His father, Su Xun, was the "Sue" mentioned in The Amethyst at the age of 27. Su Xun got angry late, but he worked hard. In his later years, Su Shi recalled his childhood experience of studying with his father and felt that he was deeply influenced by his father. Of course, without Su Xun's hard work, Su Shi would not have been able to get a good tutor since he was a child, let alone "learn the history of general classics, which belongs to thousands of words every day", let alone have a future literary master.
In the first year of Jiayou (1056), 21-year-old Su Shi left Sichuan for Beijing for the first time to take the imperial examination in the imperial court. The following year, he took the examination of the Ministry of Rites, won the appreciation of Ouyang Xiu, the examiner, with an article on loyalty to punishment, and became a scholar in high school.
In the sixth year of Jiayou, Su Shi took the Chinese secondary school exam, which is usually called "three-year Beijing Examination", got the third grade, and signed a book for the judge in Dali. Later, his father died in Bianjing, and Ding returned to his hometown. In the second year of Xining (1069), he returned to the DPRK after his term of office, and he was still appointed.
Su Shi has been away from Beijing for several years, and great changes have taken place in North Korea. After Zongshen ascended the throne, he appointed Wang Anshi to support the political reform. Many of Su Shi's teachers and friends, including Ouyang Xiu, who admired him at the beginning, were forced to leave Beijing because they disagreed with the new country Wang Anshi's implementation of the new law. The old rain in the ruling and opposition parties faded away, and what Su Shi saw in his eyes was no longer the "peaceful and prosperous times" he saw at the age of twenty.
On his way back to Beijing, Su Shi saw the harm of the new law to ordinary people, so he disagreed with Prime Minister Wang Anshi and thought that the new law could not facilitate the people, so he wrote a letter of opposition. As a result, like his teachers and friends who were forced to leave Beijing, they were not allowed to stay in the court. So Su Shi asked for his release and was transferred to Hangzhou to serve as a general.
Su Shi stayed in Hangzhou for three years. After his term, he was transferred to Mizhou, Xuzhou, Huzhou and other places.
This lasted for about ten years, and Su Shi met the first disaster in his life. At that time, someone deliberately distorted his poems and made a big fuss. In the second year of Yuanfeng (1079), Su Shi arrived in Huzhou for less than three months, and was arrested and imprisoned for writing poems to satirize the new law, which is known as Wutai Poetry Case.
Su Shi was in prison 103 days, almost on the verge of being beheaded. Thanks to the national policy of not killing ministers during Mao's reign in the Northern Song Dynasty, Su Shi escaped.
After he was released from prison, Su Shi was demoted to Yong Lian of Huangzhou Regiment (equivalent to the vice captain of modern civil self-defense forces). This position is quite humble, and at this time, Su Shi has been disheartened after this prison. In his spare time, he leads his family to reclaim wasteland and farms to help make a living. The nickname "Dongpo lay man" was given to him at this moment.
In the seventh year of Yuanfeng in Song Shenzong, Su Shi left Huangzhou for Ruzhou. Due to the long distance and tiring journey, Su Shi's children died unfortunately. Ruzhou is far away, and all the tolls have been used up. Coupled with the pain of losing his son, Su Shi wrote to the court, requesting not to go to Ruzhou for the time being, and to live in Changzhou first, and then was approved. When he was ready to return to Changzhou, Zongshen passed away.
Zhezong ascended the throne, the high queen mother listened to politics, the new party forces fell, and Sima Guang was re-enabled as prime minister. So Su Shi was recalled to North Korea as a doctor by the Ministry of Rites in 1998. In the first half of the month, I was promoted to the residence of Sheren, and after three months, I was promoted to the position of Sheren in Zhongshu, so I was promoted to a bachelor's degree in Hanlin.
As the saying goes, "Beijing officials are not easy to be." Su Shi saw the emerging forces desperately suppressing the figures of Wang Anshi Group and abolishing the new law. He thought that they were just birds of a feather with the so-called "Wang Dang" and once again offered advice and suggestions to the emperor.
So far, Su Shi can neither tolerate the new party nor forgive the old party, so he once again asked for a transfer. As a bachelor of Longtuge, he went to Hangzhou as a prefect again after a long absence of 16 years. Su Shi built a major water conservancy project in Hangzhou, dredged the West Lake, and built a dam beside the West Lake with dredged silt, which is the famous "Su Causeway".
