1. Mysterious and precious materials?
1. What is water?
Humans have known and used water for a long time. Water is colorless, tasteless, odorless and transparent, and it is the most common liquid in nature. Ancient philosophers believed that water was the source of all things, and all things returned to water, so water, fire, air and earth have always been regarded as the four basic elements that constitute all things in the world. It was not until 1784 that cavendish, a British scientist, proved that water is not an element, but a product of the combination of two gases. 1809, the French chemist Grusack determined that 1 volume of oxygen was hydrogenated by 2 volumes to generate 2 volumes of water vapor. Later, scientists wrote the molecular formula of water: H2O.
2. Water's strange temper
As a liquid, water can play a variety of roles, which cannot be replaced by most other substances. This is mainly due to some strange temper of water. For example, water has the highest density at 4 degrees Celsius, and its volume expands when it gets cold, so ice is lighter than water and floats on the water. Ice is not good at heat transfer, so it will not freeze to the end to ensure the safety of underwater creatures in winter. The heat capacity of water is large, which is 10 times that of iron, 5 times that of sand and 4 times that of air, so the maritime climate is mild, and the human body also relies on water to keep its body temperature. Three states of water (water, ice and steam) can coexist in the natural state; The cohesion and surface tension of water can make the gap between rock and soil generate energy. Including? Water, water? Climb? Climb the high treetops and send water and nutrients to the plants; Almost anything can be dissolved in water, so fish can get oxygen from water.
3. Irreplaceable substances
Many things can be done this way or that way, and there will always be a way. For example, lighting, without electric lights, we can light candles; Without candles, we can light oil lamps; Without oil lamps, we can light the torches of Song and Ming Dynasties. There is not even a torch, so we have to wait quietly for the night to pass and the day to come. It's different for water. Without water, we can't wash our faces and brush our teeth, we can't quench our thirst, we can't see fish and shrimp on the dining table, we can't see flowers and trees, we don't know what swimming is, all our boats and boats are scrapped, concrete can't be mixed, high-rise buildings can't be built, and even little dolls can't cry. It is better not to think about it!
You are 60% water.
On earth, where there is water, there is life. All life activities originate from water. Water in human body accounts for about 65% of body weight. Among them, the brain water content is 75%, the blood water content is 83%, the muscle water content is 76%, and even the hard bones contain 22%! Without water, nutrients in food can't be absorbed, waste can't be excreted, and drugs can't reach the effective parts. Once the human body is short of water, the consequences are very serious. Water shortage 1%? 2%, feeling thirsty; Lack of water 5%, dry mouth, wrinkled skin, unconsciousness, and even hallucinations; Lack of water 15% is often fatal. Thirst is often more threatening than hunger. Without food, people can live for a long time (some people estimate that it is two months). If there is no water, they can live for a week at most.
5. The lifeblood of crops
Grasping a handful of plants with your hands will make you feel wet and cold. This is because of water. Plants contain a lot of water, accounting for about 80% of their weight, and vegetables contain 90% water? 95%, aquatic plants contain more than 98% water. Water transports nutrients for plants; Water keeps the branches and leaves of plants elegant; Water participates in photosynthesis to produce organic matter; The evaporation of water keeps plants at a stable temperature and prevents them from being burned by the sun. Plants are not only covered by water, but also crops consume water all their lives. 1 kg corn is irrigated with 368 kg water; Similarly, wheat is 5 13 kg water, cotton is 648 kg water, and rice is as high as 1000 kg water. One seed falls to the ground, ten thousand grains are put into storage, and agriculture gains a lot. Water has made a lot of contributions!
6. The blood of industry
Water participates in a series of important links in the production of industrial and mining enterprises, and plays an important role in manufacturing, processing, cooling, purification, air conditioning and washing, and is known as the blood of industry. For example, in steel mills, production is guaranteed by cooling water; When steel ingots are rolled into steel, they should be cooled with water; Part of the dust of blast furnace converter depends on water to collect; Water is indispensable in a boiler. It takes about 25 tons of water to produce 1 ton steel. In paper mills, water is the solvent for pulp raw materials, diluents, detergents, transport media and medicines. It takes 450 tons of water to make 1 ton paper. The cooling water consumption of thermal power plants is huge, and at the same time, it also consumes some water. The flour mixing, distillation, cooking, pickling and fermentation in food factories are all inseparable from water. Soy sauce, vinegar, soda and beer are simply the embodiment of water.
