III of Russia of Russia called himself "the Grand Duke of all Russia". The banner of "heir to the Roman Empire" has gradually become the mainstream of Russian national ideology, and the Russian nation, especially the nobility, is proud and honored, which has become the reason and spiritual pillar of Russia's endless war and expansion from generation to generation. It is also the source of motivation for Russia's continuous reform for more than 400 years.
This should be regarded as the reform of the foundation of Russia Kaiyuan.
2. By 1533, when Russian son Vassili III Ivan III of Russia died, Russia's territory had increased more than 6.5 times, reaching 2.8 million square kilometers, making it the largest country in Europe. Sadly, however, most of these lands were controlled by feudal princes and nobles, and there were a considerable number of troops in their hands, forming a feudal separatist situation. They fought and plundered each other, and some even dared to challenge the Russian central government.
Ivan IV, who endured for more than ten years, became the first Russian monarch to be crowned "czar" in 1547. He hated it for a long time and killed him at the beginning of his reign.
The Code of Ivan the Terrible was promulgated, which improved the land tax and other tax systems, weakened the privileges of feudal princes and nobles, and protected the interests of small and medium-sized nobles. The establishment of state offices, local offices and professional offices decomposed the ruling power of feudal lords in various places and consolidated the power of feudal serfdom and central and local ruling institutions.
Implement a military evaluation system based on meritorious military service and taking combat effectiveness as the standard, and deprive feudal lords of their privileges in the army. We have established a management system in which soldiers own land and those who own land must serve, and tied the right to own land with the obligation of military service, thus enhancing the sense of ownership of soldiers, optimizing the structure of the army and increasing the size of the army. Improve the construction of military command system to ensure the unimpeded command of the tsar. This weakened the privileges of princes and nobles, concentrated power in the hands of the czar, and greatly increased Russia's military strength.
In this way, Ivan IV carried out a series of reforms around strengthening Russian centralization, cracking down on weakening feudal separatist forces, and enhancing national and military strength, which eased the internal contradictions in Russia. The autocratic monarchy was implemented from the previous paper to Ivan IV, and Russia continued to grow and develop.
During this period, of course, we will attack the city and plunder the land, occupy Kazan khanate, Astrakhan khanate, the whole Volga River basin and Siberian khanate, and open the door to Asia. However, in the battle for the Baltic Sea estuary, it encountered stubborn resistance from Poland and Sweden and only got a small area near the Neva estuary.
3. After the death of Ivan IV's heir, the Ryurik dynasty cut off his children, so Ivan IV's nephew Mihai I inherited the new tsar, and Russia entered the Romanov dynasty. At this time, the Russian Orthodox Church rose and began to interfere in state affairs. But in science and technology, military system and other aspects, it is outdated and backward, obviously left behind by western European countries. At that time, Peter the Great stepped onto the stage of history.
Although Peter the Great was not so glorious when he came to power in the coup, his efforts and westernization reform really changed the old face of Russia. Establish the Senate, an institution directly led by the czar, to manage domestic affairs and further strengthen centralization. Improve local administrative institutions at the provincial and county levels and strengthen local management. Establish a meritocratic employment system.
Implement compulsory military service. Advocate all freemen to voluntarily perform compulsory military service for the country. Established a regular army composed of hundreds of thousands of people and a navy with hundreds of warships, and improved the military organization and management and military training system. Summarize the experience of war, establish military academies, train specialized personnel and improve the technical level of military war.
Establish schools of all levels and types, and strengthen the exchange of talents with western European countries. Strengthen the management of religious affairs, prohibit religious interference in politics, and make religion a vassal of the tsar. Learn the advanced technology of western Europe, encourage mining and factory building, improve the status of businessmen and promote the development of commerce and foreign trade. Reform the financial system, raise tariffs, increase taxes and protect domestic industries.
Peter I's reform is all-round and has brought vitality to all aspects of Russia. "Let Russia take off", occupy the Baltic Sea estuary, and the rapid social and economic development shocked European countries.
After the death of Peter I, Queen Catherine II also seized her husband's throne through a coup. After she took office, she accelerated the territorial expansion, and at the same time carried out a series of reforms, absorbed the practical experience of Western Europe, accepted the ideas of the Western Enlightenment, and implemented the "enlightened autocracy" system.
Reform the central organs, strengthen the direct management of land, sea and air diplomacy, and weaken the status of the Senate. Strengthen the management of newly occupied land such as Ukraine, Siberia and the Baltic Sea, implement serfdom, and accelerate the process of russianization in these areas.
Expand the number of the army to 500,000, and set up specific arms such as infantry and cavalry, making the army the strongest army in the European continent. Continue to expand the scale of the Baltic Fleet and the Black Sea Fleet, and the Russian military, military industry and operational level have all made a qualitative leap. Continue to strengthen the construction of the national education system and consolidate aristocratic privileges. Russia's state system has been optimized, industry and commerce have been further developed, and aristocratic privileges have been further guaranteed.
