An example of a paper on psychology, Society, comes from psychology.
Abstract: Society is composed of individuals, and the development trend of society and the changing trend of human psychology influence each other. Sociological theory is the theoretical basis of social psychology research. Based on sociological theory, this paper discusses the trend and relationship between the development of human society and individual psychology, and deeply thinks about the value of life.
Keywords: development of human society; Individual psychology; Life value; social psychology
Psychology is a natural science that studies people's psychological trends and influences people's daily behavior through psychological changes, while sociology studies the relationship between human individuals and various ethnic groups composed of human individuals. Therefore, the so-called social psychology is a subject that reflects psychological changes, social development and psychological orientation by studying the interpersonal relationships between different human individuals and different nationalities.
Simply put, society is made up of individuals, and their behavior and psychological changes will be influenced by the social environment. In this change, most people's psychological activities and behaviors create social development trends, and different social environments will also affect people's psychological development. The trend of social development and the trend of human psychological change are interactive.
Before discussing social psychology, I will do some basic academic discussions. The theories of Marx, Durkheim, Weber and Freud can not be ignored, and these materials can be used as the theoretical basis for analyzing and studying social psychology.
First, the theoretical basis of sociology
Marx, Weber and Durkheim are the three leading figures in sociology. Their analysis of modern society is of great theoretical and practical significance to our society and modernity. Marx's view of capitalism, Durkheim's view of industrialism and Weber's rational perspective all provide solutions to modern social problems. Different modern social theories will have essential differences in concept and observation angle. It is precisely because of different angles that these theories can guide people to have different understandings of social reality, thus further affecting the different development directions of society.
Marx's theory is based on capitalist thought. Marx believes that modern society is the product of capitalist mode of production. He thinks that modernization is capitalism. So he came to the conclusion that the embryonic form of capital was produced together with modernization. Marx believes that the motive force of social development comes from the pursuit of surplus value and the accumulation of capital. In Marx's theory, he is concerned about the potential value and profit of commodities. In his view, the bourgeoisie takes profit maximization as its primary purpose. On the other hand, he also tried to explain that the circulation of goods would minimize the time cost. In the process of circulation, surplus value is maximized, which constitutes commodity profit and capital. Marx believes that society needs development motivation. In the concept of social development, profit plays an important role. However, if we exaggerate the role of profits, the result will go to the other extreme, hinder social development and lead to insufficient motivation. Based on this series of conflicts, the crisis has become a modern man-made product. Marx believed that socialism and communism were ideal societies.
Structure.
Durkheim believes that social development is a process of natural transformation. He divided society into different types, and different types of society were composed of different communities and social groups. In his Theory of Suicide in Modern Society, Durkheim pointed out the fact that the suicide rate is rising. However, he did not say that modern society is the reason for the increase in suicide rate. Instead, he discussed some practical reasons for the rising suicide rate. He said that suicide is a social fact and needs to be explained like other social facts. When talking about suicide, Durkheim denied the influence of religious groups, political groups and families on suicide rate. Durkheim believes that in the face of social chaos, those in power must rely on social division of labor to solve the suicide problem.
Speaking of Weber, human social movement is the focus of his sociological theory. Weber believes that the hypothesis of economic attribute of human nature is limited in explaining human behavior, but usually people always ignore non-economic factors. Many factors in human history, such as nationality, race, religion and law, have endowed human nature with rich contents. Weber's theory is very important to the development of human science. In addition to strict basic procedures, human subjective ideas and concepts about the objective historical environment also influenced Weber's social theory. In his book, he talked about the Reformation. After Calvinism developed into extreme Protestant ethics, his views played a vital role in the rise of capitalist culture. Weber followed the pulse of the times all his life and turned his attention to many different disciplines such as sociology and economics. This makes Weber's theory lack of coherence and raises questions. As a sociologist, Weber studied the economy from the side and achieved important results. He believes that rationality is the main feature of modern society, and rational modernism creates the capital of modern society.
Second, human life and society.