Su Shi lived happily in Hangzhou and compared himself to Bai Juyi in the Tang Dynasty. But in his sixth year in Yuan You, he was recalled to North Korea. But he was soon released to Yingzhou because of political disagreement. In the eighth year of Yuan You (1093), the new party came to power again. He was demoted to Huizhou resettlement, and later he was demoted to another family in Danzhou (now Danxian County, Hainan Province) and Changhua Army resettlement on the charge of "ridiculing the first dynasty". Hui Zong acceded to the throne, transferred to Lianzhou for resettlement, and served as deputy special envoy and Yongzhou for resettlement. In the third year (1 10 1), Fu Yuan was pardoned and restored to the classical style. On his way back to the North, he died in Changzhou, posthumous title. At the age of 66.
Su Shi's literary and artistic achievements
Su Shi's literary view comes down in one continuous line with Ouyang Xiu's, but he emphasizes the originality, expressiveness and artistic value of literature. His literary thoughts emphasize "doing something and not doing something", advocating nature, getting rid of bondage, and "innovating statutes and releasing wonderful ideas". He believes that composition should be "like running water, with no definite quality at first, but always do what you should do and always stop where you can't stop." The artistic realm of "natural arts and sciences, rich body" ("Thank the teacher's book"). Su Shi's prose works are rich, and he is also known as Han Yu, Liu Zongyuan and Ouyang Xiu. The style of the article is concise and smooth, and it is unrestrained. Shi Dehong's Postscript Dongpo (Left and Right) Chi Ji said: "His writing style is like water, and his waves are naturally written." Su Shi and Ouyang Xiu, both called "Ou Su", are one of the "Eight Masters in Tang and Song Dynasties".
After Su Shi was promoted wholeheartedly, Huang Tingjian and Qin Guan went out of his door.
There are about 4,000 existing Su poems, which have a wide range of contents and diverse styles, but they are mainly bold and unconstrained, with changeable brushwork and romantic color, which has opened up a new road for the development of Song poetry. Xie Tiao's "The Original Poetry" said: "The realm of Su Shi's poetry has never existed in ancient and modern times, and everything in the world has been inspired by God." Zhao Yi's "Ou Bei Shi Hua" said: "It is a spectacular sight for a generation to take literature as poetry and go from Changli to Dongpo Yida. ..... Especially out of reach, born with a healthy pen, as cold as a sad pear. Cut together quickly, and there is a sense of secrecy that must be achieved. Therefore, after Li and Du, it is a big family, not as good as Li and Du Chu. "
There are more than 340 poems written by Su Shi, which break through the narrow theme of writing about love and parting between men and women and have a wide range of social contents. Su Shi occupies a special position in the history of China Ci. He extended the spirit of the poetic innovation movement in the Northern Song Dynasty to the field of Ci, swept away the traditional style of Ci since the late Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties, and created an unconstrained Ci school that kept pace with the graceful school, expanded the theme of Ci, enriched the artistic conception of Ci, broke through the boundary between poetry and poetry, and made great contributions to the innovative development of Ci. His representative works include Nian Nujiao and Shuidiao Tou, which created the first example of unconstrained ci, and was also called "Su Xin" with Xin Qiji. Liu Chenweng's Preface to Xinjiaxuan said: "The word reaches Dongpo, which is aboveboard, like poetry, prose and wonders of heaven and earth."
Su Shi is also good at regular script, and he is also called "Song Sijia" with Huang Tingjian, Mi Fei and Cai Xiang. Zeng studied under the famous artists of Jin, Tang and Five Dynasties, and worshipped Wang Sengqian, Li Yong, Xu Hao, Yan Zhenqing and Yang Ningshi, and became a family of his own. Ziyun: "I can't have published a book"; There is another cloud: "Be innovative and don't practice the ancients." Huang Tingjian said: "In his early years, his pen was refined, not as natural as his boss"; Another cloud said, "When I arrived in Huangzhou, my pen was very strong." In his later years, he was influenced by overseas storms. In addition, his knowledge, mind and knowledge are outstanding everywhere, and his life has been ups and downs. His calligraphy style is rich and naive. You can imagine that he is a person by looking at his calligraphy. People and books respect each other. At that time, his brothers, sons and nephews, You, Mai and Guo, as well as his friends and Zhao Lingzhi studied under him. Later, famous historical figures such as Li Gang, Han Shizhong, Lu You, Wu Kuan and Zhang Zhidong also learned from him in the Qing Dynasty, which shows the great influence. Huang Tingjian said in Valley Collection: "Those who are good at books in this dynasty should take (Su) as the first."