During yekaterina's administration, he kept fighting and expanding, opened the Black Sea to the sea and divided Poland three times. Russia's strength reached its peak and became the "European Gendarmerie" and the largest feudal empire in Europe.
5. Alexander II was ordered at the critical moment. 1825, December Party members with democratic ideas in Russia launched an armed uprising, which dealt a great blow to the Russian ruling class. Then it was defeated in the Crimean War in 1853. It was in this situation that Alexander II took over as czar and decided to carry out reforms.
The promulgation of "February 19 Order" declared that serfs were free and enjoyed all the basic rights of citizens. Do a good job in training reserve forces and further improve the compulsory military service system. "Male residents over the age of 20, regardless of their property status, should perform military service ..." Many reform decrees, such as university statutes, judicial regulations, provincial and county autonomous institutions regulations and city regulations, have been implemented, and reforms have been carried out in education, justice, local autonomy and cities.
Because Alexander II took care of the interests of all parties, his reform was not thorough, and serfdom was not completely abolished in concrete implementation, but it played a role in easing domestic contradictions and was widely praised by all walks of life. However, in the long run, there is a crisis in reform. The problem is that the status of the peasant class is low and the constitutional monarchy is difficult to exist, so the stability of Russia is temporary.
Therefore, although Russia occupied a large area of land in northern China and Central Asia in the19th century, after the defeat of the Russo-Japanese War in which the Far East collided head-on with the new power Japan, Russia continued to carry out a new round of reform, but it still failed to stop the decline trend of Russia. In the late World War I, the February Revolution and the October Revolution occurred successively in Russia, which eventually perished and withdrew from the historical stage.
6. Looking back on the history of Russia for more than 400 years, we will find a phenomenon that czars are mostly wise kings, but few fatuous kings. This is because the tsar is the winner of the complex struggle in the Russian court, regardless of rank, only on ability, that is to say, the able is better than the mediocre. This may be the reason for so many coups and reforms in Russian history.
Therefore, for the glory of the "heir to the Roman Empire", the czar and the nobility formed a solid community of interests. Tsars constantly reformed and interacted with nobles: nobles supported their tsars, and tsars protected and supported their own aristocratic development. They jointly strengthened the military, maintained serfdom and maintained the old order; Joint aggression and expansion, plundering land and robbing money. This backward mode of production lasted until the beginning of the 20th century.
In this way, Russia, under the banner of "heir to the Roman Empire", has been fighting and expanding, and the reform has revived it and lasted for more than 400 years. Although there was a decline during this period, it did not decline, and it also formed a set of experiences and practices to ensure its continued expansion.
First, continuously strengthen centralization.
At first, the power of the Russian monarch was controlled by the gentry meeting composed of nobles, monks and citizens, and there was no absolute power. This advantage is to ensure the stability of the Russian political situation and the peaceful transition of the dynasty. But later Ivan IV, Peter the Great, Empress Catherine II and Alexander II were all strengthening centralization. In this way, the control of the tsar was improved, and the rebellion and independence movements in various places were suppressed in time. Therefore, it is difficult for domestic and foreign forces to fundamentally break Russian rule, and the expansion of this movement has been continuing.
The second is to continuously strengthen the autocratic culture.
In fact, since Ivan III of Russia of Russia played the banner of "heir to the Roman Empire", it has exerted unimaginable influence on Russian culture and ideology. From the tsar to the nobility to the ordinary people, they are proud of this and have always adhered to this honor, so that they have become the mainstream of Russian social ideology. The formation of this culture has made Russia always respect force and advocate expansion, which has played an inestimable role in stabilizing the domestic situation in Russia and consolidating and expanding its territory.
The third is to continuously strengthen military strength.
From every reform in Russia, strengthening military strength is the most important thing, and all work should be carried out around expanding the campaign. In particular, the reform of Peter the Great and Catherine II is more obvious in this respect. Peter the Great regards military reform as the core content and develops the national economic and social system in full accordance with operational requirements. The queen directly took charge of the army and navy, expanded the number of troops and divided the arms in detail, creating the strongest army in continental Europe. At the same time, she strengthened the construction of the navy, which made the Russian army, military industry and combat level develop by leaps and bounds.
The fourth is to continuously expand the military economy.
Russia's economic construction has always adhered to the principle of obeying and serving its own expansion. Vigorously develop military equipment, military industry and military logistics related to improving the combat effectiveness of the army. Encourage businessmen to set up factories, increase civil taxes and solve the problem of funds needed for the development of military industry. /kloc-In the late 20th century, Russia's industry developed rapidly, but due to the immature market and lack of agricultural support, Russia failed to shake off the declining trend.