7. The meaning of water resources
As a precious wealth endowed by nature, water has long been concerned by people. However, do people often use it? Water resources? This word, but it is nearly a decade or two. About the meaning of water resources, there are dozens of kinds, the more common statement refers to? The amount of water that people can often use and recycle year by year? . It is also commonly called fresh water resources. This salty seawater is not included, even glaciers that have been difficult to melt for thousands of years and some groundwater that is difficult to access are excluded. Water resources are the most clearly understood resources by human investigation, and the quantitative structure and distribution will never be changed because of new discoveries such as coal, iron and oil. In fact, water resources should also include power generation, shipping, aquaculture, environment and other capabilities of water.
8. Hard-won tap water
Turn on the tap and clean and sweet water will roll in. In fact, tap water is hard to come by. They may be taken from hundreds of meters underground, or from rivers or reservoirs dozens of kilometers away. These? Raw water? First, it should be purified in the purification plant, and iron should be removed by aeration, then tiny floating objects and aquatic organisms should be removed by coagulation, then impurities should be precipitated, and bacteria should be killed by disinfectants such as liquid chlorine and bleaching powder. After inspection and testing, it meets the national standards before leaving the factory like other industrial products. Clean water can only be delivered to thousands of households in high-rise buildings or residents' yards through cobweb-dense pipes and pressurized by water pumps.
9. Don't underestimate the dripping water.
A drop of water is negligible. But it has been dripping, and the number is considerable. According to the measurement, Dripping water? 1 hour can collect 3.6 kilograms of water; 1 month can collect 2.6 tons of water. This water is enough to supply a person's living needs. It can be seen that there should be no waste at all. As for the continuous small water flow, it can collect 17 kg per hour and 12 tons per month; Noisy Dashui? It can collect 670 kilograms of water per hour and 482 tons of water per month. Therefore, water conservation should start from a little bit. ?
10. amazing leak
There is a large amount of leakage in the pipeline during water conveyance. According to analysis, due to years of disrepair, the pipeline leaked due to rupture. The leakage rate of urban pipelines is often 8%, and that of factory pipelines is 10%? 20%。 In some cities in the third world, 60% of tap water was leaked due to rust of water pipes or problems with joints. In Manila, Philippines, the water leakage rate of water mains reaches 58%. In Singapore, which is well managed, the leakage rate of water pipes is only 8%. Managers are negligent and forget to turn off the tap for watering the courtyard, and the formation of long running water has become commonplace. Don't underestimate the dripping caused by the tap not being closed tightly in every household.
Second, the good experience of water saving
1. water-saving society
Under the condition of constant water quantity, a water-saving society must be established to ensure water for industrial and agricultural production, domestic water for residents and a good water environment. These include the rational development and utilization of water resources, vigorously improving the water utilization rate of industrial and agricultural water and urban domestic water, making the awareness of water crisis deeply rooted in the hearts of the people, and cultivating the situation that everyone is love the water and saves water everywhere.
2. Saving water does not mean not using water.
Don't understand? Save water? People who really have the meaning of the word "water saving" always mistakenly think that water saving is to limit people's water use or even prevent people from using it. In fact, saving water means making people use water reasonably and efficiently, not wasting it. Experts point out that in terms of waste, with today's technology and methods, agriculture can reduce 10%? 50% water demand, industry can reduce 40%? The reduction of 90% and 30% water demand in cities will not affect the economic level and quality of life at all.
3. World Water Day
The water crisis has become a global fact. Countless people of insight are worried about this. As early as 1977, the United Nations held a conference on water resources, which issued a solemn warning to the whole world: water will soon become a profound social crisis, and the next crisis after the oil crisis will be water. People think that the time when water is inexhaustible is over. 1993 65438+1October 18. The United Nations General Assembly adopted a resolution to set March 22nd as? World Water Day? Carry out extensive publicity and education to raise public awareness of water resources development and protection. Every World Water Day has a specific theme, and seven World Water Days have been held so far.
