Confucius was born in Shandong. Lu, his son, is the fief of Boqin, where intact cultural relics and ancient books of the Zhou Dynasty are preserved and known as the "hometown of rites and music". In the 29th year of Duke Xiang of Lu (544 BC), Wu's son was amazed at Lu. In the second year of Lu (the first 540 years), the doctor of Jin Dynasty visited Lu, and after reading it, he praised "Zhou Li is in Lu!" Lu's cultural tradition and academic decline at that time had a great influence on the formation of Confucius' thought.
Confucius lost his father in his early years and his family declined. He once said: "I am cheap because I am few, so I can despise." When I was young, I worked as a "Commissioner" (in charge of granaries) and a "farmer" (in charge of cattle and sheep). Although Confucius lived in poverty, he was "determined to learn" at the age of fifteen. He is good at learning from others. He once said, "When we have a threesome, we must learn from each other. Choose good and follow it, but change it if it is not good. " (The Analects of Confucius) He never tires of learning from an ordinary teacher. The villagers also praised him as "knowledgeable".
Confucius "stood at thirty" and began to give lectures. Whoever brings a little "Liang Xiu" will be accepted as a student. Such as Yan Lu, Ceng Dian, Luz, Berniu, You Ran, Zigong and Yan Yuan. Is one of the early disciples. Lu Zhishen's sons, Meng and Nangong, both came to learn etiquette, which shows the merits of Confucius in running a school. The establishment of private schools broke the tradition of "learning is in the official" and further promoted the downward movement of academic culture.
After the founding of Lu, the regime was in the hands of Sanhuan, headed by Ji. In the early years of Zhao Gong, the three families divided up the military power of the Lu army. Kong Liao once expressed indignation at Ji's trespassing behavior of "eight steps of court dance". In the 25th year of Zhao Gong (5 17 BC), there was civil strife in Lu, and Confucius left Lu to Qi. Qi Jinggong asked Confucius about politics, and Confucius said, "Jun Jun, minister, father and son." He added: "Politics is about saving money." The ruler of Qi is doctor Chen. Although he likes Confucius' words, he can't use them.
Confucius was frustrated in the state of Qi, so he returned to Lu. "He retired to learn poetry, books, rituals and music, and his disciples attracted many people.". People come from far away to study in almost all the waiting countries. At that time, Lu was under the control of Ji, and Ji was controlled by his retainer. Confucius was dissatisfied that the government was not in the hands of the monarch, but in the hands of doctors, and was unwilling to be an official. He said, "Being unjust and rich is like a cloud to me."
In the ninth year of Lu (50 1 year), Yang Huo was expelled and Confucius was appointed as the commander of the capital of Lu at the age of 5 1 year. "After a year's work, it's dry on all sides." Therefore, it all moved to Sikong and was promoted to be a big shepherd. In the tenth year of Lu (the first 500 years), Confucius attended the Qilu Oracle Bone Conference. Confucius believed that "those who have military affairs must have weapons, and those who have military affairs must have weapons." Early prevention frustrated the premeditated plan to hijack the Lu army by force, and recovered the land of Lu' an, Guanfu and tortoise occupied by Qi through diplomatic means. In the 12th year of Ding Dynasty (498 BC), in order to strengthen public office and contain Sanhuan, Confucius cited the ancient system that "the family does not hide armor, and the city has no pheasants", and put forward the plan of "reducing the three capitals", which was implemented through Ren Jishi's sub-road. Because Confucius took advantage of the contradiction between Sanhuan and courtiers, Ji Sun and his uncle Sun Shi agreed to destroy Fei Yi and Houyi respectively. Dan Shi was incited by his ministers, the people and his father and opposed the siege. It is impossible to set up a public encirclement. Confucius' plan was frustrated.
Confucius was an official of the State of Lu. People in the State of Qi were afraid that the State of Lu would become powerful and merge with themselves, so they enjoyed their daughters in the State of Lu and Ji. Ji was entertained by seven women and refused to listen to political affairs for three days. It is difficult for Confucius to exert his political restraint, so he led more than ten disciples, including Yan Hui, Luz, Zigong and Ran Qiu, to leave the "land of parents" and began a wandering career of 14 years. Confucius was 55 years old that year. Chen went to defend the country first, received courtesy first, and then was monitored for fear of being convicted. After crossing the quarry, he was besieged for five days. After the pass, I wanted to go to Jin in Puzhi, but I had to go back to Wei because of the civil strife in Jin. I met Nanzi, which aroused many doubts. Wei Linggong was lazy in politics and didn't need Confucius. Confucius said, "If you use me, it will take only one month and three years." The guards were in chaos at home, and Confucius left Wei Cao Jing to send Song directly. Sima Huankui of the Song Dynasty tried to kill Confucius. When he disguised himself as Zheng of the Song Dynasty, Confucius was sixty years old. Later, Confucius traveled to and from Cai Chen many times, which was "between Cai Chen and Cai Chen". According to historical records, King Zhao of Chu came to hire Confucius, and Dr. Chen and Dr. Cai surrounded Confucius, causing famine for seven days. After the clearance, Confucius went to Chu, and soon King Zhao of Chu died. Wei wants to use Confucius. Confucius answered Lutz's question and said that "correcting the name" must be the first thing in politics. After returning to Wei, Confucius was regarded as a "sage", but it was still useless. In the eleventh year (484 BC), Ran returned to Lu and led the army to defeat the Qi army in Lang. Ji Kangzi sent someone to greet Confucius with coins. Confucius returned to Lu at the age of sixty-eight.
