2. Education is the basic way of labor reproduction (Schultz's human capital theory)
3. The nature of social, political and economic systems determines the nature, leadership, rights and degree of education.
4. Education has the functions of screening, sorting, transmitting and preserving culture, spreading and exchanging culture, and renewing and creating culture.
5. School culture: material culture, organizational and institutional culture and spiritual culture. Spiritual culture is the core, which includes cognitive component, emotional component, value component and ideal component.
6. The representative figures of endogenous theory include Mencius' theory of good nature, Freud's sexual instinct, Wilson's gene replication, gesell's twin ladder climbing experiment, etc.
The representative figures of foreign language are Xunzi's theory of evil nature, Locke's theory of whiteboard, and Watson's theory of giving me a dozen healthy babies. No matter what their ancestors are, I can train them into all kinds of people, from leaders to thieves.
7. The education of personal physical and mental development should be carried out step by step (from ... to ...), and it should not be "promoted by seedlings", let alone "implemented in a solemn way".
The eight stages of individual physical and mental development (two age stages+characteristic contrast) education should be targeted and not "one size fits all"
9 The imbalance of individual physical and mental development (unbalanced speed) exerts educational influence in the critical period.
10 the complementarity of individual physical and mental development (the same person), such as the blind, is compensated by the extraordinary development of hearing, touch and smell.
1 1 Individual differences in physical and mental development (more than two individuals) Some students are enthusiastic, while others are indifferent; Some students are gregarious, some are withdrawn, and so on. Education must teach students in accordance with their aptitude.
12 genetic quality is the biological or material premise of human development. The mature process of genetic quality restricts the development process and stage of human beings.
13. The social environment provides many possibilities for personal development. "Those who are close to Zhu Zhechi are black, and those who are close to Mexico are black"; The story of "bitter fleabane bitter fleabane bitter fleabane" and "Meng Mu moved three times". People's response to the environment is dynamic: "get out of the mud without being stained" and become a very successful person. For example, Sima Qian was imprisoned to write historical records, and Qu Yuan was exiled to write Li Sao.
14 the reason why school education plays a leading role in people's development
15 The subjective initiative and function of an individual is the decisive factor to promote the development of an individual from a potential possible state to a realistic state.
The educational purpose of 16 is both the starting point and the destination of educational work. The purpose of education is the theme and soul of all educational activities and the highest ideal of education.
17 individualism: Mencius, Rousseau, Pestalozzi, Locke, Froebel, etc.
18 social standard theory: Xunzi, Plato, Kant, Herbart, Durkheim, Baglai, Natop, Kerschensteiner, etc.
19 the theoretical basis for the formulation of China's educational goals is Marxist theory of all-round development of human beings.
The combination of education and productive labor is the only way to cultivate people with all-round development.
2 1 The school education system stipulates the nature, tasks, admission conditions, years of study and the relationship between them. The school education system is the core of the national education system.
Dual-track system (Europe), single-track system (USA) and feeder system (China)
23 The first modern school system promulgated by China, the Renyin academic system, has not been implemented so far;
The formal implementation of the first modern school system-Guimao academic system is the beginning of the implementation of the new academic system. The academic system clearly stipulates that the purpose of education is "loyalty to the monarch, respect for Confucius, respect for the public, respect for martial arts and respect for reality", which clearly embodies the idea of "taking middle school as the body and western learning as the application";
Cai Yuanpei's educational system mainly embodies the requirements of the bourgeoisie, and it is the first time that men and women are co-educated;
Ren Xu's educational system, also known as the "633" educational system, has been implemented for the longest time and has the greatest influence.
24 literature classification:
According to the function of literature, it can be divided into: (1) factual literature, that is, factual literature, which refers to the literature that provides factual basis for educational scientific research, such as cultural relics, monographs on educational history, various test scales, various educational experimental reports, and educational records of famous educators. (2) Instrumental documents, that is, documents that provide retrieval information for educational research, including reference books, academic dynamic reviews, online search queries, etc. (3) Theoretical documents, that is, documents that provide rational knowledge for educational scientific research, including educational monographs, papers, collections, biographies of educators, methodological works, etc. (4) Empirical documents, that is, documents that provide perceptual knowledge for educational researchers, such as investigation reports, work summaries, educational reference books, teaching outlines, etc.
According to the degree of processing, it can be divided into: (1) first-class documents, including monographs, papers, investigation reports, archival materials and other original documents based on the author's own practice. (2) Secondary documents, that is to say, the original documents are processed to make them systematic and organized, including titles, bibliographies, indexes, abstracts and abstracts. (3) Three documents, that is, reference documents, such as dynamic review, special review, progress report, data manual and special research report, are synthesized after extensive analysis and research on a certain range of documents on the basis of secondary documents.
Survey of education is a research method for researchers to investigate the research object purposefully and systematically under natural conditions through the senses or with the help of certain scientific instruments, so as to obtain empirical facts. Survey of education is the most basic method in educational research, and it is also the basic method for class teachers to understand students.
Educational observation can be divided into direct observation and indirect observation according to different classification methods; Structural observation, quasi-structural observation and unstructured observation; Open observation and concentrated observation.
Educational investigation is generally carried out in the natural process, and materials reflecting research phenomena are collected through interviews, questionnaires, surveys and tests. In the process of investigation, observation is often used as a means to investigate and check materials. There are many methods of investigation and research, including questionnaires and interviews.