4. China Water Week
People's Republic of China (PRC) Water Law was promulgated and implemented 1988, and the first week of July was determined as? Water Law Publicity Week? . In the future, in combination with World Water Day, will the week of March 22nd be designated as? China Water Week? There are specific publicity themes every year. So far, 12 Water Week has been held. From 199 1, the second week of May will be regarded as the publicity week of urban water conservation in China.
5. Different water-saving consciousness
Faced with the increasing shortage of water resources, every user will show a certain attitude:
(1) Self-centered: I paid the water bill. How much water I use is my own business, and no one else can control it.
(2) frugal people: water the flowers with the water in the fish tank and flush the toilet with the water for washing clothes, but just don't want to change the dripping faucet.
(3) Pursuing the quality of life: I am worried about environmental pollution and can't tolerate water cuts, but I think water saving is mainly in public places.
(4) Autistic person: How much is a ton of water? I don't know. It's cheap anyway.
(5) Self-discipline: Saving water is the responsibility of every citizen, and saving water will not affect the quality of life. What kind of person do you roughly belong to?
Third, save water from me.
1. Establish the consciousness of cherishing water.
For a long time, people generally think that water is? Endless, inexhaustible? Really do not know how to cherish, but waste. When we know that China's per capita water resources are not rich, the regional distribution is uneven, the year is unpredictable, and the inter-annual difference is large. Coupled with pollution, water resources are more scarce, and tap water is actually difficult to come. Saving water should start with cherishing water and firmly establish it? Saving water is glorious, but wasting water is shameful? Faith can always pay attention to saving water everywhere.
Cultivate good habits
According to analysis, families can save about 70% water as long as they pay attention to getting rid of bad habits. There are many habits related to wasting water, such as: flushing cigarette butts and breaking garbage with the toilet; In order to receive a glass of cold water, a lot of water was put in vain; Wash potatoes and carrots before peeling, or wash them before choosing vegetables; Intermittent use of water (when opening the door to pick up guests, answering the phone, changing TV channels), with the faucet on; Forgot to turn off the faucet during the water stop; When washing hands, washing face and brushing teeth, let the water flow all the time; Do not check the faucet before going to bed or going out; The equipment leaked and was not repaired in time.
Use of water-saving appliances
In addition to developing good water habits, it is also very important and effective to use water-saving appliances in family water saving. Some people would rather let themselves go with the flow than change water-saving appliances. In fact, it is not cost-effective to pay so much water for a long time. There are many kinds of water-saving appliances, including water-saving water tanks, water-saving faucets and water-saving toilets. In principle, there are two types: mechanical (wrench and button) and automatic (electric, magnetic induction and infrared remote control).
4. Check for leakage and plug flow
Are you home? Dropping water into the river? No kidding. Always check the tap water pipes in your home. In order to prevent a slight delay, don't ignore the leakage of faucet and water pipe connector. If you find water leakage, please ask someone or yourself to repair it in time to block the running water. For the water leakage that cannot be repaired for a while, it is best to temporarily control the water flow with the main gate at any time. Take good care of the faucet and unscrew the water gate of the faucet by half, then the leakage flow will naturally be small, and the water loss will be reduced by half at the same time.
5. Water-saving tips for laundry
(1) When the washing machine washes a small amount of clothes, the water level is set too high, and the clothes float around in high water without friction. Instead, it is not clean and wastes water.
(2) Don't wash too little clothes. It is also a water-saving method to concentrate on washing after waiting too much.
(3) If the rinsing water is reserved for the next batch of washing water, 30 yuan can be saved at one time. 40 liters of clean water.
Save water by bathing.
Take a shower with a shower nozzle: (1) Learn to adjust the ratio of hot and cold water. (2) Don't keep the water in the sprinkler open all the time, let alone open it. (3) Try to get wet from head to toe, then wipe the whole body with soap and rinse it for the last time. Don't wash your hair, upper body, lower body and feet alone. (4) Take a bath with concentration, hurry up, don't be idle, or wash while chatting. Don't have a big water fight with your good friends in the bathroom. Remember: time is water! (5) Don't take advantage of taking a bath? By the way. Washing clothes and shoes. Take a bath in the bathtub, and be careful not to fill it with water. 1/3? 1/4 pots is enough.
