(1) Optimize the layout of vocational education service industry.
Vigorously develop modern agricultural vocational education. Focus on cultivating new professional farmers and establish a non-profit farmer training system. Promote the project of farmers' continuing education and innovate the model of agriculture. Taking agricultural vocational colleges as the main body, we will build a modern professional farmer education network with nationwide coverage and perfect service. Relying on agricultural colleges and vocational colleges to form agricultural education groups, cultivate multi-level agricultural technical talents and participate in the construction of agricultural technology extension system. Encourage enterprises, trade associations and agricultural cooperatives to establish or participate in the establishment of agricultural vocational colleges and participate in the reform of agriculture-related majors, courses and personnel training models. Improve the overall level of rural basic education, vocational education and adult continuing education, and promote the combination of agriculture, science and education. Promote a number of counties (districts) to play an exemplary role in the reform and development of rural vocational education and adult education. Improve the transformation and upgrading capacity of the service industry. According to the strategic deployment of the country to develop advanced manufacturing industry and the requirements of modern production mode and industrial technology progress, we will focus on cultivating high-quality technical and skilled talents who master new technologies and have high skills. Adapt to the development needs of strategic emerging industries, modern energy industry, marine industry, comprehensive transportation system, ecological environment protection and other fields, give priority to the development of related emerging majors, enhance the market competitiveness of China manufacturing and China equipment, and accelerate the construction of talent support system. Accelerate the training of talents who serve the modern service industry. According to the trend of accelerating the development of service industry, the proportion of vocational education oriented to service industry will gradually increase. Focus on strengthening vocational education in modern service industries such as service finance, logistics, commerce and trade, medical care, health and high-tech services, and cultivate new service talents with high cultural quality and technical skills. Deepen the reform of cultural and artistic vocational education, focus on cultivating cultural creative talents and grassroots cultural talents, inherit and innovate national culture and national crafts, and promote the cultural industry to become a pillar industry of the national economy. Step up efforts to meet the needs of social construction and social management talents. Give full play to the important role of vocational education in taking root in and serving the community, promote vocational colleges to face the grassroots, and actively set up specialties such as urban management, rural construction, social security, community work, culture and sports, environmental sanitation, and services for the elderly, so as to cultivate high-quality social management and service workers who are literate, skilled and good at communication. Column 3 Economic and social key areas and technical skills training Modern agriculture strengthens agricultural vocational education and cultivates new professional farmers who adapt to agricultural industrialization and scientific and technological progress. Strengthen the training of technical talents, circulation talents and management talents who adapt to modern agricultural production methods, and support the strategic adjustment of agricultural structure. The manufacturing industry will speed up the training of technical and skilled personnel to meet the needs of industrial transformation and upgrading, keep the improvement of workers' quality in step with the modernization of manufacturing technology, production technology and technology, realize the inheritance, accumulation and innovative development of industrial core technical skills, and promote the manufacturing industry from large to strong. The service industry faces financial services, modern logistics, business services, social work services, high-tech services and other fields, and cultivates professionals with noble professional ethics, high humanistic quality, familiarity with international standards and superb technical skills, and enhances the competitiveness of the service industry through talent specialization. Adapt to the needs of aging services and industrial development, and speed up the training of relevant talents. Strategic emerging industries adhere to the talent development strategy supported by independent innovation and technical and skilled personnel, strengthen the construction of related majors in strategic emerging industries, and cultivate and reserve high-level technical and skilled personnel who apply advanced technology and use advanced equipment and have the ability of technological innovation. The energy industry adapts to the needs of the construction of modern energy industry system, strengthens the construction of new energy and renewable energy-related majors, and accelerates the training of technical and skilled personnel in energy conservation and environmental protection, pollutant prevention and safe disposal, resource recovery and recycling. Transportation services: build a comprehensive transportation system, transform and upgrade transportation-related majors, optimize the personnel training structure, speed up the training of personnel who are in urgent need of technical skills such as rail transit, civil aviation and public transportation, and improve the quality of employees. Marine industry strengthens the construction of marine vocational colleges and majors, and accelerates marine traditional industries such as marine oil and gas industry, marine fishery and marine shipbuilding industry; Marine services such as marine transportation and tourism, and emerging marine industries such as marine equipment manufacturing are in urgent need of technical and technical personnel training to provide talent support for the development and expansion of marine economy and the enhancement of marine development and utilization capabilities. Social construction and social management support vocational colleges to cultivate grassroots management and public service talents around urban and rural development, social management, community service and grassroots cultural construction. The cultural industry adapts to the needs of cultural industry development, and strengthens the cultivation of technical and technical talents in key cultural industries such as cultural creativity, film and television production, publishing and distribution. Relying on the vocational education system to protect, inherit and innovate national traditional crafts and intangible cultural heritage, and cultivate literary and artistic talents of all ethnic groups. (2) Coordinate the regional development layout of vocational education.