After Confucius returned to Lu, people in Lu praised "the country is old". At first, Lu Aigong and Ji Kangzi often asked each other about political affairs, but they were not reused. In his later years, Confucius devoted himself to sorting out documents and continuing to engage in education. In the 16th year of Lu Aigong (479 BC), Confucius died and was buried in Surabaya, north of Lucheng.
2. The main contents of Confucius and Confucian educational thoughts, the essence of Confucius' thoughts and theories, are concentrated in The Analects of Confucius, with 20 articles and more than 11,000 words. The Analects of Confucius is a quotation of Confucius, some of which are records of Confucius' disciples' words and deeds, and they are memorials of Confucius' disciples and their descendants. This book has a profound influence on the history of China. Its ideological content, mode of thinking and value orientation have long been integrated into the blood of our nation, precipitated in our lives and cast our national character. The Analects of Confucius embodies the core connotation of Confucianism-benevolence. "Benevolence" is the center of all theories, and all norms about "benevolence" and "happiness" are only the ultimate means to serve the morality of "benevolence". As a representative of China culture, The Analects of Confucius was introduced to Korea and Japan as early as the Qin and Han Dynasties, and was also designated as a compulsory course for Japanese students in Japan. Matteo Ricci translated it into Latin in 1594, and then it was translated into Italian, French, German, English, Russian and other languages, which were widely circulated in western countries.
Confucius takes "benevolence" as the core of his thought, which means "love". Put forward the argument of "don't do to others what you don't want others to do to you", advocate the principle of "loyalty and forgiveness", and think that the implementation of "benevolent policy" should be based on "courtesy": "self-denial is benevolence" They are skeptical about the religious superstition of ghosts and gods since the Yin and Zhou Dynasties, and think that "you can't be a ghost if you don't know your life" and "you can't be a gentleman if you don't know your life". It also pays attention to the combination of "learning" and "thinking", and puts forward the viewpoints of "learning without thinking is useless, thinking without learning is dangerous" and "reviewing the old and learning the new". Advocate the atmosphere of teaching in private schools, advocate teaching students in accordance with their aptitude, "teach without distinction", "never tire of learning, never tire of teaching", and emphasize that "a gentleman learns to love others, while a villain learns to learn easily". Politically, he put forward the idea of "correcting the name", thinking that "Jun Jun, minister, father and son" should be worthy of the name, and put forward the view of "not suffering from poverty, suffering from inequality". Since the Western Han Dynasty, Confucius' theory has become the cultural orthodoxy of feudal society for more than two thousand years, with far-reaching influence.
When it comes to governing the country, Confucius attaches importance to the sufferings of people's livelihood, calls for benevolent governance, and hopes that rulers will treat people with benevolence and righteousness. He said that "tyranny is fiercer than tigers", and he also stressed that no matter what laws and regulations, rulers must first set an example. "They are upright and have no orders to do things; Its body is not right, although it cannot be done. " In interpersonal communication, Confucius emphasized loyalty and forgiveness.
"Loyalty" means being loyal to others and working hard; "Forgiveness" means putting yourself in others' shoes, "don't do to others what you don't want others to do to you", and "the beauty of a gentleman is not the evil of an adult". In dealing with people and things, Confucius advocated self-love and love. Confucius was cautious about fate, and he believed in man's own strength. He believes that "sex is similar, learning from each other is far away", and everything depends on personal efforts. Of course, there are also some thoughts in The Analects that deviate from the historical trend, such as his political retro tendency, over-emphasis on hierarchical order, introverted personality value orientation, etc., which have undeniably brought negative effects on the development of China society and need us to correct them with modern consciousness. However, we can't hide our shortcomings. In the pre-Qin era when human civilization was just dawning, our ancestors had such profound wisdom in life that our descendants could be proud of it.
The new development of Confucius' thought in modern times refers to the neo-Confucianism that came into being under the condition of the collision and blending of Chinese and western civilizations after the modern western civilization was imported into China. The emerging "popular Confucianism" is another achievement of the development of contemporary neo-Confucianism.
3. What are Confucius' educational thoughts?
1, moral education-the focus of quality education.