In order to solve a certain problem, researchers systematically observe, record and measure the changes of educational phenomena, study the causal relationship between educational conditions and educational phenomena, and draw scientific conclusions according to certain educational theories under strictly controlled or specially created conditions.
Educational experience refers to the knowledge, skills, emotion and emotional experience of educational activities acquired by educators in long-term educational practice. These educational experiences are vivid, concrete, vivid and situational, because they come from practice and are experienced by educators.
Action research method refers to a scientific research method that teachers cooperate with experts and researchers in a planned and step-by-step way to solve practical problems and improve the quality of education and teaching. It is to learn for action, to learn by action, and to learn by actors.
Case study is a research method that extensively collects case data, deeply understands the current situation and development process of the case, conducts in-depth and detailed comprehensive research and analysis on the typical characteristics of a single research object, determines the crux of the problem, and then puts forward suggestions. It is also often called case method and case study method.
Comparative method is a research method that compares the educational systems, educational theories or educational practices of different countries (or regions) according to certain standards, and finds out the special laws and universal laws of education in various countries (or regions).
Historical method is a scientific research method of education through collecting, identifying and sorting out the rich educational practices and thoughts in human history, and adopting the method of logical analysis to understand the law of educational development and guide the current educational work. Historical jurisprudence takes logical analysis as the main method, which is historic and concrete.
Educational narrative research refers to educational research carried out by narrating and telling stories. Through the description and analysis of meaningful campus life, educational and teaching events and practical experience, teachers explore or reveal the educational thoughts, educational theories and educational beliefs hidden behind these lives, events, experiences and behaviors, so as to discover the essence, laws and value significance of education.
The qualitative research of education is an activity that takes the researcher himself as a research tool, uses various data collection methods in the natural situation, makes an in-depth and overall inquiry into the research phenomenon, forms conclusions and theories from the original data, and obtains an explanatory understanding of its behavior and meaning construction through interaction with the research object. Qualitative research must be carried out under natural conditions; Pay attention to the integrity and correlation of social phenomena; The research results are mostly expressed in words, supplemented by pictures, photos and videos.
According to the design form of the course, it can be divided into subject courses and activity courses.
According to the organizational form of course content, it is divided into sub-subject courses and comprehensive courses.
According to students' autonomy in choosing courses and their requirements for learning, as well as the requirements for curriculum implementation in the curriculum plan, they are divided into compulsory courses and elective courses.
According to the task of the course, it can be divided into basic courses, expanding courses and research courses.
According to the main body of curriculum design, development and management, it is divided into national curriculum, local curriculum and school curriculum.
According to the presentation of courses, they can be divided into explicit courses and implicit courses.
27 goodrider's curriculum classification:
The ideal course should be offered by some research institutions, academic groups and course experts. For example, it is proposed to offer gay education courses in middle schools. 2. Formal courses, that is, curriculum plans, curriculum standards and teaching materials stipulated by the Ministry of Education Administration, are included in the school curriculum. 3. The process of understanding is the process of teachers' understanding. 4. Operational courses, that is, courses actually implemented in the classroom. 5. Experience course, that is, the content that students actually experience.
Society, knowledge and children are the three major factors that restrict school curriculum.
The word "course" in the west first appeared in the book What Knowledge is Most Valuable by British educator Spencer.
Three-dimensional curriculum objectives: knowledge and skills, processes and methods, emotional attitudes and values are interrelated and integrated.
3 1 bloom: the classification system of educational goals divides teaching goals into cognitive goals, emotional goals and skill goals.
The curriculum of primary and secondary schools mainly consists of three parts: curriculum plan, curriculum standards and teaching materials.
Which subjects to offer is the central issue of the curriculum plan.
The curriculum plan embodies the unified requirements of the state for schools and is the main basis for compiling curriculum standards and teaching materials for various subjects.
Curriculum standards are the direct basis for the compilation of teaching materials and teachers' teaching, and also an important standard to measure the teaching quality of various subjects. Teachers regard curriculum standards as the basis for checking teaching quality.
Textbooks are materials for teachers and students to carry out teaching activities, including textbooks, handouts, lecture outlines, reference books, activity guides and various audio-visual materials.
The arrangement of textbooks usually takes two forms: linear and spiral.
Curriculum resources are the foundation of curriculum construction, which includes teaching materials and various resources in students' family, school and social life that are helpful to students' development.
Comprehensive practical activity is a national compulsory course, which is set from the third grade of primary school, with an average of 3 hours per week. The contents of comprehensive practical activities mainly include: information technology education, research-based learning, community service and social practice, and labor technology education.
Taylor's Father of Curriculum Theory and Father of Educational Evaluation
What goals should the school strive to achieve? (target)
What educational experience can be provided to achieve these goals? (content)
How to organize these educational experiences effectively? (method)
How to determine whether these goals have been achieved? (evaluation)
The main theoretical basis of China's basic education curriculum is constructivism, multiple intelligence theory and Marxist theory of all-round development of human beings.
Horizontal structure and vertical structure of curriculum: linear curriculum and spiral curriculum
The new curriculum reform clearly requires that the curriculum must reflect the balance, comprehensiveness and selectivity of the curriculum structure.
Set up a nine-year compulsory education curriculum as a whole
High school is mainly divided into subjects.
Offering comprehensive practical activities as a compulsory course from primary school to high school.
The curriculum of rural middle schools should serve the local social and economic development.
The new round of curriculum reform advocates "based on process and promoting development"