Optimize the regional layout of vocational education. All localities plan the layout structure of vocational education system from the reality of their own regions. Eastern regions and large and medium-sized cities should improve the core competitiveness of secondary vocational education and the modernization level of higher vocational education according to the needs of economic transformation and upgrading. The central and western regions should raise funds through multiple channels, enhance the basic ability of vocational education, popularize high school education with secondary vocational education as the focus, and improve the quality of higher vocational education serving local characteristics and advantageous industries. Starting from the requirements of accelerating regional economic and social development and promoting ethnic exchanges and integration, ethnic minority areas should speed up the development of vocational education, focus on optimizing the structure and improving the quality, strengthen the construction of bilingual and dual-qualified teachers, and enhance the ability of vocational education to serve industries with local characteristics, ethnic culture and ethnic crafts, basic public services, social management and poor families to get rid of poverty and become rich. Optimize the urban and rural layout of vocational education. Give full play to the employment-oriented role of vocational education and guide the orderly transfer of rural surplus labor to cities and towns and non-agricultural industries. Focus on strengthening vocational education and training for migrant workers, children of migrant workers and urban unemployed people. In the process of urbanization, vocational education planning is scientific, and the layout of colleges and universities is closer to the industries and communities they serve. New higher vocational schools are mainly distributed in small and medium-sized cities. According to the orientation of the main functional area, promote the scientific orientation of vocational colleges in the region, so that all vocational colleges can concentrate on running the specialty (cluster) with characteristics and advantages needed by local economy and society. Promote the county vocational education center (secondary vocational school) to become an open platform for regional academic education, technology promotion, poverty alleviation and development, labor transfer training and social life education, and extend the service network to communities, villages, cooperatives, farms and enterprises.
(3) Accelerate the development of private vocational education.
Improve the policy environment that encourages social forces to run schools. Giving full play to social forces to hold vocational education plays an important role in accelerating the establishment of a modern vocational education system and stimulating the vitality of vocational education development. Improve the setting standards of various vocational colleges, establish an open, transparent and standardized access and approval system for private vocational education, and steadily expand the scale of high-quality private education. Encourage enterprises to establish or participate in the establishment of vocational colleges. By 2020, the proportion of large and medium-sized enterprises participating in vocational education will reach more than 80%. All localities should incorporate vocational colleges organized by social forces into the educational development plan, promote the pilot of classified management of private vocational colleges, improve the incentive mechanisms such as government funding, purchasing services, student loans, fund awards and donations, and encourage social forces to participate in vocational education. For private vocational colleges with standardized running and strict management, the system of independently determining the enrollment scope and annual enrollment plan within the approved running scale will be gradually implemented. Innovating the running mode of private vocational education. Support the development of a number of private vocational education groups that are branded, chained and connected with secondary and higher vocational education. Actively support all kinds of school-running entities to hold private vocational education through various forms such as sole proprietorship, joint venture and cooperation, and explore the development of joint-stock and mixed-ownership vocational colleges. We will carry out social forces to participate in the reform of public vocational colleges, establish a pilot program of mixed-ownership vocational colleges, and allow social forces to transform public vocational colleges with insufficient vitality through purchase, lease and entrusted management. Encourage private capital to cooperate with public high-quality educational resources and expand high-quality vocational education resources in economically underdeveloped areas. Encourage enterprises to cooperate with public vocational colleges to set up mixed-ownership secondary colleges. Allow social forces to participate in running schools with capital, knowledge, technology, management and other elements and enjoy corresponding rights, explore the implementation of employee stock ownership in private vocational colleges, and encourage professional and technical personnel and highly skilled personnel to build joint-stock cooperative studios in vocational colleges.