Su Shi draws ink and bamboo in his paintings, drawing lessons from the same style of writing (that is, writing is capable), which is more concise than writing and has the potential to dance. Mi Fei said that he "made ink bamboo, from the ground to the top. I asked: Why not divide it into sections? Say: When bamboo is born, why is it born one by one? " He is also good at making ancient trees and strange stones. Mi Fei also said: "Use dead trees as branches and bend them for no reason;" The stone is hard and strange and unreasonable, such as the depression in his chest. " It can be seen that his paintings are very strange and he wants to send them far away. His theory of painting and calligraphy is outstanding and his painting theory has far-reaching influence. For example, attaching importance to the spirit likeness, advocating the feelings outside the painting, painting should be entrusted, opposing the similarity of forms and the limitation of procedures, advocating the unity, artistry and freshness of poetry and painting, and clearly putting forward the concept of "literati painting", which laid a theoretical foundation for the subsequent development of "literati painting". The existing books include Huangzhou Cold Food Poem, Cliff Ode, Thank the Teacher's Paper and several essays in Sacrifice to the Yellow Emperor. The surviving paintings are "Ancient Wood and Strange Stone"; The Xiaoxiang Bamboo Stone Scroll discovered in recent years is also his work.
In Song Dynasty, Su Shi made great achievements in poetry, prose, ci, calligraphy and painting. He is a rare literary genius in the history of China.
Su Shi's chronicle
The first year of Renzong's heyday in the Northern Song Dynasty-the eighth year of Jiayou (1023- 1064)
1036 Su Shi was born
1054 Marry Wang Fu
1057 Zhongshi Stone; Mother's funeral; Filial piety (1057.4- 1059.6)
1059 family to Kyoto
106 1 Judge Ren Fengxiang
The first year of Yingzong Zhiping-four years (1064- 1068)
1064 Museum of Professional History
1065 wife's funeral
1066 father's funeral; Filial piety (1066.4-2068.7)
The first year of Zongshen Xining-the eighth year of Yuanfeng (1068- 1086)
Marry Wang Runzhi.
1069 back to Beijing; Office history museum
107 1 any supervision; As an ordinary judge in Hangzhou
1074 ren mizhou satrap
1076 was appointed as Xuzhou satrap.
1079 as Huzhou satrap; Be put in prison
1080 Exile in Huangzhou
1084 to Changzhou
1085 to Dengzhou; Ren Dengzhou satrap; To Kyoto; Ren Zhongshu Scheeren
Zhezong (1086- 1 100) was in power during the reign of Yuan You (1085- 1093).
1086 imperial edict with the knowledge of Hanlin bachelor.
1089, Governor of Hangzhou and Commander of the West Zhejiang Military Region.
109 1 as an official; To Kyoto; Ren Yingzhou satrap
1092 as Yangzhou satrap; Department of War History; Minister of rites
1093 wife's funeral; The queen mother died; Adjust the county magistrate; Commander of Hebei Military Region
1094 to Huizhou; Exile Huizhou
1097 to Hainan; Exile in Danzhou, Hainan
Hui Zong (110/-kloc-0/126) was the empress dowager (1 100).
1 10 1 return to the north; Go to Changzhou; stop
1 126 The Northern Song Dynasty perished.
Su Shi's three wives
Su Shi's married wife, Wang Fu, is a young and beautiful woman from Qingshen, Meizhou, Sichuan. She knows books and is polite. She/kloc-married Su Shi at the age of 0/6. She can be called Su Shi's right-hand man and has a story of "listening behind the scenes". Su Shi is broad-minded and relatively negligent in dealing with others. Wang Fu listened behind the screen and told Su Shi his suggestions. Wang Fu and Su Shi lived for eleven years and then died. According to his father Su Xun's last words, Su Shi was buried next to your mother's grave, and personally planted 30,000 pine trees on the mountain where Wang Fu was buried. Ten years later, Su Shi wrote "Jiang Chengzi Remembers Dreams", which is the first eulogy for Wang Fu: ten years of life and death are boundless. Never think, never forget. A lonely grave thousands of miles away, desolate and nowhere to talk about. Even if we don't know each other, our faces are dusty and our temples are frosty. When night came, my dream suddenly came home. Xiao Xuan window, get dressed. Care for each other without words, only a thousand lines of tears, it is expected that heartbroken every year, on the moonlit night, short pine hills.