Confucius spent his whole life cultivating talents for governing the country. In terms of moral integrity, we put virtue first, take benevolence as the starting point, advocate "filial piety is loyal, courtesy is shameful", and regard "benevolence, courtesy, wisdom and faith" as the five permanent members. He believes that "disciples are filial when they enter, and they are young when they leave. They are sincere and believe that they love the public and are kind. I have spare capacity to study literature. "
2, studious, pay attention to methods, pay attention to practical results.
(1) Diligence and studiousness-an important condition for learning.
The Analects of Confucius says that "those who know are not as good as those who know, and those who know are not as good as those who are happy." He attaches great importance to cultivating students' conscious interest in learning, praising excellent students and criticizing lazy students.
(2) Learning method-the bridge of learning.
Paying attention to learning methods is the learning attitude that every student should have. Confucius praised Yan Hui for this many times. He advocates "reviewing the past and learning the new". He said, "Isn't it a bad time to study?" And said: "review the past and learn new things, you can be a teacher." Think independently when studying, but thinking must be based on careful reading. He pointed out: "Learning without thinking is useless, and thinking without learning is dangerous."
3, rigorous scholarship, grasp the law.
"Knowing is knowing, not knowing is not knowing, just knowing." Almost everyone knows this sentence of Confucius. This is Confucius' attitude towards learning-rigorous and realistic. He once said: "Li Xia, I can say, but I can't levy; Li Yin, what I can say is not enough in the Song Dynasty. There is not enough literature, so I can ask for it. "It means that I can say the gift of Xia Dynasty, but his son Sun Qiguo is not enough to prove it; I can say the ceremony of the Yin Dynasty, but its descendants, the Song State, are not enough to prove it. This is why Qi and Song did not have enough materials and sages who were familiar with history. If there is enough information, then I can use it as evidence. This is enough to show Confucius' rigorous and solid attitude towards scholarship.
Introduction:
Confucius (September 28, 55 BC1year-April 479 BC 1 1 year), surnamed Kong, was born in Qufu, Shandong Province, and his ancestral home was Li Yi (now Xiayi, Henan Province), the founder of Confucianism.
Educated by Laozi, Confucius led some disciples around the world for fourteen years. In his later years, he studied six classics: Poetry, Shu, Li, Yue, Yi and Chunqiu. According to legend, he has 3,000 disciples, including 72 sages. After the death of Confucius, his disciples and their re-disciples recorded the words and deeds, quotations and thoughts of Confucius and his disciples, and compiled the Confucian classic The Analects.
4. Confucian educational thoughts and significance Confucianism refers to the thoughts of the Confucian school. In the history of China's civilization of nearly 1700 years, Confucius, the founder of Confucianism, was founded by Confucius, a thinker at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period.
Stand up. Confucianism founded by Confucius has formed a complete ideological system on the basis of summarizing, generalizing and inheriting the traditional culture of respecting relatives in Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties. Sima Qian said in Historical Records of Confucius' Family: "Confucius wrote the Spring and Autumn Period because of historical records, and went up to Yin Gong, and eventually lost 12 Gong in 14 years. According to Lu, pro-Zhou, so Yin, three generations of luck. " Confucius, the founder of the Confucian school, said: "You can't keep your word" (The Analects of Confucius) is the essence of his own thought. During the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, China society was undergoing epoch-making changes in history. With the decline of the royal family in the Zhou Dynasty, the feudal patriarchal hierarchy was greatly destroyed, feudal lords competed for hegemony, and the society was in turmoil. At this time, intellectuals representing the interests of all walks of life are extremely active and become an important social force. They have stepped onto the historical stage, written books and put forward solutions to practical social problems, forming a prosperous situation in which a hundred schools of thought contend. Among them, Confucianism, Legalism, Taoism and Mohism have the greatest influence. They each designed a set of plans for the emerging landlord class to end the separatist regime and realize reunification, which laid the foundation for the choice of social governance ideas after Qin and Han Dynasties. During the Spring and Autumn Period of Confucius' life, the profound crisis caused by irreconcilable contradictions within society shook the authority of traditional culture, and the spirit of suspicion and criticism of traditional culture increased day by day. Even Confucius, the "ancestor of Yao and Shun, the charter of civil and military", had to inject the spirit of the times into his own ideological system and transform traditional culture appropriately in order to establish a new harmonious order and psychological balance in social practice, which was particularly prominent in the Warring States Period. What kind of social model will be in the future has become a big problem that attracts worldwide attention. At that time, E69DA5E887AA32313353231343136333336, a hundred schools of thought representing the interests of all social strata put forward their own opinions. One of the most important debates is how to treat traditional culture. In the ideological confrontation around this issue, Confucianism and France are the most representative schools. They are evenly matched, tit-for-tat, and British people gather. They are all outstanding scholars. In addition, there are schools such as Mohism, Taoism, Yin and Yang, and military strategists. There are many schools. In the history of China, learning and speech are both enlightenment times.
Wu Zhijia and Jingjing are lovers. Wu Zhijia and Jingjing are the characters in TV "Pioneer of Forensic Material Evidence". Forensic Pion