(4) Promoting the collectivization of vocational education.
Scientifically plan the development of vocational education groups. The collectivization development of vocational education is an important realization form of vocational education running system led by government, guided by industry and participated by enterprises, which plays an important role in promoting the organic integration of education chain and industrial chain. Improve the governance structure and development mechanism of existing vocational education groups, gradually expand the participation rate of various vocational colleges, basically cover all vocational colleges by 2020, and initially build 300 backbone vocational education groups with vitality and leading role. According to the law, we will carry out a pilot reform of multi-investment entities to jointly build vocational education groups. Innovating the development mechanism of vocational education groups. According to the principles of market orientation, benefit sharing and win-win cooperation, attract all kinds of subjects to participate in the construction of vocational education groups. The diversified development of vocational education group will be carried out by the combination of central enterprises and leading enterprises in the industry, leading vocational colleges, industry and vocational colleges, integration of vocational education resources by local governments, and resource sharing of vocational colleges in the region. Encourage all localities to plan vocational education groups covering the whole industrial chain simultaneously in major industrial construction projects. Enhance the development vitality of vocational education groups. Study and formulate supporting policies to promote the development of vocational education groups. Support qualified vocational education groups to coordinate the connection between secondary and higher vocational schools, the construction of professional courses, the construction of training bases and the construction of teaching staff. Encourage leading cadres to cross posts, build scientific and technological innovation platforms and productive training bases, and establish mixed-ownership vocational colleges to strengthen the interest ties within the group. Encourage ordinary colleges and universities with obvious industry characteristics to participate in vocational education groups. Encourage vocational education groups to cooperate with multinational enterprises and overseas educational institutions.
(5) Strengthen the basic position of secondary vocational education.
Consolidate and improve secondary vocational education. Secondary vocational education is an important part of public service system. Secondary vocational education focuses on popularizing high school education. Adhere to employment-oriented secondary vocational education, strengthen ideological and professional ethics education, strengthen basic courses of culture, sports and art, and strengthen new technology education and skills training in accordance with the concepts of systematic training, all-round training and lifelong education, so as to lay a solid foundation for students' all-round development. Continue to explore the establishment of a comprehensive high school integrating vocational education with general education. Adjust and optimize the layout of secondary vocational education. All localities should put forward guidance on the planning and layout of secondary vocational education according to the local industry, population, education reality and urbanization process, and guide all localities to proceed from reality and gradually optimize the layout and majors of secondary vocational education schools. Encourage high-quality schools to integrate school-running resources through merger, trusteeship and cooperative education; Adjust, transform or merge schools with unclear positioning, low quality of running schools and weak service ability. Promote the optimization and integration of various essential resources, and gradually improve the level of running secondary vocational schools.
(6) Optimizing the structure of higher vocational education.