Su Shi's second wife, Wang Runzhi, was Wang Fu's cousin and married Su Shi in the third year after Wang Fu's death. She is eleven years younger than Su Shi. She admired Su Shi since she was a child, with a gentle nature and always relied on Su Shi. Wang Runzhi spent the most important 25 years with Su Shi. After Wutai Poetry Case and Huangzhou's relegation, he shared joys and sorrows with Su Shi in the ups and downs of his official career. Twenty-five years later, Wang Runzhi also died before Su Shi. Su Shi was heartbroken and wrote a eulogy: "I'm going home, I'm going back to Yuan Qiu. Once a little, abandoned me first. Who welcomes our doors and feeds our fields? There is nothing we can do! Tears have dried up. Traveling abroad makes me less grateful. Just the same point, or repeat this statement. Hey! " One hundred days after his wife's death, his friend and great painter Li Longmian was asked to draw ten arhats. When the monk was asked to recite the scriptures for her and live in heaven, these ten statues were dedicated to the dead soul of his wife. After Su Shi's death, Su Zhe buried him with Wang Runzhi, realizing the wish of "sharing only a little" in the memorial hall.
Su Shi's third wife, Wang Chaoyun, is his concubine, twenty-six years younger than Su Shi. When Su Shi was in the most difficult time, Wang Chaoyun always accompanied him. Wang Chaoyun is Su Shi's confidante, and Su Shi wrote the most poems to Wang Chaoyun, calling her "Vimo Goddess". Unfortunately, Chao Yun died eleven years after he was rehabilitated, that is, before Su Shi. After Chao Yun's death, Su Shi was widowed and never married again. In accordance with Chaoyun's wishes, Su Shi buried his dead wife in the pine forest under the Great Sage Tower of Qi Temple at the southern foot of Gushan Mountain in Huizhou West Lake, and built six pavilions beside the tomb as a memorial. The couplet written is "out of date, only Chaoyun can know me; A person plays the old tune and misses you every time it rains. " There is a famous allusion in this couplet: "Dongpo retired from the DPRK for one day and ate." Gu walked slowly and said to his servant, "What is the way of your generation?" A maid suddenly said,' It's all articles', but Poe disagreed. Another person said,' full of knowledge'. Porter didn't expect when it would be. When he reached the clouds, he said, "The belly of a bachelor is out of date. Poe burst out laughing. Chaoyun Tomb has now become a scenic spot in Hainan.
Su Dongpo's Jueming Poem:
My heart is like ash, and my body is like not tying a boat.
I heard that you have achieved a lot in your life, Danzhou, Huizhou and Huangzhou.
The time to write poetry was two months before his death, and he improvised it after seeing Li paint his portrait.
Su Shi's anecdotes
1, Su Shi "bullied" the teacher.
Su Shi, a scholar, wrote a big article in the Spring and Autumn Period, called "Theory of Punishment Loyalty", including the following paragraphs:
When Yao was in office, he was a scholar and killed people without blinking an eye. Hao Tao said "kill the third" and Yao said "kill the third", so the world feared the strictness of law enforcement, while Le Yao used it as a light punishment. Siyue said "guns can be used", Yao said "no, guns can command clans", and then he said "try it". He Yaozhi didn't listen to Hao Tao's murder, but used four mountains. However, the sage's intentions can also be seen.
Examiner Mei Sheng marveled at Su Shi's article, but was not sure about the above. When Su Shi visited Mei, he asked about the origin of Yao and dialogue. Su Shi smiled and answered, "Of course."
In fact, the above allusion comes from the Book of Rites, which happened to the Duke of Zhou. Su Shi wrote on Yao during the exam, but he was fooled by teacher Bel Canto, which shows that his skill is extraordinary.
2. Dongpo Meat
When Su Shi was demoted to Huangzhou, there was a famous jingle in Pork Fu: "Huangzhou is a good pork, but the price is worthless. The rich refuse to eat, and the poor don't know how to cook. Slow down the fire, less water, and it will look good when the fire is full. Get up and play a bowl every day, and you are too full to care. " Here, "slow fire, less water, good-looking after enough fire" is the famous Dongpo meat cooking method. Su Dongpo was later appointed as the governor of Hangzhou, building Su Causeway and building water conservancy projects, which was deeply loved by the people. And this "Dongpo Meat" followed closely, and became famous in Hangzhou, becoming a famous local dish.
3. Su Shi checked out
Su Shi lived in Changzhou in his later years. He spent his last savings and bought a house. He is preparing to move in another day. By chance, he heard an old woman crying very sadly. He asked the old woman why she was crying. The old woman said that she had a house that had been handed down for a hundred years and was sold by unscrupulous children. She cried very sadly. Looking carefully, it turns out that the house that Su Shi bought is the ancestral home that the old woman said. So Su Shi said to her, "I sold Yi's former residence, so there is no need to feel deeply distressed. Now it's time to return the house to Yi. " Su Shi immediately burned the deed and rented a house. In July this year, he died in a rental house. (See Zhou's "Liang Manzhi")
His thought is different from Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism, which can not only pay attention to the government and people's livelihood, but also keep his own opinion, adapt to the times and be philosophical. Hongbo Tongda's knowledge, talent and life experience also make Su Shi's poems diverse in genre, wide in content and novel in conception, showing the atmosphere of "swallowing five lakes and three rivers". His political satires throughout his life have profound practical significance.