Marx mainly used productivity and relations of production to explain human social development. These two core concepts are taken from the analysis of ideal types, and the theory of productive forces and relations of production is Marx's own ideological construction. In Weber's view, Marx's productivity is nothing more than discussing the influence of labor tools and labor objects Marx's production theory is that people establish social relations in the general production process. However, Weber's and Marx's theoretical constructions have different standpoints, which are both important supplementary tools for analyzing historical development.
Marx, Weber and Durkheim adopted different expressions in their sociological theories. Marx's sociology is based on "capitalism", and he believes that modernity originated from capitalist mode of production; Durkheim's theory is more practical, he does not emphasize the individual, but focuses on the individual behavior in the social background; Weber's understanding of modern society is based on "rationalization". He believes that modern society originates from the spirit of capitalism and also from the spiritual strength of human beings.
Third, the human individual.
Society is composed of individuals. Freud and Durkheim have different views on the definition of "self". Compared with Freud's definition of "self" in Civilization and its Dissatisfaction, I think Durkheim's definition of "self" is not comprehensive. But Freud and Durkheim's definitions of "self" have played a very important role in social development.
As a psychologist, Freud's definition of individual is based on how people understand "self". Freud believed that the human soul is mainly divided into three basic components, including ID, ego and superego. Freud summed up several forms of human motivation, sexual desire is the most important part, and it is the direct embodiment of "I". But the ego is usually bound by morality and social norms, so the superego appears. When the ego is depressed and cannot be released, the ego will seek satisfaction through dreams. Freud emphasized that the individual is very important to the balance of ID, ego and superego.
Meanwhile, Freud also talked about "civilization" in his book. In his book, he believes that "civilization" represents the degree of human progress. Dissatisfaction reveals how people lose their original innocence after progress. Freud described civilization from the perspective of personal spirit and psychology. Since society is made up of several individuals, the in-depth study of individuals is bound to help solve social problems.
In contrast, Durkheim believes that individualism is the product of social division of labor. Durkheim emphasized the ideology of positivism. Social division of labor produces different types of individuals with different professional levels and values. He believes that our society has not only collective consciousness and collectivism, but also individual consciousness and individuality. In Durkheim's view, the essence of individualism is closely related to social attributes: on the one hand, individuals are getting rid of the shackles of traditional values and gaining unprecedented freedom, and individual personality is shaping a new form of "self"; On the other hand, due to the diversity of social division of labor, different individuals will depend on each other, so they become a member of the collective again.
Part.
Compared with Freud's concept of individual, I think Durkheim's definition is not sufficient. Durkheim believes that the level of social community is determined by the level at which each individual accepts the contract. However, in this free society, if individuals do not recognize the beliefs, norms and laws of society, will so-called individuals still exist? In fact, Durkheim's point of view is not wrong. Individualism is the product of the process of social change, but his view is not enough to deeply explain the psychological development and changes of people. Freud's view is more convincing. He emphasized that "sexual desire" was a key word, and thought that the concept of sexual desire was realized by those who were aware of their own cognitive changes. "Dream" is a good expression of desire. In fact, people sometimes can't realize all their ideas, and most people's "self" exists in the original needs that are still bound by moral and ethical beliefs. Ego most often appears in people's lives. In order to communicate with the outside world, ego also includes ID and superego. Freud emphasized the dynamic relationship between these three components, especially their conflicts and their influence on society.
Fourthly, the development trend of human psychology and the emergence of different social forms.
By comparing these theories and academic achievements, we can clearly find that the psychological development trend of human beings not only comes from human beings themselves, but also is constantly influenced by social environment. In different social environments, people follow different lifestyles, such as socialism, capitalism and communism. But what caused the different social forms in our world?
Social development is a long-term process, and the religious beliefs of successive governments and people in a country have created the development of social forms. Weber put forward this view in the book Protestant Ethics and the Spirit of Capitalism, and he emphasized the relationship between Protestant ethics in capitalist society and the social structure based on capitalism.