7. Toilet water saving
(1) If you think the water tank of the toilet is too big, you can put a brick or a coca-cola bottle filled with water vertically in the tank to reduce the amount of water flushed each time. However, it should be noted that bricks or coke bottles should not interfere with the movement of water tank components.
(2) The water tank leaks the most, the water inlet rubber is lax, and the water does not stop. After the water is full, it flows away from the overflow hole; If the water stop rubber at the outlet is not tight, the water will keep flowing away and the water will keep entering the inlet pipe.
(3) Using the collected domestic wastewater to flush the toilet, one water can be used for multiple purposes, saving clean water.
(4) Regardless of the size and thickness of the garbage, it should be removed from the garbage passage and cannot be washed away with toilet water.
8. Multi-purpose with one water
(1) You can wash your feet and then flush the toilet.
(2) A vat for collecting waste water should be prepared at home, which can completely guarantee the water needed for flushing the toilet.
(3) Rice washing water and noodle cooking water are used to wash dishes and chopsticks, which not only removes oil but also saves water.
(4) Raising fish and watering flowers can promote the growth of flowers and trees.
9. Washing dishes can save water
When washing tableware at home, it is best to wipe off the oil stains on the tableware with paper first, then wash it with hot water, and finally rinse it with warmer or colder water.
10. Don't play water-consuming games.
Toys are children's close companions. However, some toys (such as water guns) need to consume water and are not recommended, especially in places where water resources are scarce. There are also some naughty teenagers who splash water on each other under the tap water. They are very happy. Unconsciously, the clean ground is wet, and passers-by are scared to hide, wasting a lot of water. How terrible!
1 1. Prevent water pipes from freezing and cracking.
In winter in the north, water pipes are prone to frost crack and water leakage is serious, so special attention should be paid to prevention and inspection. For example, (1) covered sand washed away by flood in rainy season should be replenished before winter to prevent water pipes from being damaged by shallow freezing. (2) Anti-freezing equipment (anti-freezing bolts, anti-freezing wooden cases, etc. ) should be installed on faucets and water pipes outside the house. (3) Where there is ice in the house, it should also be wrapped in sacks and wrapped with straw ropes. (4) Doors and windows of houses with water pipes should be pasted, and attention should be paid to indoor insulation. (5) Once the water pipe freezes, don't bake it with fire or burn it with boiling water (that will damage the water pipe and faucet due to sudden expansion). You should wrap the faucet with a hot towel to help thaw it.
12. Can you measure the flow of tap water?
Flow is the amount of water flowing out (flowing through) per unit time (such as 1 sec). Measuring the flow of tap water at home is the same as measuring the flow of the Yangtze River, but the method is different. Prepare an ordinary bucket and calculate its volume (for example, 18.6 liters); Prepare another horse watch (also called stopwatch, stopwatch). Without a horse watch, an ordinary watch will do. When measuring, turn on the faucet as far as possible, and when the water flow is stable, move the bucket in and start to receive water, and at the same time; When the bucket is full, stop timing and read the duration (for example, 23.4 seconds); The measured flow value is the volume divided by the time, that is, 18.6/23.4=0.795/ liter second. For the sake of reliability, measure it three times and take the average of the three results. If a water meter is installed at home, you can know the flow of water by reading the water meter, so it is more convenient to measure the flow.
13. Water saving experiment
When you think of adopting a water-saving method, you can do an experiment by yourself. This must be interesting. For example, if you put bricks in the toilet tank, you can know the change of primary water use by measuring the flow. From the household water consumption records, we can also see the change of water consumption in one day and one month, and we can roughly estimate the change.
14. water-saving propagandist
Saving water is everyone's responsibility. Only when everyone pays attention to saving water, water shortage can keep us away, life will be stable and harmonious and the environment will be beautiful and comfortable. After we teenagers understand these truths, we should not only do it ourselves, but also publicize it and tell our friends about it. After the implementation of these principles, we should not only do it ourselves, but also publicize it and tell our relatives and friends to save water. This is also the contribution we can make to society.