Among Su Shi's poems, the poems that express life feelings and praise natural scenery are the most numerous and have the greatest influence on later generations. Such as "the water of a river does not return, the waves are exhausted, and the eternal romantic figures." To the west of the old base, there is a rich collection of people: Chibi, Zhou Lang, where the three countries stand. The steep rock wall, like thunder waves lapping against the river bank, waves like rolling up thousands of snow. The majestic rivers and mountains are picturesque, and many heroes emerge at once. -"Niannujiao Chibi Nostalgia" His quatrain "Topic Xilin Wall" is also famous for its rich sense of interest: "Looking from the side of the ridge, it becomes a peak, and the distance is different. I don't know the true face of Lushan Mountain, but I am only on this mountain. "In short, there are more than 2,700 poems by Su Shi today, which are rich in style, magnificent and unrestrained, rational and interesting, or simple and natural. At the age of 20, he was good at describing scenery and explaining philosophy with the metaphor of novel images. Especially the ancient style of long poems, most of them are full of metaphors, endless associations, fluent language and unrestrained momentum. He is also good at humorous and broad-minded writing, and his life is always fresh and refreshing. All these show the characteristics of emphasizing reason and interest and being talkative in Song poetry. His poems broke through the old framework of "Ke Yan" since the late Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties. He and Xin Qiji in the Southern Song Dynasty became the Su Xin school of bold and unconstrained ci. His prose, books, paintings and other achievements are very high. As one of the eight masters in Tang and Song Dynasties.
He is faithful, speaks with great eloquence, and travels all over counties and counties. Wherever he goes, he is thoughtful. His articles and political affairs are admired by the world, surpassing Ouyang Xiu to become a literary leader. Shi likes to make friends and spares no effort after pushing the prize. At that time, celebrities such as Huang Tingjian, Qin Guan, Chao, and others joined him in succession, and were called "Four Bachelor's degree in Sumen". There is a Dongpo Collection. His ci collection is called Dongpo Yuefu, with many biographies. Wang's four seals are engraved with Jingyuan Yan You Ben, and Zhu's Qiang Village series is well compiled.
Su Shi is famous for his talent and understanding of classics and history. Song Jiayou was a scholar in the second year (1057), and once served as a minister of rites and a bachelor of Hanlin. He had a rough life and was exiled many times. When he was in Song Shenzong, he was highly valued. However, due to the struggle between the old and new parties, he was repeatedly relegated and became a local official in Hangzhou, Mizhou, Xuzhou and Huzhou. He was also framed and imprisoned for writing a poem that slandered state affairs. After he was released from prison, he was banished to Huangzhou. After several ups and downs, he was exiled to Huizhou and Qiongzhou and moved to Danzhou (now Danxian County, Hainan Province). Since then, he has lived a life of reading and painting. It was not until Fu Yuan's third year (1 100) that Song Huizong was pardoned and returned to the north. In July, Yuan (1 10 1) died in Changzhou. Su Shi is honest, broad-minded, brilliant, poetic and good at painting and calligraphy. He, Cai Xiang, Huang Tingjian and Mi Fei are also called "Song Sijia". When talking about the process of his calligraphy creation, he said: "The method of writing is not perfect, but I can't get it all." He added: "I can't make a book with my heart. I'm tired of asking for it." He focused on "meaning" and sent his feelings to the book with "faithful hand". Su Shi's writing seems plain and simple, but it has a mighty air of Wang Yang sea. Like his profound knowledge, dragons are unpredictable. He is good at running script and regular script, and his brushwork is vigorous and natural, giving people the artistic beauty of "the breath of sea breeze" and "the shape of ancient stones". Su Shi's calligraphy is highly praised by future generations. Huang Tingjian said in "Valley Collection": "His calligraphy is very attractive ... It was not until the wine was drunk that he forgot his work and spoke in great detail ... As for the round pen and rhyme, the article is wonderful, loyal to the sun and the moon, and the book is good, so he first pushed (Su)." Dong Qichang in the Ming Dynasty praised him for "completely using the front, which is the Lanting of Pogong". Handed down from ancient times, there are Qianchibi Fu, Huangzhou Cold Food Poem Post, Dongting Spring Fu, Zhongshan Songlao Fu and so on.