I believe many people don't understand why modern capitalism has not become the mainstream social form in China like western countries. Weber found a new explanation in Protestant ethics. However, why can Protestant ethics become the mainstream social form in Europe? According to Weber, "Look at the occupational statistics of multi-religious countries, and this result is thought-provoking. It shows that in modern companies, whoever has capital, who has employers, who has more well-educated and skilled workers and who has well-trained technical or business personnel will become an overwhelming Protestantism at an alarming rate. " (Craig, 20 12) There are many different branches of European religions, and Protestantism was formed after people reinterpreted religious teachings. As one of the most important religions at that time, it gave birth to the seeds of the modern spirit of capitalism.
At that time, the religious diversity in Europe was in sharp contrast with that in China. The dominant Confucianism has influenced the thoughts of China people for more than two thousand years. In the history of China, most people have only read the Four Books. In fact, they lack new ability to interpret society. Their only belief is the emperor, so it seems impossible to give birth to capitalism on the basis of this belief. For example, rural landlords and gentry have similar characteristics since feudal society. They like to accumulate money, but they don't like to spend money. Until one day, they have a lot of savings, they still won't stop making money, and then they will buy land as the original accumulation. However, due to the frequent alternation of ancient dynasties in China and the excessive monarchical power, it is difficult for landlords to maintain the original accumulation of territory, and almost all capital accumulation has to be reshuffled with the times.
On the basis of expounding Weber's Protestant ethics and capitalist spirit, I have some ideas. Does capitalism really exist in China, even if it is only a tiny capitalism? This idea is actually based on many social factors. In China, capitalism seems to be directly equivalent to profligacy. In the eyes of China people, this kind of behavior should be stopped. For example, in the upper class of China, the extravagance and waste of officials and the behavior of greedy villains should be stopped. In fact, this brings another problem. We need to know more about the greed of capitalists and capitalism. Greed and excessive luxury may be more caused by social system.
In fact, Weber's views in the book are neither absolute idealism nor absolute materialism. Weber's theory does have a certain influence on social reality, and social reality also affects theory. It is difficult to determine the absolute causal relationship between the two. Generally speaking, I agree with some sociological views of Weber. In fact, capitalism has been quietly existing in China. Whether due to historical reasons or social reality, the capitalist social form has had a great impact on China's economy, but it has not become the mainstream social form in China. The reason also needs to consider China's social reality, politics and religious influence, which coincides with Weber's view on the relationship between Protestantism, politics and social formation.
Verb (abbreviation of verb) human psychological and social value
People measure the value of their lives in different ways. They pursue more power, achievement and wealth, and envy others at the same time. This standard of measuring life is correct, but sometimes it underestimates the true value of life. In other words, people pay too much attention to material desires and only talk about the true value of life. They ignore the fact that what society needs is practical action rather than language.
Society is indeed composed of countless individuals, and in-depth study of each individual is really helpful to solve social problems. The conflict between culture and individuality sometimes stems from the contradiction between individual and collective. Individual rationality and collective rationality are not always consistent, in other words, they should always be inconsistent. Smart people do things that are beneficial to the collective, and eventually they will benefit the individual. This can improve the individual's viability as a collective member.
In fact, civilization is the culture of modern industrialization, and this advanced culture has changed people's world outlook. In the process of this progress, people seem to have lost some of their original innocence. As people grow up, sometimes people just talk nonsense to solve social problems. People have not really applied the rules of spiritual civilization to society. China people have received too much etiquette and etiquette education since childhood, and most people can always talk about Kan Kan. But in today's China society, we can see garbage and drink bottles everywhere, and many students still swear on campus. This is undoubtedly worthy of deep reflection. Too many people talk and don't practice.
Some of Freud's views made me realize that human beings' ability to control nature has reached a very high level, which can easily lead to the demise of mankind. Human beings' measurement of the value of life should not be limited to matter. The contribution of civilization to mankind should be to lead people to take more actions to contribute to society. This view is simple, but it is also a cruel fact worth thinking about.
Generally speaking, a seemingly huge social system is composed of individual behaviors. Therefore, it can be said that the personal influence on the world may be negligible, but if everyone's psychological trend is the same, then this may represent the birth of a new social system. This topic is worth pondering.
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