The influence of Confucius' educational thoughts 1 In the 5,000-year history of China, Confucius had the greatest influence on the character and temperament of the Chinese nation. Confucius was not only a politician, thinker and founder of Confucianism in the late Spring and Autumn Period, but also an educator with far-reaching influence on today's society. His educational thought has a far-reaching influence on the current educational reform. Let me talk about my personal floating pen first.
First, discovery learning
"Learning without thinking is useless, and thinking without learning is dangerous." Confucius's "learning" here refers to reading and simple reading strategies. The whole sentence means reading without thinking, completely believing what the book says, easily confused by the book and getting nothing. On the contrary, if you just think hard and don't study, and inherit the knowledge of your predecessors through reading, you will get nothing because of mental exhaustion and you will feel confused. Therefore, learning and thinking must be combined and unified, and they are indispensable in the whole learning process. Confucius also emphasized learning before thinking, "I try not to eat for a day and stay up all night;" It's no use thinking, it's better to learn. Therefore, we must study first and have enough knowledge in our minds, so that we can think and integrate our own knowledge, and it is possible to discover new knowledge in the process of continuous enrichment. Therefore, it is of guiding significance to our daily study and teachers' teaching. Therefore, teachers should guide students to read more books, especially in the current education, reduce the burden on students, leave more spare time for students, guide students to read more relevant necessary books, and teach students reading methods, instead of teaching students all theoretical knowledge, because knowledge is inexhaustible, and only through learning methods can they continue to learn. Students should also make full use of their spare time. They should learn to use time and time to study instead of simply reciting the rules and regulations given by the teacher. This can only cope with the temporary examination, but can not promote their own transcendental development, which is not conducive to discovering new knowledge and long-term innovation and development. Knowledge is the ladder of human progress, so we must accumulate the necessary knowledge at an appropriate age, so that when we use it later, we can use it whenever we want, just like calling for rain, so that we can write with God. This is the same way that our brains think. Only when you have sufficient perceptual knowledge can you have rational knowledge. If you want to have a rational understanding, you must have enough perceptual materials. Only through the brain's "removing the rough and selecting the fine, removing the false and retaining the true" can perceptual materials rise to rational understanding. Without perceptual knowledge, there can be no rational knowledge. Rational knowledge is the basis of perceptual knowledge. Therefore, from this perspective, it is still necessary to study first and have enough knowledge to think deeply and discover new things. In a sense, this has a great influence on the current education to encourage students to discover learning and innovative learning.
Second, heuristic teaching
Confucius said, "If you don't get angry, you won't get angry. If you don't take countermeasures, you can't." In the Song Dynasty, Zhu commented: "Angry people want to get through, but they can't get through;" Those who are anxious can talk, but they will fail. Enlightenment is to open its meaning; Send, that is, reach its words. If a thing has four corners, people can tell the third one. Instead, we should prove each other. Reply and tell. " In other words, the significance of Confucius' enlightenment teaching is: teaching students not to enlighten his thoughts until he wants to understand and can't understand; Don't enlighten his expression until he wants to say it but can't say it. If I cite one aspect to inspire him, I won't tell him any more, but he can't automatically infer and understand the other three aspects related to it. Confucius takes students as the center and gives full play to students' initiative and enthusiasm. Teachers only play the role of promotion and guidance, which is conducive to improving students' interest in learning, stimulating their learning potential, cultivating their ability of independent learning and thinking, and greatly promoting the changes of "mechanical learning", "cramming education model" and "rote learning methods" in current education.
Third, teach students in accordance with their aptitude.
In The Analects of Confucius Advanced, Lutz asked, "Si Wen does everything he can." Confucius said, "With a father and a brother, how can you do everything?" You Ran asked, "Sven does all kinds of things." Confucius said, "Si Wen does everything." Gong Xihua said, "You asked Wen Sixing to do everything." Confucius said, "Father and brother." Qiu asked, "Si Wen does everything." Confucius said, "Si Wen does everything. Red is also confused, dare to ask "Confucius said:" If you ask for it, you will retreat, so I will enter; Because I am also a person, I retired. " Confucius paid special attention to adopting different educational methods according to the characteristics of different students. This is a good reference for large class teaching and unified learning in our current education. It is necessary to have classes in small classes as much as possible, which is beneficial for teachers to contact and communicate with each student as much as possible and to understand each student's personality, learning and other different characteristics as much as possible. Targeted teaching can promote students' personality development, adhere to the student-oriented thinking, stimulate students' interest in learning, and not be tired of learning. At the same time, it has a great influence on our present university education. When enrolling students, universities should respect the majors chosen by students themselves, or try their best to meet the requirements of students to adjust their majors, rather than forcing students to obey the professional deployment. In addition, college students should also consider carefully when choosing the future work direction. Instead of rushing to take the postgraduate entrance examination or take the civil service examination, we should comprehensively consider our own actual situation, personal hobbies, learning ability and other aspects. Even after you decide to work, you should choose your own job carefully. What kind of job you are suitable for, rather than what is the best job at present, you should pursue and expect regardless of the willy-nilly. Of course, we should also consider this, but we should not blindly pursue it. We should comprehensively consider various factors.
Fourth, there are no classes in teaching.
Confucius' teaching thought of "teaching without class" broke the phenomenon of official learning and hierarchical education, gave the children of ordinary people the opportunity to receive education, and expanded the number of intellectuals. Among Confucius' disciples, there are both Meng, a noble son of Lu, and Zhong Gong's father. Both children's tribute; There is also Yuan Xian, who is short of money, and Yan Hui, who is greedy; And Zeng Shen, too poor to make a fire for three days and not make clothes for ten years. Although this idea of educational equality was put forward in Confucius' time, there is still inequality in education at present. Although everyone has the right and opportunity to receive education, there are still many students who are facing the pain of not going to school. Many families in rural and mountainous areas can't even take care of their lives, and there are no schools and teachers. How can they receive education on an equal footing with the children in those cities? At the same time, there are inequalities all over the country. For example, in the annual college entrance examination, the number and scores of students enrolled in other provinces in different provinces are completely different from those in this province, which is extremely unfair to the development of students, and many students have not been given reasonable development opportunities. So at present, we should think deeply about this thought of Confucius, which was put forward many years ago. Why is it difficult for us to implement it at present? What kind of teacher discrimination, such terms as "good students" and "poor students" still exist?
Five, the concept of lifelong education
Confucius said, "I am determined to learn five out of ten, stand up at thirty, not be confused at forty, know my destiny at fifty, listen to my ears at sixty, and do what I want at seventy, without exceeding the rules." In Confucius' view, learning is a lifetime thing, not a certain period or stage. It is necessary to keep studying. "Never too old to learn", which is the forerunner of the current lifelong education thought, has made a first draft for the comprehensive promotion of lifelong education thought.
Confucius put forward many ideas, such as emphasizing the cultivation and development of students' thinking ability and language expression ability, free discussion teaching, mutual learning and democratic teaching. At the same time, Confucius also paid attention to the learning attitude of emotional education, such as "knowing is not as good as being a good person, and being good as being happy", "being quick and eager to learn", "knowing is happy with water, and benevolent is happy with Leshan" and "learning from each other", and paying attention to cultivating students' interest in learning.