Promote classified management in colleges and universities. Establish a classification system for colleges and universities, and explore the implementation of classification setting, evaluation, guidance, evaluation and funding systems for different types of colleges and universities such as research universities, Universities of Applied Sciences and higher vocational schools. Encourage the establishment of Universities of Applied Sciences, and build it into a new university that directly serves the regional economic and social development, focusing on undergraduate vocational education, integrating vocational education, higher education and continuing education. In principle, existing specialized higher vocational schools will not be upgraded or merged into ordinary institutions of higher learning. All localities scientifically plan the layout structure of higher education in their own regions, and set up colleges and universities at the junior college level in accordance with relevant state regulations. Guide the transformation and development of a number of undergraduate colleges and universities. Support undergraduate colleges and universities facing the service industry and local economic and social development to implement comprehensive reforms and transform into applied technology universities. Encourage independent colleges to be positioned as Universities of Applied Sciences when they are transformed into independent colleges. Encourage undergraduate colleges and demonstration higher vocational colleges to cultivate high-level applied technical talents through cooperative education and joint training. Applied technology universities also recruit on-the-job outstanding technical and technical talents, outstanding graduates from vocational colleges and graduates from ordinary high schools and comprehensive high schools. All localities have adopted comprehensive control policies such as planning, finance and evaluation to guide the transformation and development of local undergraduate universities. Accelerate the reform of higher vocational schools. Deepen the reform of key areas such as governance structure, professional system, training mode and enrollment system in higher vocational colleges, and improve the vitality of running schools and the quality of personnel training. Higher vocational schools established according to the needs of regional development should strengthen the orientation of serving the society and provide vocational education, continuing education and basic courses for ordinary colleges and universities. Higher vocational colleges with obvious industry characteristics should strengthen the positioning of service industry and play a role in enhancing the competitiveness of the industry. Explore the establishment of characteristic colleges. Encourage large enterprises, scientific research institutions and trade associations to organize or participate in the establishment of characteristic colleges with obvious professional characteristics, aiming at serving the industrial chain, mainly relying on enterprises to carry out teaching practice, combining personnel training with staff training, and integrating Industry-University-Research with science and education, and add a number of high-quality higher vocational education resources.
(7) Improve the docking training system for professionals.
Strengthen the connection between secondary and higher vocational schools. Promote the convergence of secondary and higher vocational education in training objectives, specialty setting, curriculum system and teaching process. Explore various forms of convergence such as counterpart cooperation and group development. Gradually expand the right of independent enrollment and learners' independent choice in vocational colleges, and form a multi-channel and multi-choice connection mechanism and path. Give full play to the important role of open university in the connection of secondary and higher vocational education. Improve the five-year higher vocational education. Five-year higher vocational education, starting from junior high school, mainly aims at preschool education, nursing, health service, community service and other special professional fields, and trains professionals with high cultural quality and professional technical skills. The state issued a catalogue of five-year higher vocational majors. Support five-year higher vocational schools focusing on cultivating talents urgently needed for industrial development and social construction. Strengthen the convergence of academic qualifications, degrees and professional qualifications. Study and explore the degree system that conforms to the characteristics of vocational education. We will improve the "double certificate" system of academic degree certificates and qualification certificates, gradually realize the organic connection between vocational education academic degree certificate system, professional degree postgraduate education and vocational qualification certificate system, and explore the establishment of a system linking vocational education at all levels with general education. Improve the methods for qualified graduates of vocational colleges to obtain corresponding vocational qualification certificates.
(eight) the establishment of vocational education quality assurance system.
Improve the talent training system of school-enterprise cooperation and work-study combination. The combination of work and study runs through the whole process of vocational education and teaching. Students receive corresponding hands-on practical courses from the beginning of school, deepen the study and training of culture, technology and skills according to the training objectives, and gradually realize the organic connection between employment needs and talent training. Strengthen the education of scientific literacy, technical thinking and practical ability, and strengthen the links of experiment, training, internship and research-based learning. Strengthen the construction of engineering practice centers, training bases and enterprise practice bases to ensure that learners have high-quality practical training needs. Strengthen the evaluation and examination of practical training. The apprenticeship system of joint enrollment and joint training of vocational colleges and enterprises will be tried out in qualified enterprises, and enterprises will implement joint enrollment (recruitment) and joint training with vocational colleges according to employment needs. Improve the support policies and raise funds for students (apprentices) through various channels such as government, enterprises, society and families. Strengthen moral education in vocational colleges. Actively cultivate and practice socialist core values. Carry forward excellent national culture and modern industrial civilization, and inherit the fine tradition of putting morality first, pursuing skills and attaching importance to inheritance in national craft culture. Promote industrial culture into education, enterprise culture into campus and professional culture into classroom, integrate the concepts of eco-environment, green energy saving, clean production and circular economy into the education process, carry out colorful campus cultural activities, and build a campus culture that integrates industrial culture. Earnestly strengthen professional ethics education, pay attention to guiding students with advanced deeds education of outstanding graduates, and cultivate high-quality talents with modern professional concepts and good professional ethics. Encourage enterprises and vocational colleges to carry out various forms of cultural practice activities. Improve the quality evaluation system of vocational education. Based on learners' professional ethics, technical skill level and employment quality, the quality evaluation system of vocational education is established. Improve the quality evaluation mechanism of vocational education in which schools, industries, enterprises, scientific research institutions and other social organizations participate. All localities should strengthen the supervision and evaluation of vocational education and carry out performance appraisal of vocational colleges with the quality of personnel training and service contribution as the main content. Higher vocational colleges should establish an internal quality evaluation system and strengthen the construction of quality assurance system. Pay attention to the role of the industry, support industry associations to carry out quality evaluation of talent training in vocational colleges, and improve the quality of talent training and the matching degree between colleges and industry needs. Encourage enterprises and employers to evaluate the employment quality and satisfaction of graduates. Actively support all kinds of professional institutions and other third-party institutions to carry out quality assessment.
(9) Reform the professional curriculum system of vocational education.
Establish a specialized reform mechanism driven by industrial structure adjustment. We should do a good job in specialties with characteristics and advantages, reduce the oversupply of specialties, adjust and transform specialties whose educational level and educational quality do not match the demand, and establish a market-oriented specialty setting mechanism for survival of the fittest. Vocational colleges can set up their own majors under the guidance of the government and industry and according to the needs of occupations and posts. Support vocational colleges to set up new majors that reflect the trend of future industrial change and technological progress. By 20 15, the new round of major setting reform was basically completed, and the concentration of specialty with characteristics and advantages was obviously improved. Expand students' autonomy in choosing and changing majors. Establish a professional information publishing platform and dynamically adjust the early warning mechanism. Explore the establishment of regional macro-coordination mechanism for professional management in secondary and higher vocational schools. Establish a curriculum reform mechanism driven by industrial technological progress. To meet the needs of economic development, industrial upgrading and technological progress, a linkage development mechanism between national vocational standards and professional teaching standards should be established. Design the course structure and content according to the level of scientific and technological development and professional qualification standards. The response speed of vocational education to technological progress can be improved through employers' direct participation in curriculum design, evaluation and introduction of international advanced courses. By 2020, a vocational education curriculum system with close connection, distinctive features and dynamic adjustment will basically be formed. Establish a real application-driven teaching reform mechanism. Vocational colleges carry out teaching activities according to the requirements of real environment, learning, doing and mastering real skills. Promote the reform of teaching content and design theoretical, technical and practical courses according to the real technical equipment level of enterprises; Promote the reform of teaching process, and design teaching space and curriculum module according to the real business process of production service; Through real cases and real projects, we can promote the reform of teaching methods and stimulate learners' interest in learning, inquiry and occupation.
(ten) improve the "double-qualified" teacher training system.
Reform the teacher qualification and establishment system. According to the characteristics of vocational education, improve the teacher qualification standards, professional and technical positions (titles) evaluation and employment methods. Explore the establishment of full and senior teacher positions (titles) in vocational schools. All localities should refer to ordinary high schools and colleges and universities, and verify the staffing of public vocational colleges according to the characteristics of vocational education. The new teacher establishment is mainly used to introduce professional teachers with practical experience. By 2020, full-time and part-time teachers with practical experience will account for more than 60% of the total number of professional teachers. Reform the employment system in vocational colleges. Implement the autonomy of employing people in vocational colleges, and encourage vocational colleges to employ enterprise managers, engineers and technicians and skilled craftsmen as full-time and part-time teachers in accordance with relevant state regulations. Establish a teacher performance evaluation standard that conforms to the characteristics of vocational colleges, and the internal distribution of performance pay is appropriately tilted to "double-qualified" teachers. Explore the establishment of an annuity system for teachers in vocational colleges and private vocational colleges run by industrial enterprises. Improve the teacher training system. Strengthen the construction of vocational and technical normal colleges. Relying on high-level schools and large and medium-sized enterprises to establish a "double-qualified" vocational education teacher training base. Explore the directional training system of vocational education teachers and the training mode of "academic education+enterprise training". Strengthen the construction of professional ethics in vocational education, and enhance the sense of honor and responsibility of vocational education teachers. Improve the teacher training system. Establish a rotation training system for teachers in vocational colleges to promote their professional development. Establish a number of enterprise bases for vocational education teachers' internship, and implement the system of new teachers' internship first, then taking up their posts and teachers' regular internship. Professional teachers have accumulated professional practice for not less than two months every two years. Encourage vocational college teachers to join trade associations. (eleven) to speed up the process of digitalization and informatization. Promote the construction of information platform system. Take informationization as the foundation of the construction of modern vocational education system, and realize "broadband network school-to-school communication", "high-quality resources class-to-class communication" and "everyone has online learning space" Strengthen the construction of information infrastructure in vocational colleges, and achieve broadband and campus network coverage in all vocational colleges by 20 15. Strengthen the construction of vocational education information management platform, basically build a vocational education information management system by 20 15, and connect with the national public employment information service platform to realize resource sharing. Strengthen the construction of digital resources platform for vocational education, and by 2020, digital resources will cover all majors. Establish a national alliance for the co-construction and sharing of digital resources in vocational education, formulate development norms and evaluation and certification standards for digital resources in vocational education, and promote the construction of high-quality digital teaching resources for the whole society. Improve the level of information construction in the Open University, and the application of information technology will reach the world advanced level by 2020. Accelerate the construction of digital professional curriculum system. Accelerate the curriculum reform of information technology vocational education, so that every student has the information technology literacy that meets the professional requirements. Closely integrate with the informatization process of various industries and industries, and integrate information technology courses into various majors. Computer simulation teaching, digital training, distance real-time education and other technologies are widely used in professional courses. Accelerate the development of related majors in the fields of digital agriculture, intelligent manufacturing and intelligent services. Strengthening the training of teachers' information technology application ability is an important criterion for teachers' evaluation and employment. Run the national informatization teaching competition in vocational colleges well.
(12) Construct an open vocational education system.
Expand the introduction of high-quality vocational education resources. Research and introduce international advanced, mature and applicable talent training standards, professional courses, teaching material systems and digital educational resources in a planned way. Vigorously introduce foreign intelligence and support vocational colleges to apply for permission to hire foreign experts (culture and education). Implement the strategy of tracking and catching up, and encourage vocational colleges to establish one-on-one cooperation with foreign high-level colleges. Encourage vocational colleges to hold high-level Chinese-foreign cooperatively-run schools and projects. Encourage vocational colleges to send visiting scholars in a team way to systematically learn advanced foreign school-running models. Strengthen cooperation and exchanges with international organizations such as UNESCO and the World Bank and advanced countries in vocational education in the field of vocational education. Encourage backbone vocational colleges to go out. Serve the national opening-up strategy and cultivate a number of internationally competitive vocational colleges. Accelerate the training of technical and technical personnel to meet the requirements of China enterprises going global. Actively expand the scale of recruiting overseas students in vocational colleges, and explore and standardize vocational colleges to run schools abroad. Support enterprises undertaking large-scale overseas projects and vocational colleges to jointly establish an international talent training base. Encourage vocational colleges in border areas to strengthen cooperation with neighboring countries and improve the radiation and influence of China's education on neighboring countries.